Fuel of the self-starter: How mood relates to proactive goal regulation

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 97, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 134-150

  Bindl, Uta K ^a   Parker, Sharon K ^a   Totterdell, Peter ^b   Hagger Johnson, Gareth ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Goal regulation; Latent growth modeling; Mood; Proactive behaviors; Work performance

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL STUDENT; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; QUESTIONNAIRE; WORK;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; QUESTIONNAIRES; STUDENTS, MEDICAL; WORK; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84869419378     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0024368     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317-332. doi:10.1007/BF02294359
2. Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 367-403. doi:10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.367
3. Ashford, S. J. (1986). Feedback-seeking in individual adaptation: A resource perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 465-487. doi:10.2307/256219
4. Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97-125. doi:10.1177/001872679504800201
5. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
6. Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 103-118. doi:10.1002/job.4030140202
7. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 167-203. doi:10.1177/1088868307301033
8. Beal, D. J., Weiss, H. M., Barros, E., & MacDermid, S. M. (2005). An episodic process model of affective influences on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1054-1068. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1054
9. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.59
10. Bindl, U. K., & Parker, S. K. (2010). Proactive work behavior: Forwardthinking and change-oriented action in organizations. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 567-598). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2006). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Interscience.
12. Brandstätter, V., Heimbeck, D., Malzacher, J. T., & Frese, M. (2003). Goals need implementation intentions: The model of action phases tested in the applied setting of continuing education. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 37-59. doi:10.1080/13594320344000011
13. Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156
14. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied researchers. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
15. Burris, E. R., Detert, J. R., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2008). Quitting before leaving: The mediating effects of psychological attachment and detachment on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 912-922. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.912
16. Campbell, D. J. (2000). The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive, 14, 52-66. doi:10.5465/AME.2000.4468066
17. Carlson, M., Charlin, V., & Miller, N. (1988). Positive mood and helping behavior: A test of six hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 211-229. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.211
18. Carver, C. S. (2006). Approach, avoidance, and the self-regulation of affect and action. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 105-110. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9044-7
19. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111
20. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 3-52). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21. Chan, D. (2006). Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 475-481. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.475
22. Chen, G., & Gogus, C. I. (2008). Motivation in and of work teams: A multilevel perspective. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. Pritchard (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 285-317). New York, NY: Routledge.
23. Claes, R., Beheydt, C., & Lemmens, B. (2005). Unidimensionality of abbreviated proactive personality scales across cultures. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54, 476-489. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00221.x
24. Crant, J. M. (1995). The proactive personality scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 532-537. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.532
25. Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435-462. doi:10.1177/014920630002600304
26. Dalal, R., Lam, H., Weiss, H. M., Welch, E. R., & Hulin, C. L. (2009). A Within-person approach to work behavior and performance: Concurrent and lagged citizenship-counterproductivity associations, and dynamic relationships with affect and overall job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 1051-1066. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.44636148
27. Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2007). Personal initiative, commitment and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 601-622. doi:10.1348/096317906X171442
28. De Vos, A., De Clippeleer, I., & Dewilde, T. (2009). Proactive career behaviours and career success during the early career. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 761-777. doi:10.1348/096317909X471013
29. Dutton, J. E., Ashford, S. J., O'Neill, R. M., Hayes, E., & Wierba, E. E. (1997). Reading the wind: How middle managers assess the context for selling issues to top managers. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 407-425. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199705)18:5_407::AIDSMJ881 _3.0.CO;2-J
30. Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040
31. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201. doi: 10.1037/h0047707
32. Fay, D., & Sonnentag, S. (2002). Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 221-234. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.221
33. Foo, M.-D., Uy, M. A., & Baron, R. A. (2009). How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs' affect and venture effort. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1086-1094. doi:10.1037/a0015599
34. Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39
35. Forgas, J. P., & George, J. M. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 3-34. doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2971
36. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300
37. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
38. Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237-258. doi:10.1023/A:1010796329158
39. Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative (PI): An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-187. doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23005-6
40. Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 139-161.
41. Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1084-1102. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1084
42. Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 271-340). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
43. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
44. Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 115-143. doi:10.1080/02699938708408043
45. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2009). Antecedents of day-level proactive behavior: A look at job stressors and positive affect during the workday. Journal of Management, 35, 94-111. doi:10.1177/0149206307308911
46. Gable, P., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows: Attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational intensity. Psychological Science, 21, 211-215. doi: 10.1177/0956797609359622
47. George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107-116. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.2.107
48. George, J. M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299-307. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.299
49. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 310-329. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.310
50. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1996). Motivational agendas in the workplace: The effects of feelings on focus of attention and work motivation. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 75-109). Greenwich, CT: J. Press.
51. George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 687-697. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.687
52. Gervey, B., Igou, E. R., & Trope, Y. (2005). Positive mood and futureoriented self-evaluation. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 269-296. doi: 10.1007/s11031-006-9011-3
53. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 53-92). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
54. Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3-34. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002
55. Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327-347. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2007.24634438
56. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
57. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
58. Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale development principles and practices. In R. A. Swanson & E. F. Holton (Eds.), Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry (pp. 161-179). San Fancisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
59. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
60. Howell, D. C. (2007). The analysis of missing data. In W. Outhwaite & S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of social science methodology (pp. 208-224). London, England: Sage.
61. Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A. (2005). Goal regulation across time: The effects of feedback and affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 453-467. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.453
62. Isen, A. M. (2000a). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 417-435). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
63. Isen, A. M. (2000b). Some perspectives on positive affect and selfregulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 184-187.
64. Isen, A. M., & Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 1-53.
65. Isen, A. M., & Reeve, J. (2005). The influence of positive affect on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Facilitating enjoyment of play, responsible work behavior, and self control. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 297-325. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9019-8
66. Kaplan, S., Bradley, J. C., Luchman, J. N., & Haynes, D. (2009). On the role of positive and negative affectivity in job performance: A metaanalytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 162-176. doi:10.1037/a0013115
67. King, N. (1992). Modelling the innovation process: An empirical comparison of approaches. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 89-100.
68. Lambert, T. A., Eby, L. T., & Reeves, M. P. (2006). Predictors of networking intensity and network quality among white-collar job seekers. Journal of Career Development, 32, 351-365. doi:10.1177/0894845305282767
69. Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 131-142. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
70. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
71. Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In J. R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp. 1-47). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
72. Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 317-326. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.317
73. Mayer, J. D., Gayle, M., Meehan, M. E., & Haarman, A. K. (1990). Toward better specification of the mood-congruency effect in recall. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 465-480. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90051-M
74. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
75. Mitchell, T. R., & Daniels, D. (2003). Motivation. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 225-254). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
76. Morrison, E. W. (1993). Longitudinal study of the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 173-183. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.173
77. Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 403-419. doi:10.2307/257011
78. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
79. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2010). Mplus user's guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
80. Ohly, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). Challenging the status quo: What motivates proactive behavior? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 623-629. doi:10.1348/096317907X180360
81. Ohly, S., & Fritz, C. (2010). Work characteristics, challenge appraisal, creativity, and proactive behavior: A multi-level study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 543-565.
82. Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835-852. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835
83. Parker, S. K. (2000). From passive to proactive motivation: The importance of flexible role orientations and role breadth self-efficacy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 447-469. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00025
84. Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36, 827-856. doi:10.1177/0149206310363732
85. Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36, 633-662. doi:10.1177/0149206308321554
86. Parker, S. K., Wall, T. D., & Jackson, P. R. (1997). "That's not my job": Developing flexible employee work orientations. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 899-929. doi:10.2307/256952
87. Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 636-652. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
88. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
89. Raabe, B., Frese, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2007). Action regulation theory and career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 297-311. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.005
90. Rank, J., Carsten, J. M., Unger, J. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Proactive customer service performance: Relationships with individual, task, and leadership variables. Human Performance, 20, 363-390.
91. Rosenberg, E. L. (1998). Levels of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2, 247-270. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247
92. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
93. Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145-172. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
94. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23-74.
95. Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Self-regulatory strength. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 84-98). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
96. Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54, 845-874. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00234.x
97. Seligman, M. E. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
98. Seo, M.-G., Bartunek, J. M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2010). The role of affective experience in work motivation: Test of a conceptual model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 951-968.
99. Seo, M.-G., & Ilies, R. (2009). The role of self-efficacy, goal, and affect in dynamic motivational self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 120-133. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.03.001
100. Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061
101. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
102. Spreitzer, G. M., Lam, C. F., & Quinn, R. (in press). A review of human energy in organizations: Implications for positive organizational scholarship. In K. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), Handbook of positive organizational scholarship. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
103. Tharenou, P., & Terry, D. J. (1998). Reliability and validity of scores on scales to measure managerial aspirations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 475-492. doi:10.1177/0013164498058003008
104. Thomas, J. P., Whitman, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Employee proactivity in organizations: A comparative meta-analysis of emergent proactive constructs. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 275-300. doi:10.1348/096317910X502359
105. Totterdell, P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 848-859. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.848
106. Tsai, W. C., Chen, C. C., & Liu, H. L. (2007). Test of a model linking employee positive moods and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1570-1583. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1570
107. Unsworth, K., & Parker, S. K. (2002). Proactivity, creativity, and innovation: Promoting a new workforce for the new workplace. In D. J. Holman, T. D. Wall, C. W. Clegg, P. Sparrow, & A. Howard (Eds.), The new workplace: A handbook and guide to the human impact of modern working practices (pp. 175-196). Chichester, England: Wiley.
108. VandeWalle, D., & Cummings, L. L. (1997). A test of the influence of goal orientation on the feedback-seeking process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 390-400. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.390
109. VandeWalle, D., Ganesan, S., Challagalla, G. N., & Brown, S. P. (2000). An integrated model of feedback-seeking behavior: Disposition, context, and cognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 996-1003. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.996
110. Van Dyne, L., & Le Pine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119. doi:10.2307/256902
111. Verhaeghen, P., Joormann, J., & Khan, R. (2005). Why we sing the blues: The relation between self-reflective rumination, mood, and creativity. Emotion, 5, 226-232. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.226
112. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York, NY: Wiley.
113. Wanberg, C. R., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of proactivity in the socialization process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 373-385. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.373
114. Warr, P. B. (1990). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 193-210.
115. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
116. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.6.1034
117. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1996). Effects of mood on persuasion processes: Enhancing, reducing, and biasing scrutiny of attitude-relevant information. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 329-362). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
118. Weiss, H. M., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Beal, D. J. (2004). Attentional and regulatory mechanisms of momentary work motivation and performance. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & S. M. Lahan (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 314-331). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511735066.019
119. Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions across languages and cultures. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511521256