Polyfluorinated compounds: Past, present, and future

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 45, Issue 19, 2011, Pages 7954-7961

  Lindstrom, Andrew B ^a   Strynar, Mark J ^a   Libelo, E Laurence ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTINUED USE; ONE-FORM; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATES; PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID; PUBLIC HEALTH; RELATED COMPOUNDS;

ANIMALS;

ORGANOFLUORINE DERIVATIVE; PERFLUOROCARBOXYLIC ACID; PERFLUOROHEXANE SULFONATE; PERFLUOROOCTANESULFONIC ACID; PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID; POLITEF; POLYFLUORINATED COMPOUND; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; BLOOD; CARBOXYLIC ACID; ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ESTER; FLUORINE; FUTURE PROSPECT; HEALTH RISK; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESEARCH WORK; TOXIC SUBSTANCE;

ARTICLE; BLADDER CANCER; BODY WEIGHT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIVER WEIGHT; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POLLUTION; PROSTATE CANCER; RESEARCH; THYROID FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA;

ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FLUOROCARBONS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS;

UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 80053404201     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es2011622     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Kissa, E., Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents, 2 nd ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001; Vol. 97, p 640.
2. Lehmler, H. J. Synthesis of environmentally relevant fluorinated surfactants-A review Chemosphere 2005, 58, 1471-96
3. Giesy, J. P.; Kannan, K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 1339-42 (Pubitemid 32862501)
4. Kannan, K.; Corsolini, S.; Falandysz, J.; Fillmann, G.; Kumar, K. S.; Loganathan, B. G.; Mohd, M. A.; Olivero, J.; Van Wouwe, N.; Yang, J. H.; Aldoust, K. M. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4489-95 (Pubitemid 39180470)
5. Goldenthal, E. I. Final Report, Ninety Day Subacute Rat Toxicity Study on Fluorad Fluorochemical, FC-143, International Research and Development Corporation, Study No. 137- 089, 3M Reference No. T-3141, November 6, 1978, U.S. EPA Administrative Record, AR226-0441, 1978.
6. Goldenthal, E. I. Final Report, Ninety Day Subacute Rhesus Monkey Toxicity Study, International Research and Development Corporation, Study No. 137-090, November 10, 1978, U.S. EPA Administrative Record, AR226-0447, 1978.
7. Seacat, A. M.; Thomford, P. J.; Hansen, K. J.; Clemen, L. A.; Eldridge, S. R.; Elcombe, C. R.; Butenhoff, J. L. Sub-chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats Toxicology 2003, 183, 117-31 (Pubitemid 36005393)
8. 3M Company. 104 Week Dietary Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Study with Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid Potassium Salt (PFOS; T-6295) in Rats, Final Report, U.S. EPA Administrative Record, AR226-0956.; 3M Company: St. Paul, MN, January 2, 2002.
9. Biegel, L. B.; Hurtt, M. E.; Frame, S. R.; O'Connor, J. C.; Cook, J. C. Mechanisms of extrahepatic tumor induction by peroxisome proliferators in male CD rats Toxicol. Sci. 2001, 60, 44-55 (Pubitemid 32229826)
10. Cook, J. C.; Murray, S. M.; Frame, S. R.; Hurtt, M. E. Induction of leydig-cell adenomas by ammonium perfluorooctanoate-A possible endocrine-related mechanism Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992, 113 (2) 209-217
11. Sibinski, L. J. Two Year Oral (Diet) Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Study of Fluorochemical Fc-143 in Rats, Experiment No. 0281CR0012, U.S. EPA Administrative Record, 8EHQ-1087-0394; 3M Company/Riker Laboratories, Inc.: St Paul, MN, 1987.
12. Lau, C.; Anitole, K.; Hodes, C.; Lai, D.; Pfahles-Hutchens, A.; Seed, J. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 99 (2) 366-94 (Pubitemid 351753056)
13. USEPA Science Advisory Board SAB Review of EPA's Draft Risk Assessment of Potential Human Health Effects Associated with PFOA and Its Salts; EPA-SAB-06-006; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, May 30, 2006.
