Modeling to link regional myocardial work, metabolism and blood flows

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 40, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 2379-2398

  Bassingthwaighte, James B ^a   Beard, Daniel A ^b   Carlson, Brian E ^b   Dash, Ranjan K ^b   Vinnakota, Kalyan ^b  

^a University of Washington   (United States)

^b MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood tissue exchange processes; Cellular metabolism; Coronary blood flow; Excitation contraction coupling; Oxygenation; Phosphorylation potential

Indexed keywords

BLOOD FLOW; CARDIAC CONTRACTION; CARDIAC EXCITATIONS; CARDIOMYOCYTE CONTRACTION; CELLULAR METABOLISM; CORONARY FLOW; EXCHANGE PROCESS; FIBER BUNDLES; HEART RATES; IN-VIVO; INTEGRATED MODELS; LOCAL FLOWS; MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW; RATE-PRESSURE PRODUCT; SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION;

BLOOD PRESSURE; HEMODYNAMICS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OXYGENATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; THREE DIMENSIONAL; TISSUE;

HEART;

HEMOGLOBIN; OXYGEN;

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; HEART; HEART MUSCLE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CORONARY CIRCULATION; HEART; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; MYOCARDIUM; OXYGEN;

EID: 84868354496     PISSN: 00906964     EISSN: 15739686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0613-5     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Achs, M. J., and D. Garfinkel. Simulation of the detailed regulation of glycolytic oscillation in a heart supernatant preparation. Comput. Biomed. Res. 2:92-110, 1968.
2. Achs, M. J., and D. Garfinkel. Computer simulation of rat heart metabolism after adding glucose to the perfusate. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 232: R175-R184, 1977.
3. Achs, M. J., and D. Garfinkel. Computer simulation of energy metabolism in acidotic cardiac ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 242:R533-R544, 1982.
4. Algranati, D., G. S. Kassab, and Y. Lanir. Mechanisms of myocardium-coronary vessel interaction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 298:H861-H873, 2010.
5. Altehoefer, C. Editorial: LBBB: challenging our concept of metabolic heart imaging with fluorine-18-FDG and PET. J. Nucl. Med. 39:263-265, 1998.
6. Atkinson, D. E. The energy charge of the adenylate pool as a regulatory parameter. Interaction with feedback modifiers. Biochemistry 7(11):4030-4034, 1968.
7. Balaban, R. S., et al. Relation between work and phosphate metabolite in the in vivo paced mammalian heart. Science 232(4754):1121-1123, 1986.
8. Bassingthwaighte, J. B. A concurrent flow model for extraction during transcapillary passage. Circ. Res. 35: 483-503, 1974.
9. Bassingthwaighte, J. B. The modelling of a primitive 'sustainable' conservative cell. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 359:1055-1072, 2001.
10. Bassingthwaighte, J. B. Linking cellular energetics to local flow regulation in the heart. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1123: 126-133, 2008.
11. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., and D. A. Beard. Fractal 15O-water washout from the heart. Circ. Res. 77:1212-1221, 1995.
12. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., and R. P. Beyer. Fractal correlation in heterogeneous systems. Phys. D 53:71-84, 1991.
13. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., I. S. Chan, and C. Y. Wang. Computationally efficient algorithms for capillary convection- permeation-diffusion models for blood-tissue exchange. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 20:687-725, 1992.
14. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., W. A. Dobbs, and T. Yipintsoi. Heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow. In: Myocardial Blood Flow in Man: Methods and Significance in Coronary Disease, edited by A. Maseri. Torino, Italy: Minerva Medica, 1972, pp. 197-205.
15. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., and C.A. Goresky. Modeling in the analysis of solute and water exchange in the microvasculature. In: Handbook of Physiology. Sect. 2, The Cardiovascular System. Vol IV, The Microcirculation, edited by E. M. Renkin and C. C. Michel. Bethesda, MD: American Physical Society, 1984, pp. 549-626.
16. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., and K. C. Vinnakota. The computational integrated myocyte. A view into the virtual heart. In: Modeling in Cardiovascular Systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1015, edited by S. Sideman and R. Beyar. 2004, pp. 391-404.
17. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., R. B. King, and S. A. Roger. Fractal nature of regional myocardial blood flow heterogeneity. Circ. Res. 65:578-590, 1989.
18. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., L. Liebovitch, and B. J. West. Fractal Physiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 364, 1994.
19. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., M. A. Malone, T. C. Moffett, R. B. King, S. E. Little, J. M. Link, and K. A. Krohn. Validity of microsphere depositions for regional myocardial flows. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 253:H184-H193, 1987.
20. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., D. Noble, and P. J. Hunter. The cardiac physiome: perspectives for the future. Exp. Physiol. 94(5):597-605, 2009.
21. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., and J. H. G. M. van Beek. Lightning and the heart: fractal behavior in cardiac function. Proc. IEEE 76(6):693-699, 1988.
22. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., C. Y. Wang, and I. S. Chan. Blood-tissue exchange via transport and transformation by endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 65:997-1020, 1989.
23. Bassingthwaighte, J. B., T. Yipintsoi, and R. B. Harvey. Microvasculature of the dog left ventricular myocardium. Microvasc. Res. 7:229-249, 1974.
24. Beard, D. A. Computational framework for generating transport models from databases of microvascular anatomy. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 29:837-843, 2001.
25. Beard, D. A. A biophysical model of the mitochondrial respiratory system and oxidative phosphorylation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 1(4):e36, 2005.
26. Beard, D. A. Modeling of oxygen transport and cellular energetics explains observations on in vivo cardiac energy metabolism. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2(9):e107, 2006.
27. Beard, D. A. Simulation of cellular biochemical system kinetics. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 3(2):136-146, 2011.
28. Beard, D. A., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. The fractal nature of myocardial blood flow emerges from a wholeorgan model of arterial network. J. Vasc. Res. 37:282-296, 2000.
29. Beard, D. A., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Advection and diffusion of substances in biological tissues with complex vascular networks. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 28:253-268, 2000.
30. Beard, D. A., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Modeling advection and diffusion of oxygen in complex vascular networks. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 29:298-310, 2001.
31. Beard, D. A., and M. J. Kushmerick. Strong inference for systems biology. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5(8):e1000459, 2009.
32. Beard, D. A., and H. Qian. Thermodynamic-based computational profiling of cellular regulatory control in hepatocyte metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288(3):E633-E644, 2005.
33. Beard, D. A., K. A. Schenkman, and E. O. Feigl. Myocardial oxygenation in isolated hearts predicted by an anatomically realistic microvascular transport model. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285:H1826-H1836, 2003.
34. Beard, D. A., F. Wu, M. E. Cabrera, and R. K. Dash. Modeling of cellular metabolism and microcirculatory transport. Microcirculation 15:777-793, 2008.
35. Beyer, Jr., R. P., J. B. Bassingthwaighte, and A. J. Deussen. A computational model of oxygen transport from red blood cells to mitochondria. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 67:39-54, 2002.
36. Buerk, D. G., and E. W. Bridges. A simplified algorithm for computing the variation in oxyhemoglobin saturation with pH, PCO2, T and DPG. Chem. Eng. Commun. 47:113-124, 1986.
37. Caldwell, J. H., G. V. Martin, G. M. Raymond, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Regional myocardial flow and capillary permeability-surface area products are nearly proportional. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 267:H654-H666, 1994.
38. Cannon, M. J., D. B. Percival, D. C. Caccia, G. M. Raymond, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Evaluating scaled windowed variance methods for estimating the Hurst coefficient of time series. Phys. A 241:606-626, 1997.
