Single Droplet Drying Technique to Study Drying Kinetics Measurement and Particle Functionality: A Review

Drying Technology

Volumn 30, Issue 15, 2012, Pages 1771-1785

  Fu, Nan ^a,b   Woo, Meng Wai ^a   Chen, Xiao Dong ^a,c  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Chemical Engineering and Materials Science ^*  (China)

^c XIAMEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Drying kinetics; Glass filament approach; Particle engineering; Particle functionality; Single droplet drying

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE DRYING; CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT; CRYSTALLINITIES; DISSOLUTION TESTS; DROPLET DRYING KINETICS; DRYING CONDITION; DRYING KINETIC; LATEST DEVELOPMENT; MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES; PARTICLE ENGINEERING; PARTICLE FORMATION PROCESS; PARTICLE PROPERTIES; PARTICLE QUALITY; PRODUCT QUALITY; RATE PROCESS; SINGLE DROPLET; SINGLE DROPLET DRYING; SINGLE PARTICLE;

EXPERIMENTS; GLASS; KINETICS; MORPHOLOGY; SPRAY DRYING;

DROPS;

EID: 84869152613     PISSN: 07373937     EISSN: 15322300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2012.708002     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Eldem, T.; Speiser, P.; Hincal, A. Optimization of spray-dried and -congealed lipid micropellets and characterization of their surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Pharmaceutical Research 1991, 8, 47-54.
2. Sacchetti, C.; Artusi, M.; Santi, P.; Colombo, P. Caffeine microparticles for nasal administration obtained by spray drying. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2002, 242, 335-339.
3. Kolanowski, W.; Ziolkowski, M.; Weiβbrodt, J.; Kunz, B.; Laufenberg, G. Microencapsulation of fish oil by spray drying - impact on oxidative stability: Part 1. European Food Research and Technology 2006, 222, 336-342.
4. Fu, Y.-J.; Shyu, S.-S.; Su, F.-H.; Yu, P.-C. Development of biodegradable co-poly(D, L-lactic/glycolic acid) microspheres for the controlled release of 5-FU by the spray drying method. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2002, 25, 269-279.
5. Ré, M.I. Microencapsulation by spray drying. Drying Technology 1998, 16 (6), 1195-1236.
6. Liu, X.-D.; Atarashi, T.; Furuta, T.; Yoshii, H.; Aishima, S.; Ohkawara, M.; Linko, P. Microencapsulation of emulsified hydrophobic flavors by spray drying. Drying Technology 2001, 19 (7), 1361-1374.
7. Branchu, S.; Forbes, R.T.; York, P.; Petrén, S.; Nyqvist, H.; Camber, O. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibits spray-drying-induced inactivation of β-galactosidase. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1999, 88 (9), 905-911.
8. Elversson, J.; Millqvist-Fureby, A. Particle size and density in spray drying - effects of carbohydrate properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2005, 94 (9), 2049-2060.
9. Patel, K.C.; Chen, X.D. Production of spherical and uniform-sized particles using a laboratory ink-jet spray drier. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 2007, 2 (5), 415-430.
10. Wu, W.D.; Patel, K.C.; Rogers, S.; Chen, X.D. Monodisperse droplet generators as potential atomizers for spray drying technology. Drying Technology 2007, 25 (12), 1907-1916.
11. Fu, N.; Chen, X.D. Towards a maximal cell survival in convective thermal drying processes. Food Research International 2011, 44, 1127-1149.
12. Nijdam, J.J.; Langrish, T.A.G. The effect of surface composition on the functional properties of milk powders. Journal of Food Engineering 2006, 77, 919-925.
13. Kim, E.H.-J.; Chen, X.D.; Pearce, D. Surface composition of industrial spray-dried milk powders, 2: Effects of spray drying conditions on the surface composition. Journal of Food Engineering 2009, 94, 169-181.
14. Fu, N.; Woo, M.W.; Moo, F.T.; Chen, X.D. Microcrystallization of lactose during droplet drying and its effect on the property of the dried particle. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2012, 90 (1), 138-149.
15. Das, D.; Langrish, T.A.G. Combined crystallization and drying in a pilot-scale spray dryer. Drying Technology 2012, 30, 998-1007.