14. Kemper, R. A.; Jepson, G. W. Pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid in male and female rats Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 72, 716
15. Lau, C.; Strynar, M.; Lindstrom, A. B.; Hanson, R. G.; Thibodeaux, J. R.; Barton, H. A. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of perfluorooctanoic acid in the mouse Toxicologist 2005, 84, 252
16. Olsen, G. W.; Burris, J. M.; Ehresman, D. J.; Froehlich, J. W.; Seacat, A. M.; Butenhoff, J. L.; Zobel, L. R. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115 (9) 1298-305 (Pubitemid 47471253)
17. Steenland, K.; Fletcher, T.; Savitz, D. A. Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (8) 1100-1108
18. Olsen, G. W.; Burris, J. M.; Burlew, M. M.; Mandel, J. H. Epidemiologic assessment of worker serum perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations and medical surveillance examinations J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 45, 260-70 (Pubitemid 36343227)
19. Alexander, B. H.; Olsen, G. W.; Burris, J. M.; Mandel, J. H.; Mandel, J. S. Mortality of employees of a perfluorooctanesulphonyl fluoride manufacturing facility Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 60, 722-9 (Pubitemid 37203427)
20. Alexander, B. H.; Olsen, G. W. Bladder cancer in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. Ann. Epidemiol. 2007, not supplied.
21. Sakr, C. J.; Kreckmann, K. H.; Green, J. W.; Gillies, P. J.; Reynolds, J. L.; Leonard, R. C. Cross-sectional study of lipids and liver enzymes related to a serum biomarker of exposure (ammonium perfluorooctanoate or APFO) as part of a general health survey in a cohort of occupationally exposed workers J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2007, 49 (10) 1086-1096 (Pubitemid 350287341)
22. Sakr, C. J.; Leonard, R. C.; Kreckmann, K. H.; Slade, M. D.; Cullen, M. R. Longitudinal study of serum lipids and liver enzymes in workers with occupational exposure to ammonium perfluorooctanoate J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2007, 49 (8) 872-9 (Pubitemid 47254709)
23. Costa, G.; Sartori, S.; Consonni, D. Thirty years of medical surveillance in perfluooctanoic acid production workers J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009, 51 (3) 364-72
24. Gilliland, F. D. a. M. J. S. Mortality among employees of a perfluorooctanoic acid production plant J. Occup. Med. 1993, 35, 950-4
25. Lundin, J. I.; Alexander, B. H.; Olsen, G. W.; Church, T. R. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate production and occupational mortality Epidemiology 2009, 20 (6) 921-928
26. Alexander, B. J. Mortality Study of Workers Employed at the 3M Cottage Grove Facility, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Docket AR-226-1030-a018; University of Minnesota: St.Paul, MN, 2001.
27. Joensen, U. N.; Bossi, R.; Leffers, H.; Jensen, A. A.; Skakkebaek, N. E.; Jorgensen, N. Do perfluoroalkyl compounds impair human semen quality? Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117 (6) 923-927
28. Apelberg, B. J.; Witter, F. R.; Herbstman, J. B.; Calafat, A. M.; Halden, R. U.; Needham, L. L.; Goldman, L. R. Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115 (11) 1670-1676
29. Fei, C.; McLaughlin, J. K.; Tarone, R. E.; Olsen, J. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: A study within the danish national birth cohort Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115 (11) 1677-1682
30. Melzer, D.; Rice, N.; Depledge, M. H.; Henley, W. E.; Galloway, T. S. Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (5) 686-692
31. Nelson, J. W.; Hatch, E. E.; Webster, T. F. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general US population. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, (2), 197 - 202 (10.1289/ehp.0901165).