39. Chance, B., J. S. Leigh, B. J. Clark, J. Maris, J. Kent, S. Nioka, and D. Smith. Control of oxidative metabolism and oxygen delivery in human skeletal muscle: a steadystate analysis of the work/energy cost transfer function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8384-8388, 1985.
40. Chance, B., and G. R. Williams. The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem. 17:65-134, 1956.
41. Ciechanover, A. Intracellular protein degradation: from a vague idea through the lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome system and onto human diseases and drug targeting. Ramban Maimonides Med. J. 3:1-20, 2012.
42. Clarysse, P., et al. Two-dimensional spatial and temporal displacement and deformation field fitting from cardiac magnetic resonance tagging. Med. Image Anal. 4(3):253-268, 2000.
43. Dash, R. K., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Blood HbO2 and HbCO2 dissociation curves at varied O2, CO2, pH, 2,3- DPG and temperature levels. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 32:1676-1693, 2004.
44. Dash, R. K., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Simultaneous blood-tissue exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and hydrogen ion. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34:1129-1148, 2006.
45. Dash, R. K., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Erratum to: blood HbO2 and HbCO2 dissociation curves at varied O2, CO2, pH, 2,3-DPG and temperature levels. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 38:1683-1701, 2010.
46. Deussen, A., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Modeling 15Ooxygen tracer data for estimating oxygen consumption. Am. J. Physiol. 270:H1115-H1130, 1996.
47. D'Hooge, J., et al. Regional strain and strain rate measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 1(3):154-170, 2000.
48. Eisner, R. L., T. Meyer, S. Sigman, S. Eder, J. Streeter, and R. Patterson. Comparison of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose and Rb-82 for the detection of myocardial viability using left ventricular bullseye analysis. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 1:70-71, 2005 (Abstr.).
49. Ellsworth, M. L., C. G. Ellis, D. Goldman, A. H. Stephenson, H. H. Dietrich, and R. S. Spraque. Erythrocytes: oxygen sensors and modulators of vascular tone. Physiology 24(2):107-116, 2009.
50. Evans, J. R., R. W. Gunton, R. G. Baker, D. S. Beanlands, and J. C. Spears. Use of radioiodinated fatty acid for photoscans of the heart. Circ. Res. 16:1-10, 1965.
51. Evans, C. L., and Y. Matsuoka. The effect of various mechanical conditions on the gaseous metabolism of the mammalian heart. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 49:378-405, 1915.
52. Evans, J. R., L. H. Opie, and J. L. Shipp. Metabolism of palmitic acid in perfused rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 205:766-770, 1963.
53. Federspiel, W. J., and A. S. Popel. A theoretical analysis of the effect of the particulate nature of blood on oxygen release in capillaries. Microvasc. Res. 32:164-189, 1986.
54. Geers, C., and G. Gros. Carbon dioxide transport and carbonic anhydrase in blood and muscle. Physiol. Rev. 80:681-715, 2000.
55. Glenny, R. W., S. Bernard, and M. Brinkley. Validation of fluorescent-labeled microspheres for measurement of regional organ perfusion. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:2585-2597, 1993.
56. Goldman, D., and A. S. Popel. A computational study of the effect of capillary network anastomoses and tortuosity on oxygen transport. J. Theor. Biol. 206:181-194, 2000.
57. Gorman, M. W., and E. O. Feigl. Control of coronary blood flow during exercise. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 40:37-42, 2012.
58. Groebe, K. A versatile model of steady state O2 supply to tissue. Application to skeletal muscle. Biophys. J. 57:485-498, 1990.
59. Groebe, K., and G. Thews. Calculated intra- and extracellular PO2 gradients in heavily working red muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 259:H84-H92, 1990.
60. He, C., M. C. Bassik, V. Moresi, K. Sun, Y. Wei, Z. Zou, Z. An, J. Loh, J. Fisher, Q. Sun, S. Korsmeyer, M. Packer, H. I. May, J. A. Hill, H. W. Virgin, C. Gilpin, G. Xiao, R. Bassel-Duby, P. E. Scherer, and B. Levine. Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis. Nature 481:511-515, 2012.