16. Chiou, D.; Langrish, T.A.G.; Braham, R. Partial crystallization bahviour during spray drying: simulations and experiments. Drying Technology 2008, 26, 27-38.
17. Fu, N.; Zhou, Z.; Jones, T.B.; Tan, T.T.Y.; Wu, W.D.; Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D.; Chan, P.P.Y. Production of monodisperse epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) microparticles by spray drying for high antioxidant activity retention. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2011, 413, 155-166.
18. Ranz, W.E.; Marshall, W.R.J. Evaporation from drops, Part 1. Chemical Engineering Progress 1952, 48 (3), 141-146.
19. Ranz, W.E.; Marshall, W.R.J. Evaporation from drops: Part 2. Chemical Engineering Progress 1952, 48 (4), 173-180.
20. Charlesworth, D.H.; Marshall, W.R.J. Evaporation from drops containing dissolved solids. AIChE Journal 1960, 6 (1), 9-23.
21. Sano, Y.; Keey, R.B. The drying of a spherical particle containing colloidal material into a hollow sphere. Chemical Engineering Science 1982, 37 (6), 881-889.
22. Walton, D.E.; Mumford, C.J. The morphology of spray-dried particles: the effect of process variables upon the morphology of spray-dried particles. Transactions of IChemE-Part A 1999, 77 (Part A), 442-460.
23. El-Sayed, T.M.; Wallack, D.A.; King, C.J. Changes in particle morphology during drying of drops of carbohydrate solutions and food liquids, 1: Effects of composition and drying conditions. Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 1990, 29, 2346-2354.
24. Sunkel, J.; King, C.J. Influence of the development of particle morphology upon rates of loss of volatile solutes during drying of drops. Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 1993, 32, 2357-2364.
25. Hecht, J.P.; King, C.J. Spray drying: influence of developing drop morphology on drying rates and retention of volatile substances, 1: Single-drop experiments. Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 2000, 39, 1756-1765.
26. Lin, J.-C.; Gentry, J.W. Spray drying drop morphology: experimental study. Aerosol Science and Technology 2003, 37, 15-32.
27. Fu, N.; Woo, M.W.; Chen, X.D. Colloidal transport phenomena of milk components during convective droplet drying. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2011, 87 (2), 255-266.
28. Cheong, H.W.; Jeffreys, G.V.; Mumford, C.J. A receding interface model for the drying of slurry droplets. AIChE Journal 1986, 32 (8), 1334-1346.
29. Adhikari, B.; Howes, T.; Bhandari, B.R.; Troung, V. Effect of addition of maltodextrin on drying kinetics and stickiness of sugar and acid-rich foods during convective drying: experiments and modelling. Journal of Food Engineering 2004, 62, 53-68.
30. Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D. Changes in milk droplet diameter during drying under constant drying conditions investigated using the glass-filament method. Transactions of IChemE Part C: Food and Bioproducts Processing 2004, 82 (C3), 213-218.
31. Fu, N.; Woo, M.W.; Lin, S.X.Q.; Zhou, Z.; Chen, X.D. Reaction Engineering Approach (REA) to model the drying kinetics of droplets with different initial sizes-experiments and analyses. Chemical Engineering Science 2011, 66 (8), 1738-1747.
32. Schiffter, H.; Lee, G. Single-droplet evaporation kinetics and particle formation in an acoustic levitator, Part 1: Evaporation of water microdroplets assessed using boundary-layer and acoustic levitation theories. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007, 96 (9), 2274-2283.
33. Adhikari, B.; Howes, T.; Bhandari, B.R.; Truong, V. Experimental studies and kinetics of single drop drying and their relevance in drying of sugar-rich foods: A review. International Journal of Food Properties 2000, 3 (3), 323-351.
34. Kinzer, G.D.; Gunn, R. The evaporation, temperature and thermal relaxation-time of freely falling waterdrops. Journal of Meteorology 1951, 8 (2), 71-83.
35. Renksizbulut, M.; Yuen, M.C. Experimental study of droplet evaporation in a high-temperature air stream. Journal of Heat Transfer 1983, 105, 384-397.
36. Wallack, D.A.; El-Sayed, T.M.; King, C.J. Changes in particle morphology during drying of drops of carbohydrate solutions and food liquids, 2: Effects on drying rate. Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 1990, 29, 2354-2357.