32. Provisional Health Advisories for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, January 8, 2009.
33. Zushi, Y.; Hogarh, J.; Masunaga, S. Progress and perspective of perfluorinated compound risk assessment and management in various countries and institutes Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2011, 1-12
34. Paul, A. G.; Jones, K. C.; Sweetman, A. J. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (2) 386-92
35. Olsen, G. W.; Huang, H. Y.; Helzlsouer, K. J.; Hansen, K. J.; Butenhoff, J. L.; Mandel, J. H. Historical comparison of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate, and other fluorochemicals in human blood Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 539-45 (Pubitemid 40711341)
36. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. DuPont Global Strategy, Comprehensive Source Reduction, Presentation to EPA, January 31, 2005, U.S. EPA Adminstrative Record AR226-1914, 2005.
37. Begley, T. H.; Hsu, W.; Noonan, G.; Diachenko, G. Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants Food Addit. Contam. 2008, 25 (3) 384-390
38. D'Eon, J. C.; Crozier, P. W.; Furdui, V. I.; Reiner, E. J.; Libelo, E. L.; Mabury, S. A. Perfluorinated phosphonic acids in canadian surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluent: discovery of a new class of perfluorinated acids Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28 (10) 2101-2107
39. D'Eon, J. C.; Crozier, P. W.; Furdui, V. I.; Reiner, E. J.; Libelo, E. L.; Mabury, S. A. Observation of a commercial fluorinated material, the polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters, in human sera, wastewater treatment plant sludge, and paper fibers Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (12) 4589-4594
40. USEPA 2010/15 PFOA Stewardship Program. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/ pubs/stewardship/index.htm (accessed September 1, 2001).
41. United Nations Environment Programme Report of the Conference of the Parties of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting. http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/Repository/COP4/UNEP-POPS- COP.4-38.English.pdf (accessed September 1, 2001).
42. Taves, D. Evidence that there are two forms of fluoride in human serum Nature 1968, 217 (133) 1050-1051
43. Taves, D. R.; Grey, W. S.; Brey, W. S. Organic fluoride in human-plasma-its distribution and partial identification Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1976, 37 (1) 120-120
44. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate: Current Summary of Human Sera, Health and Toxicology Data, US EPA Adminstrative Record, AR226-0548; 3M Company: St. Paul, MN, 1999.
45. Hansen, K. J.; Clemen, L. A.; Ellefson, M. E.; Johnson, H. O. Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 766-70 (Pubitemid 32173716)
46. Martin, J. W.; Mabury, S. A.; Kannan, K.; Berger, U.; Voogt, P. D.; Field, J.; Franklin, J.; Giesy, J. P.; Harner, T.; Muir, D. C. G.; Scott, B.; Kaiser, M.; Järnberg, U.; Jones, K. C.; Schroeder, H.; Simcik, M.; Sottani, C.; Bavel, B. V.; Kärrman, A.; Lindström, G.; Leeuwen, S. V. Analytical challenges hamper perfluoroalkyl research Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (11) 248A-255A (Pubitemid 38879881)
47. van Leeuwen, S. P.; Kärrman., A.; van Bavel, B.; de Boer, J.; Lindström., G. Struggle for quality in determination of perfluorinated contaminants in environmental and human samples Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (24) 7854-60 (Pubitemid 46012586)
48. Lindstrom, G.; Karrman, A.; van Bavel, B. Accuracy and precision in the determination of perfluorinated chemicals in human blood verified by interlaboratory comparisons J. Chromatogr., A 2009, 1216 (3) 394-400
49. Benskin, J. P.; Bataineh, M.; Martin, J. W. Simultaneous characterization of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, sulfonate, and sulfonamide isomers by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 2007, 79 (17) 6455-64 (Pubitemid 47395028)
