Review on Conducting Polymers and Their Applications

Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering

Volumn 51, Issue 14, 2012, Pages 1487-1500

  Das, Tapan K ^a   Prusty, Smita ^b  

^a Department of Chemistry   (India)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Biomedical applications; Conducting polymers; EMI shielding; Nanodevices; Properties; Sensors

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE; ARTIFICIAL NERVES; BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROCHROMIC DISPLAYS; EMI SHIELDING; ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY; FUTURE PROSPECTS; NANO-DEVICES; NANODIODES; NEURAL INTERFACES; OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS; PROPERTIES; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; SUPER CAPACITOR;

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE; AIRFRAMES; DRUG DELIVERY; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE; ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; NANOTUBES; SENSORS;

CONDUCTING POLYMERS;

EID: 84868309093     PISSN: 03602559     EISSN: 15256111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2012.710697     Document Type: Review

References (267)

1. Timp, G. Nanotechnology, 1st Ed., Springer-Verlag: New York, 1999.
2. Hu, J.; Odom, T.W.; Lieber, C.M. Chemistry and physics in one dimension: synthesis and properties of nanowires and nanotubes. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 435-445.
3. Wang, Z.L. Characterizing the structure and properties of individual wire-like nanoentities. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1295-1298.
4. Xia, Y.; Yang, P.; Sun, Y.; Wu, Y.; Mayers, B.; Gates, B.; Yin, Y.; Kim, F.; Yan, H. One-dimensional nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 353-389.
5. Kuchibhatle, S.V.N.T.; Karakoti, A.S.; Bera, D.; Seal, S. One dimensional nanostructured materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2007, 52, 699-913.
6. Lupu, N. Nanowires science and technology. InTech, Croatia, http://sciyo.com/books/show/title/nanowires-science-andtechnology, 2010; (b) Li, R.J.; Hu, W.P.; Liu, Y.Q.; Zhu, D.B. Micro- and nanocrystals of organic semiconductors. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 529-540.
7. Xia, Y.N.; Yang, P.D.; Sun, Y.G.; Wu, Y.Y.; Mayers, B.; Gates, B.; Yin, Y.D.; Kim, F.; Yan, Y.Q. One-dimensional nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 353-389.
8. Hamedi, M.; Forchheimer, R.; Inganös, O. Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 357-362.
9. Akkerman, H.B.; Blom, P.W.M.; de Leeuw, D.M.; de Boer, B. Towards molecular electronics with large-area molecular junctions. Nature 2006, 441, 69-72.
10. Tran, H.D.; Li, D.; Kaner, R.B. One-dimensional conducting polymer nanostructures: Bulk synthesis and applications. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1487-1499. (b) Lu, X.F.; Zhang, W.J.; Wang, C.; Wen, T.C.; Wei, Y. One-dimensional conducting polymer nanocomposites: synthesis, properties and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 36, 671-712.
11. Li, C.; Bai, H.; Shi, G.Q. Conducting polymer nanomaterials: Eelectrosynthesis and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 2397-2409.
12. Wan, M.X. Some issues related to polyaniline micro-/nanostructures. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 2009, 30, 963-975. (b) Wan, M.X. Conducting polymers with micro or nanometer structure, Tsinghua University Press: Beijing, and Springer Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York, 2008.
13. Stejskal, J.; Sapurina, I.; Trchová, M. Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 1420-1481; (b) Laslau, C.; Zujovic, Z.; Travas-Sejdic, J. Theories of polyaniline nanostructure self-assembly: Towards an expanded, comprehensive Multi-Layer Theory (MLT). Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 1403-1419.
14. MacDiarmid, A.G. Synthetic metals: A novel role for organic polymers. Angew Chem. Int. Edit. 2001, 40, 2581-2590.
15. Heeger, A.J. Semiconducting and metallic polymers: The fourth generation of polymeric materials. Synth. Met. 2001, 125, 23-42.; (b) Heeger, A.J. Semiconducting polymers: The third generation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2354-2371.