37. Vehring, R.; Foss, W.R.; Lechuga-Ballesteros, D.Particle formation in spray drying. Aerosol Science2007, 38, 728-746.
38. Amelia, R.; Wu, W.D.; Cashion, J.; Bao, P.; Zheng, R.; Chen, X.D.; Selomulya, C. Microfluidic spray drying as a versatile assembly route of functional particles. Chemical Engineering Science 2011, 66, 5531-5540.
39. Wu, W.D.; Amelia, R.; Hao, N.; Selomulya, C.; Zhao, D.; Chiu, Y.-L.; Chen, X.D. Assembly of uniform photoluminescent microcomposites using a novel micro-fluidic-jet-spray-dryer. AIChE Journal 2011, 57, 2726-2737.
40. Liu, W.; Wu, W.D.; Selomulya, C.; Chen, X.D. Facile spray-drying assembly of uniform microencapsulates with tunable core-shell structures and controlled release properties. Langmuir 2011, 27, 12910-12915.
41. Liu, W.; Wu, W.; Selomulya, C.; Chen, X.D. A single step assembly of uniform microparticles for controlled release applications. Soft Matter 2011, 7, 3323-3330.
42. Wu, W.D.; Lin, S.X.; Chen, X.D. Monodisperse Droplet Formation through a Continuous Jet Break-up Using Glass Nozzles Operated with Piezoelectric Pulsation. AIChE Journal 2011, 57, 1386-1392.
43. Wu, W.D.; Liu, W.; Selomulya, C.; Chen, X.D. On spray drying of uniform silica-based microencapsulates for controlled release. Soft Matter 2011, 7, 11416-11424.
44. Brenn, G.; Rensink, D.; Tropea, C.; Yarin, A.L. Investigation of droplet drying characteristics using an acoustic-aerodynamic levitator. International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 1997, 24 (4-6), 633-642.
45. Davis, E.J. A history of single aerosol particle levitation. Aerosol Science and Technology 1997, 26, 212-254.
46. Kastner, O.; Brenn, G.; Rensink, D.; Tropea, C. The acoustic tube levitator - a novel device for determining the drying kinetics of single droplets. Chemical Engineering and Technology 2001, 24 (4), 335-339.
47. Groenewold, C.; Möser, C.; Groenewold, H.; Tsotsas, E. Determination of single-particle drying kinetics in an acoustic levitator. Chemical Engineering Journal 2002, 86, 217-222.
48. Yarin, A.L.; Brenn, G.; Kastner, O.; Tropea, C. Drying of acoustically levitated droplets of liquid-solid suspensions: evaporation and crust formation. Physics of Fluids 2002, 14 (7), 2289-2298.
49. Kwapinski, W.; Tsotsas, E. Characterization of particulate materials in respect to drying. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 1083-1092.
50. Sloth, J.; Kiil, S.; Jensen, A.D.; Andersen, S.K.; Jøgensen, K.; Schiffter, H.; Lee, G. Model based analysis of the drying of a single solution droplet in an ultrasonic levitator. Chemical Engineering Science 2006, 61, 2701-2709.
51. Schiffter, H.; Lee, G. Single-droplet evaporation kinetics and particle formation in an acoustic levitator, Part 2: Drying kinetics and particle formation from microdroplets of aqueous mannitol, trehalose or catalase. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007, 96 (9), 2284-2295.
52. Wulsten, E.; Lee, G. Surface temperature of acoustically levitated water microdroplets measured using infra-red thermography. Chemical Engineering Science 2008, 63, 5420-5424.
53. Mondragon, R.; Hernandez, L.; Julia, J.E.; Jarque, J.C.; Chiva, S.; Zaitone, B.; Tropea, C. Study of the drying behaviour of high load multiphase droplets in an acoustic levitator at high temperature conditions. Chemical Engineering Science 2011, 66, 2734-2744.
54. Mondragon, R.; Jarque, J.C.; Julia, J.E.; Hernandez, L.; Barba, A. Effect of slurry properties and operational conditions on the structure and properties of porcelain tile granules dried in an acoustic levitator. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2012, 32, 59-70.