50. Keller, J. M.; Calafat, A. M.; Kato, K.; Ellefson, M. E.; Reagen, W. K.; Strynar, M.; O'Connell, S.; Butt, C. M.; Mabury, S. A.; Small, J.; Muir, D. C. G.; Leigh, S. D.; Schantz, M. M. Determination of perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations in human serum and milk standard reference materials Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397 (2) 439-451
51. Wille, K.; Bussche, J. V.; Noppe, H.; De Wulf, E.; Van Caeter, P.; Janssen, C. R.; De Brabander, H. F.; Vanhaecke, L. A validated analytical method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in surface-, sea- and sewagewater using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry J, Chromatogr., A 2010, 1217 (43) 6616-6622
52. Houde, M.; Martin, J. W.; Letcher, R. J.; Solomon, K. R.; Muir, D. C. Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (11) 3463-73 (Pubitemid 43830953)
53. Butt, C. M.; Berger, U.; Bossi, R.; Tomy, G. T. Levels and trends of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the arctic environment Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408 (15) 2936-2965
54. Smithwick, M.; Norstrom, R. J.; Mabury, S. A.; Solomon, K.; Evans, T. J.; Stirling, I.; Taylor, M. K.; Muir, D. C. Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from two locations in the North American Arctic, 1972-2002 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 1139-43 (Pubitemid 43271427)
55. Kelly, B. C.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Blair, J. D.; Surridge, B.; Hoover, D.; Grace, R.; Gobas, F. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in an arctic marine food web: trophic magnification and wildlife exposure Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (11) 4037-4043
56. Butt, C. M.; Mabury, S. A.; Kwan, M.; Wang, X.; Muir, D. C. Spatial trends of perfluoroalkyl compounds in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Canadian Arctic Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27 (3) 542-53 (Pubitemid 351413519)
57. Saito, N.; Harada, K.; Inoue, K.; Sasaki, K.; Yoshinaga, T.; Koizumi, A. Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan J. Occup. Health 2004, 46, 49-59 (Pubitemid 38298099)
58. Skutlarek, D.; Exner, M.; Färber, H. Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking waters Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2006, 13 (5) 299-307 (Pubitemid 44544831)
59. Nakayama, S. F.; Strynar, M. J.; Reiner, J. L.; Delinsky, A. D.; Lindstrom, A. B. Determination of perfluorinated compounds in the Upper Mississippi River Basin Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (11) 4103-4109
60. Yamashita, N.; Kannan, K.; Taniyasu, S.; Horii, Y.; Petrick, G.; Gamo, T. A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 51 (8-12) 658-68 (Pubitemid 41608817)
61. Conder, J. M.; Hoke, R. A.; Wolf, W. d.; Russell, M. H.; Buck, R. C. Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (4) 995-1003 (Pubitemid 351287150)
62. Martin, J. W.; Mabury, S. A.; Solomon, K. R.; Muir, D. C. G. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22 (1) 196-204 (Pubitemid 35471339)
63. Emmett, E. A.; Shofer, F. S.; Zhang, H.; Freeman, D.; Desai, C.; Shaw, L. M. Community exposure to perfluorooctanoate: relationships between serum concentrations and exposure sources J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 48 (8) 759-70 (Pubitemid 44221830)
64. Martin, J. W.; Whittle, D. M.; Muir, D. C.; Mabury, S. A. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in a food web from Lake Ontario Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 5379-85 (Pubitemid 39382678)
65. Kato, K; Wong, L. Y.; Jia, L. T.; Kuklenyik, Z; AM., C., Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999-2008. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es1043613.