16. Chabukswar, V.V.; Bhavsar, S.V.; Mohite, K.C. Synthesis of poly(N-ethylaniline) nanoparticles synthesis and characterization of organically soluble conducting poly(N-ethylaniline) nanoparticles using acrylic acid as a soft template. J. Macromol. Sci., Pt. A: Pure Appl. Chem. 2012, 49 (7), 547-553.
17. Strenger-Smith, J.D. Intrinsically electrically conducting polymers. Synthesis, characterization and their applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 57-79.
18. Kang, E.T.; Neoh, K.G.; Tan, K.L. Polyaniline: A polymer with many interesting redox states. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 277-324.
19. Gospodinova, N.; Terlemezyan, L. Conducting polymers prepared by oxidative polymerization: polyaniline. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 1443-1484.
20. Palaniappan, S.; John, A. Polyaniline materials by emulsion polymerization pathway. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33, 732-758.
21. Bhadra, S.; Khastgir, D.; Singha, N.K.; Lee, J.H. Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 783-810.
22. Pud, A.; Ogurtsov, N.; Korzhenko, A.; Shapoval, G. Some aspects of preparation methods and properties of polyaniline blends and composites with organic polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2003, 28, 1701-1753.
23. Martin, C.R. Nanomaterials-A membrane-based synthetic approach. Science 1994, 266, 1961-1966.
24. Long, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, N.; Zhang, Z.; Wan, M. Resistivity study of polyaniline doped with protonic acids. Physica B 2003, 325, 208-213.
25. 4 nanostructures. Physical B: Condensed Matter. 2005, 370, 121-130.
26. +-montmorillonite clay. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 1419-1423.
27. Zhang, Z.; Deng, J.; Shen, J.; Wan, M.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Wan, M.; Wei, Y.Chemical one step method to prepare polyaniline nanofibers with electromagnetic function. Macromol. Rapid Commun.2007, 28, 585-590.
28. Norris, I.D.; Shaker, M.M.; Ko, F.K.; MacDiarmid, A.G. Electrostatic fabrication of ultrafine conducting fibers: Polyanilinerpolyethylene oxide blends. Synth. Met. 2000, 114, 109-114.
29. Long, Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Z. Synthesis and electrical properties of carbon nanotube polyaniline composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 1796-1798.
30. Lu, X.; Zheng, J.; Chao, D.; Chen, J.; Zhang, W.; Wei, Y. Poly (N-methylaniline)/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites-Synthesis, characterization, and electrical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 100, 2356-2361.
31. Lu, X.; Chao, D.; Zheng, J.; Chen, J.; Zhang, W.; Wei, Y. Preparation and characterization of polydiphenylamine/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Polym. Int. 2006, 55, 945-950.
32. Su, C.; Wang, G.; Huang, F. Preparation and characterization of composites of polyaniline nanorods and multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with polyaniline. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 106, 4241-4247.
33. Feng, W.; Bai, X.; Lian, Y.; Liang, J.; Wang, X.; Yoshino, K. Well-aligned polyaniline/carbon-nanotube composite films grown by in-situ aniline polymerization. Carbon 2003, 41, 1551-1557.
34. Long, Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Z. Electrical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polypyrrole nanocables: Percolation-dominated conductivity. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2004, 37, 1965-1969.
35. Pillalamarri, S.K.; Blum, F.D.; Tokuhiro, A.T.; Bertino, M.F. One-pot synthesis of polyaniline-metal nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 5941-5944.
36. Huang, K.; Zhang, Y.; Long, Y.; Yuan, J.; Han, D.; Wang, Z.; Niu, L.; Chen, Z. Preparation of highly conductive, self-assembled gold/polyaniline nanocables and polyaniline nanotubes. Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 5314-5319.
37. Long, Y.; Huang, K.; Yuan, J.; Han, D.; Niu, L.; Chen, Z.; Gu, C.; Jin, A.; Duvail, J.L. Electrical conductivity of a single Au/polyaniline microfiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 162113/1-3.
38. Luo, S.C.; Sekine, J.; Zhu, B.; Zhao, H.; Nakao, A.; Yu, H.H. Polydioxythiophene nanodots, nonowires, nano-networks, and tubular structures: The effect of functional groups and temperature in template-free electropolymerization. ACS Nano. 2012, 6 (4), 3018-3026.