61. Hellums, J. D., P. K. Nair, N. S. Huang, and N. Ohshima. Simulation of intraluminal gas transport processes in the microcirculation. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 24:1-24, 1996.
62. Hill, E. P., G. G. Power, and L. D. Longo. A mathematical model of carbon dioxide transfer in the placenta and its interaction with oxygen. Am. J. Physiol. 224:283-299, 1973.
63. Hill, E. P., G. G. Power, and L. D. Longo. Mathematical simulation of pulmonary O2 and CO2 exchange. Am. J. Physiol. 224:904-917, 1973.
64. Hofmeyr, J.-H. S., and A. Cornish-Bowden. The reversible Hill equation: how to incorporate cooperative enzymes into metabolic models. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 13:377-385, 1997.
65. Huang, S. C., D. G. Feng, and M. E. Phelps. Model dependency and estimation reliability in measurement of cerebral oxygen utilization rate with oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6:105-119, 1986.
66. Huang, N. S., and J. D. Hellums. A theoretical model for gas transport and acid/base regulation by blood flowing in microvessels. Microvasc. Res. 48:364-388, 1994.
67. Hurst, H. E. Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 116:770-808, 1951.
68. Huxley, A. F. Muscle structure and theories of contraction. Prog. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 7:255-318, 1957.
69. Jeneson, J. A. L., R. W. Wiseman, H. V. Westerhoff, and M. J. Kushmerick. The signal transduction function for oxidative phosphorylation is at least second order in ADP. J. Biol. Chem. 271(45):27995-27998, 1996.
70. Kassab, G. S., K. Imoto, F. C. White, C. A. Rider, Y. C. B. Fung, and C. M. Bloor. Coronary arterial tree remodeling in right ventricular hypertrophy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 265:H366-H375, 1993.
71. Kelman, G. R. Digital computer subroutine for the conversion of oxygen tension into saturation. J. Appl. Physiol. 21:1375-1376, 1966.
72. Kendal, W. S. A stochastic model for the self-similar heterogeneity of regional organ blood flow. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:837-841, 2001.
73. Kettunen, M. I., O. H. Grohn, M. J. Silvennoinen, M. Penttonen, and R. A. Kauppinen. Quantitative assessment of the balance between oxygen delivery and consumption in the rat brain after transient ischemia with T2-BOLD magnetic resonance imaging. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22:262-270, 2002.
74. King, R. B., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Temporal fluctuations in regional myocardial flows. Pfluegers Arch Eur. J. Physiol. 413(4):336-342, 1989.
75. King, R. B., J. B. Bassingthwaighte, J. R. S. Hales, and L. B. Rowell. Stability of heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow in normal awake baboons. Circ. Res. 57:285-295, 1985.
76. Kohn, M. C., M. J. Achs, and D. Garfinkel. Computer simulation of metabolism in pyruvate-perfused rat heart. I. Model construction. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 237:R153-R158, 1979.
77. Kohn, M. C., and D. Garfinkel. Computer simulation of metabolism in palmitate-perfused rat heart. I. Palmitate oxidation. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 11:361-384, 1983.
78. Kohn, M. C., and D. Garfinkel. Computer simulation of metabolism in palmitate-perfused rat heart. II. Behavior of complete model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 11:511-531, 1983.
79. Krogh, A. The number and distribution of capillaries in muscle with calculations of the oxygen pressure head necessary for supplying the tissue. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 52:409-415, 1919.
80. Kroll, K., D. J. Kinzie, and L. A. Gustafson. Open system kinetics of myocardial phosphoenergetics during coronary underperfusion. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 272:H2563-H2576, 1997.