66. Olsen, G. W.; Mair, D. C.; Reagen, W. K.; Ellefson, M. E.; Ehresman, D. J.; Butenhoff, J. L.; Zobel, L. R. Preliminary evidence of a decline in perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in American Red Cross blood donors Chemosphere 2007, 68 (1) 105-11 (Pubitemid 46483613)
67. Calafat, A. M.; Wong, L. Y.; Kuklenyik, Z.; Reidy, J. A.; Needham, L. L. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000 Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115 (11) 1596-1602
68. Haug, L. S.; Thomsen, C.; Becher, G. Time trends and the influence of age and gender on serum concentrations of perluorinated compounds in archived human samples Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (6) 2131-6
69. Wilhelm, M.; Holzer, J.; Dobler, L.; Rauchfuss, K.; Midasch, O.; Kraft, M.; Angerer, J.; Wiesmuller, G. Preliminary observations on perfluorinated compounds in plasma samples (1977-2004) of young German adults from an area with perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212 (2) 142-145
70. Chen, C. L.; Lu, Y. L.; Zhang, X.; Geng, J.; Wang, T. Y.; Shi, Y. J.; Hu, W. Y.; Li, J. A review of spatial and temporal assessment of PFOS and PFOA contamination in China Chem. Ecol. 2009, 25 (3) 163-177
71. Fromme, H.; Tittlemier, S. A.; Volkel, W.; Wilhelm, M.; Twardella, D. Perfluorinated compounds-Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212 (3) 239-270
72. Trudel, D.; Horowitz, L.; Wormuth, M.; Scheringer, M.; Cousins, I. T.; Hungerbuhler, K. Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA (vol 28, pg 251, 2008) Risk Anal. 2008, 28 (3) 807-807
73. Haug, L. S.; Thomsen, C.; Brantsaeter, A. L.; Kvalem, H. E.; Haugen, M.; Becher, G.; Alexander, J.; Meltzer, H. M.; Knutsen, H. K. Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans Environ. Int. 2010, 36 (7) 772-778
74. Hölzer, J. r.; Göen, T.; Just, P.; Reupert, R.; Rauchfuss, K.; Kraft, M.; Müller, J.; Wilhelm, M., Perfluorinated Compounds in Fish and Blood of Anglers at Lake Möhne, Sauerland Area, Germany, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es104391z.
75. Delinsky, A. D.; Strynar, M. J.; Nakayama, S. F.; Varns, J. L.; Ye, X.; McCann, P. J.; Lindstrom, A. B. Determination of ten perfluorinated compounds in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) fillets Environ. Res. 2009, 109 (8) 975-84
76. Stahl, T.; Heyn, J.; Thiele, H.; Huther, J.; Failing, K.; Georgii, S.; Brunn, H. Carryover of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from soil to plants Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 57, 289-298
77. Yoo, H.; Washington, J. W.; Jenkins, T. M.; Ellington, J. J., Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals and fluorotelomer alcohols in plants from biosolid-amended fields using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es102972m
78. Sepulvado, J. G.; Blaine, A. C.; Hundal, L. S.; Higgins, C. P., Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es103903d.
79. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. PFCs in Minnesota's Ambient Environment: 2008 Progress Report; Minnesota Pollution Control Agency: St. Paul, MN, 2008.
80. Shoeib, M.; Harner, T.; M. Webster, G.; Lee, S. C., Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for human exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es103562v.
81. Shoeib, M. H., T; Wilford, B. H.; Jones, K. C.; Zhu, J. Perfluorinated sulfonamides in indoor and outdoor air and indoor and dust: occurrence, partitioning, and human exposure Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6599-6606 (Pubitemid 41266142)
82. Strynar, M. J.; Lindstrom, A. B. Perfluorinated compounds in house dust from Ohio and North Carolina, USA Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (10) 3751-6 (Pubitemid 351694088)
83. Guo, Z.; Liu, X.; Krebs, K.; Roache, N. Perfluorocarboxylic Acid Content in 116 Articles of Commerce, EPA/600/R-09/033; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2009.
84. Gordon, S. C. Toxicological evaluation of ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H- perfluorononanoate, a new emulsifier to replace ammonium perfluorooctanoate in fluoropolymer manufacturing Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2011, 59 (1) 64-80
85. Ritter, S. K.; FLUOROCHEMICALS, G. O. SHORT Chem. Eng. News 2010, 88 (5) 12-17
86. Soler, R.; Salabert, J.; Sebastian, R. M.; Vallribera, A.; Roma, N.; Ricart, S.; Molins, E. Highly hydrophobic polyfluorinated azo dyes grafted on surfaces Chem. Commun. 2011, 47 (10) 2889-2891