39. Weinberger, B.R.; Kaufer, J.; Heeger, A.J.; Pron, A.; MacDiarmid, A.G. Magnetic susceptibility of doped polyacetylene. Phys. Rev. B 1979, 20, 223-230.
40. Ginder, J.M.; Richter, A.F.; MacDiarmid, A.G.; Epstein, A.J. Insulatorto- metal transition in polyaniline. Solid State Commun. 1987, 63, 97-101.
41. Nalwa, H.S. Phase transitions in polypyrrole and polythiophene conducting polymers demonstrated by magnetic susceptibility measurements. Phys. Rev. B 1989, 39, 5964-5974.
42. Long, Y.; Chen, Z.; Shen, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Xiao, H.; Wan, M.; Duvail, J.L. Magnetic properties of conducting polymer nanostructures. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 23228-23233.
43. 4 nanoparticles. J. Solid State Chem. 2006, 179, 2609-2615.
44. Cao, H.; Xu, Z.; Sang, H.; Sheng, D.; Tie, C. Template synthesis and magnetic behavior of an array of cobalt nanowires encapsulated in polyaniline nanotubules. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 121-123.
45. Cao, H.; Xu, Z.; Sheng, D.; Hong, J.; Sang, H.; Du, Y. An array of iron nanowires encapsulated in polyaniline nanotubules and its magnetic behavior. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 958-960.
46. Cao, H.; Tie, C.; Xu, Z.; Hong, J.; Sang, H. Array of nickel nanowires enveloped in polyaniline nanotubules and its magnetic behavior. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 1592-1594.
47. Marchesi, L.F.Q.P.; de Paula, F.R.; de Oliveria, A.J.A.; Pereira, E.C. Magnetic properties of polypyrrole doped with iron. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Special Issue: Proceedings of the Xth International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Emerging Technologies and Business Opportunities, Santiago, Chile, 2010, 552 (1), 301-306.
48. Cui, Y.; Lieber, C.M. Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 2001, 291, 851-853.
49. 2 nanoribbon nanosensors at room temperature. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 42, 2405-2408.
50. Zhang, J.P.; Chu, D.Y.; Wu, S.L.; Ho, S.T.; Bi, W.G.; Tu, C.W.; Tiberio, R.C. Photonicwire laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 2678-2681.
51. Huang, M.H.; Mao, S.; Feick, H.; Yan, H.; Wu, Y.; Kind, H.; Weber, E.; Russo, R.; Yang, P. Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science 2001, 292, 1897-1899.
52. Xi, Y.; Zhou, J.; Guo, H.; Cai, C.; Lin, Z. Enhanced photoluminescence in core-sheath CdS-PANI coaxial nanocables: A charge transfer mechanism. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2005, 412, 60-64.
53. Turac, E.; Sahmetlioglu, E.; Toppare, L.; Yuruk, H. Synthesis, characterization and optoelectrochemical properties of poly(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl-)1-(4-(thiophen-3-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-co-EDO T). Des. Monomers Polym. 2010, 13 (3), 261-275.
54. Feng, L.; Li, S.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhai, J.; Song, Y.; Liu, B.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1857-1860.
55. Xia, F.; Jiang, L. Bio-inspired, Smart, multiscale interfacial materials. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2842-2858.
56. Zhang, X.; Shi, F.; Niu, J.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, Z. Superhydrophobic surfaces: from structural control to functional application. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 621-633.
57. Zhong, W.; Chen, X.; Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Yang, W. Synthesis of highly hydrophilic polyaniline nanowires and sub-micro/nanostructured dendrites on poly(propylene) film surfaces. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2006, 27, 563-569.
58. Zhong, W.; Liu, S.; Chen, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, W. High-yield synthesis of superhydrophilic polypyrrole nanowire networks. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 3224-3230.
59. Zhu, Y.; Hu, D.; Wan, M.; Jiang, L.; Wei, Y. Conducting and superhydrophobic rambutan-like hollow spheres of polyaniline. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2092-2096.
60. Zhu, Y.; Li, J.; Wan, M.; Jiang, L. Superhydrophobic 3D microstructures assembled from 1D nanofibers of polyaniline. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 239-243.