81. Landesberg, A., and S. Sideman. Regulation of energy consumption in cardiac muscle: analysis of isometric contractions. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 276:H998-H1011, 1999.
82. Li, Z., T. Yipintsoi, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Nonlinear model for capillary-tissue oxygen transport and metabolism. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 25:604-619, 1997.
83. Little, S. E., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Plasma-soluble marker for intraorgan regional flows. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 245:H707-H712, 1983.
84. Maier, S. E., et al. Evaluation of left ventricular segmental wall motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with myocardial tagging. Circulation 86:1919-1928, 1992.
85. Mandelbrot, B. B., and J. W. Van Ness. Fractional Brownian motions, fractional noises and applications. SIAM Rev. 10:422-437, 1968.
86. Marcus, M. L., R. E. Kerber, J. C. Erhardt, H. L. Falsetti, D. M. Davis, and F. M. Abboud. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of left ventricular perfusion in awake dogs. Am. Heart J. 94:748-754, 1977.
87. Metallo, C. M., P. A. Gameiro, E. L. Bell, K. R. Mattaini, J. Yang, K. Hiller, C. M. Jewell, Z. R. Johnson, D. J. Irvine, L. Guarante, J. K. Kelleher, M. G. Vander Heiden, O. Iliopoulos, and G. Stephanopoulos. Reductive glutamine metabolism by IDH1 mediates lipogenesis under hypoxia. Nature 481:380-384, 2012.
88. Mintun, M. A., M. E. Raichle, W. R. Martin, and P. Herscovitch. Brain oxygen utilization measured with O-15 radiotracers and positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 25:177-187, 1984.
89. Musters, M. W. J. M., J. B. Bassingthwaighte, N. A. W. van Riel, and G. J. van der Vusse. Computational evidence for protein-mediated fatty acid transport across the sarcolemma. Biochem. J. 393:669-678, 2006.
90. Nickerson, D., N. Smith, and P. Hunter. New developments in a strongly coupled cardiac electromechanical model. Europace 7:S118-S127, 2005.
91. Niederer, S. A., and N. P. Smith. The role of the Frank-Starling law in the transduction of cellular work to whole organ pump function: a computational modeling analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5(4):e1000371, 2009.
92. Noble, D. A modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations applicable to Purkinje fibre action and pace-make potentials. J. Physiol. 160:317-352, 1962.
93. Noble, D., A. Garny, and P. Noble. How the Hodgkin-Huxley equations inspired the Cardiac Physiome Project. J. Physiol. 590:2613-2628, 2012.
94. Ogawa, S., R. S. Menon, D. W. Tank, S. G. Kim, H. Merkle, J. M. Ellermann, and K. Ugurbil. Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model. Biophys. J. 64:803-812, 1993.
95. Pandit, S. V., R. B. Clark, W. R. Giles, and S. S. Demir. A mathematical model of action potential heterogeneity in adult left ventricular myocyte. Biophys. J. 81:3029-3051, 2001.
96. Patterson, S. W., H. Piper, and E. H. Starling. The regulation of the heart beat. J. Physiol. 48:465-513, 1914.
97. Pekar, J., L. Ligeti, Z. Ruttner, R. C. Lyon, T. M. Sinnwell, P. van Gelderen, D. Fiat, C. T. Moonen, and A. C. McLaughlin. In vivo measurement of cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow using 17O magnetic resonance imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 21:313-319, 1991.
98. Pekar, J., T. Sinnwell, L. Ligeti, A. S. Chesnick, J. A. Frank, and A. C. McLaughlin. Simultaneous measurement of cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow using 17O and 19F magnetic resonance imaging. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15:312-320, 1995.
99. Popel, A. S. Theory of oxygen transport to tissue. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 17:257-321, 1989.
100. Pries, A. R., and T. W. Secomb. Origins of heterogeneity in tissue perfusion and metabolism. Cardiovasc. Res. 81:328-335, 2009.