55. Ali Al Zaitone, B.; Tropea, C. Evaporation of pure liquid droplets: comparison of droplet evaporation in an acoustic field versus glass-filament. Chemical Engineering Science 2011, 66, 3914-3921.
56. Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D. Improving the glass-filament method for accurate measurement of drying kinetics of liquid droplets. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2002, 80 (A), 401-410.
57. Yamamoto, S.; Sano, Y. Drying of enzymes: enzyme retention during drying of a single droplet. Chemical Engineering Science 1992, 47 (1), 177-183.
58. Kincaid, D.C.; Longley, T.S. A water droplet evaporation and temperature model. Transactions of the ASAE 1989, 32 (2), 457-463.
59. Nešić, S.; Vodnik, J. Kinetics of droplet evaporation. Chemical Engineering Science 1991, 46 (2), 527-537.
60. Che, L.; Chen, X.D. A simple non-gravimetric technique for measurement of convective drying kinetics of single droplets. Drying Technology 2010, 28 (1), 73-77.
61. Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D. Prediction of air drying of milk droplet under relatively high humidity using the reaction engineering approach. Drying Technology 2005, 23 (7), 1395-1406.
62. Chen, X.D.; Lin, S.X.Q. Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time-dependent conditions. AIChE Journal 2005, 51 (6), 1790-1799.
63. Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D. A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach. Drying Technology 2006, 24 (11), 1329-1334.
64. Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D. The reaction engineering approach to modelling the cream and whey protein concentrate droplet drying. Chemical Engineering and Processing 2007, 46, 437-443.
65. Fu, N.; Woo, M.W.; Selomulya, C.; Chen, X.D.; Patel, K.; Schuck, P.; Jeantet, R. Drying kinetics of skim milk with 50 wt% initial solids. Journal of Food Engineering 2012, 109, 701-711.
66. Adhikari, B.; Howes, T.; Bhandari, B.R.; Troung, V. Surface stickiness of drops of carbohydrate and organic acid solutions during convective drying: experiments and modeling. Drying Technology 2003, 21 (5), 839-873.
67. Woo, M.W.; Fu, N.; Che, L.; Chen, X.D. Evaporation of pure droplets in the convective regime under high mass flux. Drying Technology 2011, 29, 1628-1637.
68. Woo, M.W.; Daud, W.R.W.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Talib, M.Z.M.; Hua, W.Z.; Masrinda, T.S. Comparative study of droplet drying models for CFD modelling. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2008, 86, 1038-1048.
69. Jin, Y.; Chen, X.D. Numerical study of the drying process of different sized particles in an industrial scale spray dryer. Drying Technology 2009, 27 (3), 371-381.
70. Woo, M.W.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Daud, W.R.W. Spray Drying: Operation, Deposition and CFD Simulations; VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG: Saarbrücken, 2010.
71. Ullum, T.; Sloth, J.; Brask, A.; Wahlberg, M. Predicting spray dryer deposits by CFD and an empirical drying model. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 723-729.
72. Verdumen, R.E.M.; Menn, P.; Ritzert, J.; Blei, S.; Nhumaio, G.C.S.; Sorenson, T.S.; Gunsing, M.; Straatsma, J.; Verschueren, M.; Sibeijn, M.; Schulte, G.; Fritsching, U.; Bauckhage, K.; Tropea, C.; Sommerfeld, M.; Watkins, A.P.; Yule, A.J.; Schonfeldt, H. Simulation of Agglomeration in Spray Drying Installations: The EDECAD Project. Drying Technology 2004, 22 (6), 1403-1461.
73. Sahoo, N.G.; Abbas, A.; Li, C.M. Micro/Nanoparticle design and fabrication for pharmaceutical drug preparation and delivery applications. Current Drug Therapy 2008, 3, 78-97.
74. Walton, D.E.; Mumford, C.J. Spray dried products-characterization of particle morphology. Transactions of IChemE-Part A 1999, 77 (Part A), 21-38.
75. Walton, D.E. The morphology of spray-dried particles-a qualitative view. Drying Technology 2000, 18 (9), 1943-1986.
76. Elversson, J.; Millqvist-Fureby, A.; Alderborn, G.; Elofsson, U. Droplet and particle size relationship and shell thickness of inhalable lactose particles during spray drying. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2003, 92 (4), 900-910.