61. Xu, L.; Chen, Z.; Chen, W.; Mulchandani, A.; Yan, Y. Electrochemical synthesis of perfluorinated ion doped conducting polyaniline films consisting of helical fibers and their reversible switching between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 832-838.
62. Xu, L.; Chen, W.; Mulchandani, A.; Yan, Y. Reversible conversion of conducting polymer films from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6009-6012.
63. Zhu, Y.; Feng, L.; Xia, F.; Zhai, J.; Wan, M.; Jiang, L. Chemical dual-responsive wettability of superhydrophobic PANI-PAN coaxial nanofibers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 1135-1141.
64. Villafiorita-Monteleone, F.; Canale, C.; Caputo, G.; Cozzoli, P.D.; Cingolani, R.; Fragouli, D.; Athanassiou, A. Controlled swapping of nanocomposite surface wettability by multilayer photopolymerization. Langmuir 2011, 27 (13), 8522-8529.
65. Tan, E.P.S.; Lim, C.T. Mechanical characterization of nanofibers-A review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2006, 66, 1102-1111.
66. Cuenot, S.; Demoustier-Champagne, S.; Nysten, B. Elastic modulus of polypyrrole nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 1690-1693.
67. Park, J.G.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, B.; Park, Y.W.Electrical resistivity of polypyrrole nanotube measured by conductive scanning probe microscope: The role of contat force. Appl. Phys. Lett.2002, 81, 4625-4627.
68. Cuenot, S.; Frétigny, C.; Demoustier-Champagne, S.; Nysten, B. Measurement of elastic modulus of nanotubes by resonant contact atomic force microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 5650-5655.
69. Cuenot, S.; Frétigny, C.; Demoustier-Champagne, S.; Nysten, B. Surface tension effect on the mechanical properties of nanomaterials measured by atomic force microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 69, 165410/1-5.
70. Lee, S.W.; Kim, B.; Lee, D.S.; Lee, H.J.; Park, J.G.; Ahn, S.J.; Campbell, E.E.B.; Park, Y.W. Fabrication and mechanical properties of suspended onedimensional polymer nanostructures: Polypyrrole nanotube and helical polyacetylene nanofibre. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 992-996.; (b) Foroughi, J.; Ghorbani, S.R.; Peleckis, G.; Spinks, G.M.; Wallace, G.G.; Wang, X.L.; Dou, S.X. The mechanical and the electrical properties of conducting polypyrrole fibers. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107, 103712/1-4.
71. Sun, L.; Han, R.P.S.; Wang, J.; Lim, C.T. Modeling the size-dependent elastic properties of polymeric nanofibers. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 455706/1-8.
72. Arinstein, A.; Burman, M.; Gendelman, O.; Zussman, E. Effect of supramolecular structure on polymer nanofibre elasticity. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 59-62.
73. Burman, M.; Arinstein, A.; Zussman, E. Free flight of an oscillated string pendulum as a tool for the mechanical characterization of an individual polymer nanofiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 193118/1-3.
74. Zhou, Z.; Liu, X.; Liu, L.; Yi, Q. Fabrication and properties of composite biomaterials composed of poly(l-lactide) and bovine bone. Des. Monomers Polym. 2009, 12 (1), 57-67.
75. Muraoka, M.; Tobe, R. Mechanical characterization of nanowires based on optical diffraction images of the bent shape. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2009, 9, 4566-4574.
76. Gordon, M.J.; Baron, T.; Dhalluin, F.; Gentile, P.; Ferret, P. Size effects in mechanical deformation and fracture of cantilevered silicon nanowires. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 525-529.
77. Guo, J.G.; Zhao, Y.P. The size-dependent bending elastic properties of nanobeams with surface effects. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 295701/1-6.
78. Wan, M.X.; Li, J.C.; Li, S.Z. Microtubules of polyaniline as new microwave absorbent materials. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2001, 12, 651-657.
79. Liu, C.Y.; Jiao, Y.C.; Zhang, L.X.; Xue, M.B.; Zhang, F.S. Electromagnetic wave absorbing property of polyaniline/polystylene composites. Acta Metall. Sinica 2007, 43, 409-412.