101. Prinzen, F. W., C. H. Augustijn, T. Arts, M. A. Allessie, and R. S. Reneman. Redistribution of myocardial fiber strain and blood flow by asynchronous activation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 259:H300-H308, 1990.
102. Prinzen, F. W., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Blood flow distributions by microsphere deposition methods. Cardiovasc. Res. 45:13-21, 2000.
103. Randle, P. J. Regulatory interactions between lipids and carbohydrates: the glucose fatty acid cycle after 35 years. Diabetes Metab. Rev. 14(4):263-283, 1998.
104. Richmond, D. R., W. N. Tauxe, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Albumin macroaggregates and measurements of regional blood flow: validity and application of particle sizing by Coulter counter. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 75:336-346, 1970.
105. Sachse, F. B., A. Moreno, and J. A. Abildskov. Electrophysiological modeling of fibroblasts and their interaction with myocytes. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 36(1):41-56, 2008.
106. Salathe, E. P., R. Fayad, and S. W. Schaffer. Mathematical analysis of carbon dioxide transfer by blood. Math. Biosci. 57:109-153, 1981.
107. Schwartz, L. M., T. R. Bukowski, J. H. Revkin, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Cardiac endothelial transport and metabolism of adenosine and inosine. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 277:H1241-H1251, 1999.
108. Secomb, T. W., R. Hsu, N. B. Beamer, and B. M. Coull. Theoretical simulation of oxygen transport to brain by networks of microvessels: effects of oxygen supply and demand on tissue hypoxia. Microcirculation 7:237-247, 2000.
109. Sedaghat, A. R., A. Sherman, and M. J. Quon. A mathematical model of metabolic insulin signaling pathways. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283:E1084-E1101, 2002.
110. Severinghaus, J. W. Simple, accurate equations for human blood O2 dissociation computations. J. Appl. Physiol. 46:599-602, 1979.
111. Smith, L., C. Tainter, M. Regnier, and D. A. Martyn. Cooperative crossbridge activation of thin filaments contributes to the Frank-Starling mechanism in cardiac muscle. Biophys. J. 96:3692-3702, 2009.
112. Spinale, F. G. Myocardial matrix remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases: influence on cardiac form and function. Physiol. Rev. 87:1285-1342, 2007.
113. Stepp, D. W., R. Van Bibber, K. Kroll, and E. O. Feigl. Quantitative relation between interstitial adenosine concentration and coronary blood flow. Circ. Res. 79:601-610, 1996.
114. Sutcliffe, J. V. Harold Edwin Hurst. Obituary. Hydrol. Sci. Bull. 24(4):539-541, 1979.
115. Swynghedauw, B. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. Physiol. Rev. 79:215-262, 1999.
116. Tanner, B. C. W., M. Regnier, and T. L. Daniel. A spatially- explicit model of muscle contraction explains a relationship between activation phase, power, and ATP utilization in insect flight. J. Exp. Biol. 211:180-186, 2008.
117. Trayanova, N. A. Whole-heart modeling applications to cardiac electrophysiology and electromechanics. Circulation Res. 108(1):113-128, 2011.
118. Usyk, T. P., and A. D. McCulloch. Relationship between regional shortening and asynchronous electrical activation in a three-dimensional model of ventricular electromechanics. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 14(10):S196-S202, 2003.
119. van Beek, J. H. G. M. Adenine nucleotide-creatinephosphate module in myocardial metabolic system explains fast phase of dynamic regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293:C815-C829, 2007.
120. van Beek, J. H. G. M., S. A. Roger, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Regional myocardial flow heterogeneity explained with fractal networks. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 257:H1670-H1680, 1989.
121. van Oosterhout, M. F., T. Arts, J. B. Bassingthwaighte, R. S. Reneman, and F. W. Prinzen. Relation between local myocardial growth and blood flow during chronic ventricular pacing. Cardiovasc. Res. 53:831-840, 2002.