77. Janiszewska, E.; Witrowa-Rajchert, D.The influence of powder morphology on the effect of rosemary aroma microencapsulation during spray drying. International Journal of Food Science & Technology2009, 44, 2438-2444.
78. Sloth, J.; Jøgensen, K.; Bach, P.; Jensen, A.D.; Kiil, S.; Dam-Johansen, K. Spray drying of suspensions for pharma and bio products: drying kinetics and morphology. Industry and Engineering Chemistry Research 2009, 48, 3657-3664.
79. Paramita, V.; Iida, K.; Yoshii, H.; Furuta, T. Effect of additives on the morphology of spray-dried powder. Drying Technology 2010, 28, 323-329.
80. Broadhead, J.; Edmond Rouan, S.K.; Hau, I.; Rhodes, C.T. The effect of process and formulation variables on the properties of spray-dried β-galactosidase. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1994, 46, 458-467.
81. Lievense, L.C.; van't Riet, K. Convective drying of bacteria I: The drying processes. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 1993, 50, 45-63.
82. Wijlhuizen, A.E.; Kerkhof, P.J.A.M.; Bruin, S. Theoretical study of the inactivation of phosphatase during spray drying of skim-milk. Chemical Engineering Science 1979, 34, 651-660.
83. Millqvist-Fureby, A.; Malmsten, M.; Bergenståhl, B. Spray drying of trypsin-surface characterisation and activity preservation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 1999, 188, 243-253.
84. Samborska, K.; Witrowa-Rajchert, D. Spray drying of α-amylase-the effect of process variables on the enzyme inactivation. Drying Technology 2005, 23, 941-953.
85. Elizondo, H.; Labuza, T.P. Death kinetics of yeast in spray drying. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1974, 16, 1245-1259.
86. Kim, S.S.; Bhowmik, S.R. Survival of lactic acid bacteria during spray drying of plain yogurt. Journal of Food Science 1990, 55 (4), 1008-1010.
87. Gardiner, G.E.; O'sullivan, E.; Kelly, J.; Auty, M.A.E.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Gollins, J.K.; Ross, R.P.; Stanton, C. Comparative survival rates of human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei and L. salivarius strains during heat treatment and spray drying. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000, 66 (6), 2605-2612.
88. Riveros, B.; Ferrer, J.; Borquez, R. Spray drying of a vaginal probiotic strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Drying Technology 2009, 27, 123-132.
89. Li, X.; Lin, S.X.Q.; Chen, X.D.; Chen, L.; Pearce, D. Inactivation kinetics of probiotic bacteria during the drying of single milk droplets. Drying Technology 2006, 24, 695-701.
90. Woo, M.W.; Fu, N.; Chen, X.D., Preliminary analysis of in-situ crystallization in spray dryers, in The 7th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference. Tianjin, China, 2011.
91. Fäldt, P.; Bergenstâhl, B.; Carlsson, G. The surface coverage of fat on food powders analyzed by ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis). Food Structure 1993, 12, 225-234.
92. Kim, E.H.-J.; Chen, X.D.; Pearce, D. Surface characterization of four industrial spray-dried dairy powders in relation to chemical composition, structure and wetting property. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2002, 26, 197-212.
93. Tsotsas, E. From single particle to fluid bed drying kinetics. Drying Technology 1994, 12 (6), 1401-1426.
94. Terrazas-Velarde, K.; Peglow, M.; Tsotsas, E. Stochastic simulation of agglomerate formation in fluidized bed spray drying: a micro-scale approach. Chemical Engineering Science 2009, 64, 2631-2643.
95. Chen, X.D.; Che, L.; Fu, N.; Woo, M.W.; Liu, W.; Wu, W.; Selomulya, C. Towards "synchronization" of the single droplet drying studies with real spray drying studies. In Particulate Processes in the Pharmaceutical Industry III; Gold Coast, 2011.
96. Raghavan, S.L.; Ristic, R.I.; Sheen, D.B.; Sherwood, J.N. Morphology of crystals of α-lactose hydrate grown from aqueous solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000, 104, 12256-12262.
97. Islam, M.I.U.; Langrish, T.A.G.; Chiou, D. Particle crystallization during spray drying in humid air. Journal of Food Engineering 2010, 99, 55-62.