80. Pinto, N.J.; Johnson, Jr. A.T.; Mueller, C.H.; Theofylaktos, N.; Robinson, D.C.; Miranda, F.A. Electrospun polyaniline/polyethylene oxide nanofiber field-effect transistor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 4244-4246.
81. Liu, H.Q.; Reccius, C.H.; Craighead, H.G. Single electrospun regioregular poly(3- hexylthiophene) nanofiber field-effect transistor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 253106/1-3.
82. Qi, P.F.; Javey, A.; Rolandi, M.; Wang, Q.; Yenilmez, E.; Dai, H.J. Miniature organic transistors with carbon nanotubes as quasi-one-dimensional electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 11774-11775.
83. Alam, M.M.; Wang, J.; Guo, Y.Y.; Lee, S.P.; Tseng, H.R. Electrolyte-gated transistors based on conducting polymer nanowire junction arrays. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 12777-12784.
84. Lee, S.Y.; Choi, G.R.; Lim, H.; Lee, K.M.; Lee, S.K. Electronic transport characteristics of electrolyte-gated conducting polyaniline nanowire field-effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 013113/1-3.
85. Guo, Y.B.; Tang, Q.X.; Liu, H.B.; Zhang, Y.J.; Li, Y.L.; Hu, W.P.; Wang, S.; Zhu, D.B. Light-controlled organic/inorganic P-N junction nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 9198-9199.
86. Guo, Y.B.; Zhang, Y.J.; Liu, H.B.; Lai, S.W.; Li, Y.L.; Li, Y.J.; Hu, W.P.; Wang, S.; Che, C.M.; Zhu, D.B. Assembled organic/inorganic P-N junction interface and photovoltaic cell on a single nanowire. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 327-330.
87. Park, S.; Chung, S.W.; Mirkin, C.A. Hybrid organic-inorganic, rod-shaped nanoresistors and diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 11772-11773.
88. Pinto, N.J.; González, R.; Johnson, Jr. A.T.; MacDiarmid, A.G. Electrospun hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor Shottky nanodiode. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 033505/1-3.
89. Pérez, R.; Pinto, N.J.; Johnson, Jr., A.T. Influence of temperature on charge transport and device parameters in an electrospun hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor Shottky diode. Synth. Met. 2007, 157, 231-234.
90. Liu, L.; Zhao, Y.M.; Jia, N.Q.; Zhou, Q.; Zhao, C.J.; Yan, M.M.; Jiang, Z.Y. Electrochemical fabrication and electronic behavior of polypyrrole nano-fiber array devices. Thin Solid Films 2006, 503, 241-245.
91. Granström, M.; Berggren, M.; Inganäs, O. Micrometer- and nanometersized polymeric light-emitting diodes. Science 1995, 267, 1479-1481.
92. Granström, M.; Berggren, M.; Inganäs, O. Polymeric light-emitting diodes of submicron size-Structures and developments. Synth. Met. 1996, 76, 141-143.
93. Boroumand, F.A.; Fry, P.W.; Lidzey, D.G. Nanoscale conjugated-polymer light-emitting diodes. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 67-71.
94. Grimsdale, A.C.; Chan, K.L.; Martin, R.E.; Jokisz, P.G.; Holmes, A.B. Synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 897-1091.
95. Kim, B.H.; Park, D.H.; Joo, J.; Yu, S.G.; Lee, S.H. Synthesis, characteristics, and field emission of doped and de-doped polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) nanotubes and nanowires. Synth. Met. 2005, 150, 279-284.
96. Wang, C.W.; Wang, Z.; Li, M.K.; Li, H.L. Well-aligned polyaniline nanofibril array membrane and its field emission property. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 341, 431-434.
97. Kim, B.H.; Kim, M.S.; Park, K.T.; Lee, J.K.; Park, D.H.; Joo, J.; Yu, S.G.; Lee, S.H. Characteristics and field emission of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 539-541.
98. Yan, H.L.; Zhang, L.; Shen, J.Y.; Chen, Z.J.; Shi, G.Q.; Zhang, B.L. Synthesis, property and field-emission behavior of amorphous polypyrrole nanowires. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 3446-3450.
99. Cho, S.I.; Kwon, W.J.; Choi, S.J.; Kim, P.; Park, S.A.; Kim, J.; Son, S.J.; Xiao, R.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, S/B. Nanotube-based ultrafast electrochromic display. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 171-175.