122. van Oosterhout, M. F. M., F. W. Prinzen, S. Sakurada, R. W. Glenny, and J. R. S. Hales. Fluorescent microspheres are superior to radioactive microspheres in chronic blood flow measurements. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 275:H110-H115, 1998.
123. Vicini, P., and M. J. Kushmerick. Cellular energetics analysis by a mathematical model of energy balance: estimation of parameters in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 279:C213-C224, 2000.
124. Vinnakota, K. C., R. K. Dash, and D. A. Beard. Stimulatory effects of calcium on respiration and NAD(P)H synthesis in intact rat heart mitochondria utilizing physiological synthesis in intact rat heart mitochondria utilizing physiological substrates cannot explain respiratory control in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 286:30816-30822, 2011.
125. Vis, M. A., P. H. Bovendeerd, P. Sipkema, and N. Westerhof. Effect of ventricular contraction, pressure, and wall stretch on vessels at different locations in the wall. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 272:H2963-H2975, 1997.
126. Winslow, R. M., M. Samaja, N. J. Winslow, L. Rossi- Bernardi, and R. I. Shrager. Simulation of continuous blood O2 equilibrium over physiological pH, DPG, and PCO2 range. J. Appl. Physiol. 54:524-529, 1983.
127. Wu, F., and D. A. Beard. Roles of the creatine kinase system and myoglobin in maintaining energetic state in the working heart. BMC Syst. Biol. 3:22, 2009.
128. Wu, F., J. A. L. Jeneson, and D. A. Beard. Oxidative ATP synthesis in skeletal muscle is controlled by substrate feedback. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 292:C115-C124, 2007.
129. Wu, F., F. Yang, K. C. Vinnakota, and D. A. Beard. Computer modeling of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolite transport, and electrophysiology. J. Biol. Chem. 282(34):24525-24537, 2007.
130. Wu, F., J. Zhang, and D. A. Beard. Experimentally observed phenomena on cardiac energetics in heart failure emerge from simulations of cardiac metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(17):7143-7148, 2009.
131. Wu, F., E. Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, R. J. Bache, and D. A. Beard. Phosphate metabolite concentrations and ATP hydrolysis potential in normal and ischaemic hearts. J. Physiol. 586(17):4193-4208, 2008.
132. Yipintsoi, T., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Circulatory transport of iodoantipyrine and water in the isolated dog heart. Circ. Res. 27:461-477, 1970.
133. Yipintsoi, T., W. A. Dobbs, Jr., P. D. Scanlon, T. J. Knopp, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Regional distribution of diffusible tracers and carbonized microspheres in the left ventricle of isolated dog hearts. Circ. Res. 33:573-587, 1973.
134. Yipintsoi, T., and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Anatomic and functional aspects of the coronary vasculature. In: Small Vessel Angiography, edited by Hilal SK. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, C. V., 1973, pp. 495-500.
135. Yipintsoi, T., Z. Li, K. Kroll, E. O. Feigl, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte. Redistribution of regional myocardial blood flow in dog hearts during catecholamine and adenosine infusion. Am. J. Physiol., 2012 (under review).
136. Zhou, L., M. E. Cabrera, H. Huang, C. L. Yuan, D. K. Monika, N. Sharma, F. Bian, and W. C. Stanley. Parallel activation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism with increased cardiac energy expenditure is not dependent on fatty acid oxidation in pigs. J. Physiol. 579(3):811-821, 2007.
137. Zhou, L., M. E. Cabrera, I. C. Okere, N. Sharma, and W. C. Stanley. Regulation of myocardial substrate metabolism during increased energy expenditure: insights from computational studies. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291(3):H1036-H1046, 2006.
138. Zhou, L., J. E. Salem, G. M. Saidel, W. C. Stanley, and M. E. Cabrera. Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts localization of glycolysis to cytosolic subdomain during ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 288(5):H2400-H2411, 2005.