100. Kim, B.K.; Kim, Y.H.; Won, K.; Chang, H.; Choi, Y.; Kong, K.J.; Rhyu, B.W.; Kim, J.J.; Lee, J.O. Electrical properties of polyaniline nanofibre synthesized with biocatalyst. Nanotechnology 2005, 16, 1177-1181.
101. Cho, S.I.; Choi, D.H.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, S.B. Electrochemical synthesis and fast electrochromics of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes in flexible substrate. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 4564-4566.
102. Cho, S.I.; Xiao, R.; Lee, S.B. Electrochemical synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes towards fast window-type electrochromic devices. Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 405705/1-5.
103. Kim, Y.; Baek, J.; Kim, M.H.; Choi, H.J.; Kim.E. Electrochromic nanostructures grown on a silicon nanowire template. Ultramicroscopy 2008, 108, 1224-1227.
104. Rajesh, A.T.; Kumar, D. Recent progress in the development of nano-structured conducting polymers/nanocomposites for sensor applications. Sens. Actuators B 2009, 136, 275-286.
105. Adhikari, B.; Majumdar, S.Polymers in sensor applications. Prog. Polym. Sci.2004, 29, 699-766.
106. Lange, U.; Roznyatovskaya, N.V.; Mirsky, V.M. Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 614, 1-26.
107. Gupta, N.; Sharma, S.; Mir, I.A.; Kumar, D. Advances in sensors based on conducting polymers. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2006, 65, 549-557.
108. Duvail, J.L.; Long, Y.; Rétho, P.; Louarn, G.; Dauginet De Pra, L.; Demoustier-Champagne, S. Enhanced electroactivity and electrochromism in PEDOT nanowires. Mol. Crys. Liq. Crys. 2008, 485, 835-842.
109. Hopkins, A.R.; Lewis, N.S. Detection and classification characteristics of arrays of carbon black/organic polymer composite chemiresistive vapor detectors for the nerve agent stimulants dimethylmethylphosphonate and diisopropylmethylphosponate. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 884-892.
110. Doleman, B.J.; Lewis, N.S. Comparison of odor detection thresholds and odor discriminablities of a conducting polymer composite electronic nose versus mammalian olfaction. Sens. Actuators B 2001, 72, 41-50.
111. Jin, G.; Norrish, J.; Too, C.; Wallace, G. Polypyrrole filament sensors for gases and vapors. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2004, 4, 366-369.
112. Menegazzo, N.; Herbert, B.; Banerji, S.; Booksh, K.S. Discourse on the utilization of polyaniline coatings for surface plasmon resonance sensing of ammonia vapor. Talanta. 2011, 85 (3), 1369-1375.
113. Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Yang, M. Gas sensitivity of a composite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole prepared by vapor phase polymerization. Carbon 2007, 45, 357-363.
114. 3 nanofibre composite. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 4488-4492.
115. 3 SAW hydrogen gas sensor. Synth. Met. 2008, 158, 29-32.
116. Virji, S.; Fowler, J.D.; Baker, C.O.; Huang, J.; Kaner, R.B.; Weiller, B.H. Polyaniline nanofiber composites with metal salts: Chemical sensors for hydrogen sulfide. Small: nano micro 2005, 1, 624-627.
117. Vijayakumar, N.; Subramanian, E.; Pathinettam Padiyan, D. Conducting polyaniline blends with the soft template poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and their chemosensor application. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 2012, 61 (11), 847-863.
118. Sadrolhoddeini, A.R.; Moksin, M.M.H.A.; Abdi, M.M. Application of polypyrrole-chitosan layer for detection of Zn (II) and Ni (II) in aqueous solutions using surface plasmon resonance. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Available online: 06 Jun 2012, DIO:10.1080/00914037.2012.664209.
119. Pringsheim, E.; Zimin, D.; Wolfbeis, O.S. Fluorescent beads coated with polyaniline: A novel nanomaterial for sensing of pH. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 819-822.
120. Gu, F.X., Zhang, L., Yin, X.F., Tong, L.M. Polymer single-nanowire optical sensors. Nano. Lett. 2008, 8, 2757-2761.
121. Gu, F.X.; Yin, X.F.; Yu, H.K.; Wang, P.; Tong, L.M. Polyaniline/polystyrene single-nanowire devices for highly selective optical detection of gas mixtures. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 11230-11235.
122. Wang, X.H.; Shao, M.W.; Shao, G.; Fu, Y.; Wang, S.W. Reversible and efficient photocurrent switching of ultra-long polypyrrole nanowires. Synth. Met. 2009, 159, 273-276.
123. Wang, X.H., Shao, M.W.; Shao, G.; Wu, Z.C.; Wang, S.W. A facile route to ultra-long polyaniline nanowires and the fabrication of photoswitch. J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 2009, 332, 74-77.
124. Zhu, Y.; Feng, L.; Xia, F.; Zhai, J.; Wan, M.X.; Jiang, L. Chemical dual-responsive wettability of superhydrophobic PANIPAN coaxial nanofibers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 1135-1141.
125. Zhu, Y.; Li, J.M.; Wan, M.X.; Jiang, L. Reversible wettability switching of polyaniline- coated fabric, triggered by ammonia gas. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 2230-2236.
126. Nambiar, S.; Yeow, J.T. Conductive polymer-based sensors for biomedical applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26 (5), 1825-1832.
127. Aussawasathien, D.; Dong, J.H.; Dai,. L. Electrospun polymer nanofibers sensors. Synth. Met. 2005, 154, 37-40.
128. Michira, I.; Akinyeye, R.; Baker, P.; Iwuoha, E. Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated polyanilines and application in construction of a diazinon biosensor. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 2011, 60 (7), 469-489.
129. 4 nanoparticle-carbon-nanotube composite and its application in electrochemical biosensing. Small: nano micro 2008, 4, 462-466.
130. Dhand, C.; Solanki, P.R.; Sood, K.N.; Datta, M.; Malhotra, B.D. Polyaniline nanotubes for impedimetric triglyceride detection. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 1482-1486.
131. Shin, M.J.; Kim, J.G.; Shin, J.S. Amperometric cholesterol biosensor using layer-by-layer adsorption technique onto polyaniline-coated polyester films. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Available online: 06 Jun 2012. DOI:10.1080/00914037.2011.641641.
132. Singh, R.; Prasad, R.; Sumana, G.; Arora, K.; Sood, S.; Gupta, R.K.; Malhotra, B.D. STD sensor based on nucleic acid functionalized nanostructured polyaniline. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 2232-2238.
133. Booth, M.A.; Harbison, S.; Travas-Sejdic, J. Development of an electrochemical polypyrrole-based DNA sensor and subsequent studies on the effects of probe and target length on performance. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 28 (1), 362-367.
134. Zhang, L.J.; Peng, H.; Kilmartin, P.A.; Soeller, C.; Travas-Sejdic, J. Polymeric acid doped polyaniline nanotubes for oligonucleotide sensors. Electroanalysis 2007, 19, 870-875.
135. Peng, H.; Zhang, L.J.; Spires, J.; Soeller, C.; Travas-Sejdic, J. Synthesis of a functionalized polythiophene as an active substrate for a label-free electrochemical genosensor. Polymer 2007, 48, 3413-3419.
136. Langer, J.J.; Langer, K.; Barczynski, P.; Warchoł, J.; Bartkowiak, K.H. New "ON-OFF"-type nanobiodetector. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 2947-2949.
137. Gallon, B.J.; Kojima, R.W.; Kaner, R.B.; Diaconescu, P.L. Palladium nanoparticles supported on polyaniline nanofibers as a semiheterogeneous catalyst in water. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7251-7254.
138. Kong, L.; Lu, X.; Jin, E.; Jiang, S.; Wang, C.; Zhang, W. Templated synthesis of polyaniline nanotubes with Pd nanoparticles attached onto their inner walls and its catalytic activity on the reduction of p-nitroanilinum. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69, 561-566.
139. Fujishima, A.; Honda.K. Electrochemicalphotolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 1972, 238, 37-38.
140. 2 bilayer microtubes. Synth. Met. 2004, 146, 37-42.
141. Tiwari, I., Singh, K.P. In situ synthesis of polymer nanocomposites from PANI/PAA/MWCNTs: Analysis and characterization. Inter. J. Polym. Anal. Character. 2012, 17 (5), 371-380.
142. Huang, H.; Feng, X.; Zhu, J. Synthesis, characterization and application in electrocatalysis of polyaniline/Au composite nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 145607/1-7.
143. Zhao, X.; Liu, Y.; Lu, J.; Zhou, J.; Li, J. Temperature-responsive polymer/carbon nanotube hybrids: Smart conductive nanocomposite films for modulating the bioelectrocatalysis of NADH. Chemistry 2012, 18 (12), 3687-3694.
144. Zhou, Q.; Li, C.; Li, J.; Cui, X.; Gervasio, D. Template-synthesized cobalt Porphyrin/polypyrrole nanocomposite and its electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction in neutral medium. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 11216-11222.
145. Huang, M.H.; Mao, S.; Feick, H.; Yan, H.; Wu, Y.; Kind, H.; Weber, E.; Russo, R.; Yang, P.Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science2001, 292, 1897-1899.
146. Ago, H.; Petritsch, K.; Shaffer, M.S.P.; Windle, A.H.; Friend, R.H. Composites of carbon nanotubes and conjugated polymers for photovoltaic devices. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 1281-1285.
147. Feng, L.; Li, S.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhai, J.; Song, Y.; Liu, B.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. Super-hydrophobic surfaces: from natural to artificial. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1857-1860.
148. Xia, F.; Jiang, L. Bio-inspired, Smart, multiscale interfacial materials. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2842-2858.
149. Zhang, X.; Shi, F.; Niu, J.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, Z. Superhydrophobic surfaces: from structural control to functional application. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 621-633.
150. Zhong, W.; Chen, X.; Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Yang, W. Synthesis of highly hydrophilic polyaniline nanowires and sub-micro/nanostructured dendrites on poly(propylene) film surfaces. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2006, 27, 563-569.
151. Olson, D.C.; Piris, J.; Collins, R.T.; Shaheen, S.E.; Ginley, D.S. Hybrid photovoltaic devices of polymer and ZnO nanofiber composites. Thin Solid Films 2006, 496, 26-29.
152. 2 core-shell nanorod/P3HT solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 18451-18456.
153. 2 nanotube array-organic semiconductor double heterojunction solar cells. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2008, 354, 2767-2771.
154. Fan, B.; Mei, X.; Sun, K.; Ouyang, J. Conducting polymer/carbon nanotube composite as counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 143103/1-3.
155. Tepavcevic, S.; Darling, S.B.; Dimitrijevic, N.M.; Rajh, T.; Sibener, S.J. Improved hybrid solar cells via in situ UV polymerization. Small: nano micro 2009, 5, 1776-1783.
156. 2 solar cells based on a sensitizer covalently wired to a hole conducting polymer. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2008, 7, 789-793.
157. Khatri, I.; Adhikari, S.; Aryal, H.R.; Soga, T.; Jimbo, T.; Umeno, M. Improving photovoltaic properties by incorporating both single walled carbon nanotubes and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 093509/1-3.
158. D'Arcy, J.M.; Tran, H.D.; Tung, V.C.; Tucker-Schwartz, A.K.; Wong, R.P.; Yang, Y.; Kaner, R.B. Versatile solution for growing thin films of conducting polymers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107 (46), 19673-19678.
159. Costamagna, P.; Srinivasan, S. Quantum jumps in the PEMFC science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000: Part II. Engineering, technology development and application aspects. J. Power Sour. 2001, 102, 253-269.
160. Carrette, L.; Friedrich, K.A.; Stimming, U. Fuel cells-fundamentals and applications. Fuel Cells 2001, 1, 5-39.
161. Thomas, S.C.; Ren, X.M.; Gottesfeld, S.; Zelenay, P. Direct methanol fuel cells: progress in cell performance and cathode research. Electrochim. Acta 2002, 47, 3741-3748.
162. Rajesh, B.; Thampi, K.R.; Bonard, J.M.; Mathieu, H.J.; Xanthopoulos, N.; Viswanathan, B. Conducting polymeric nanotubules as high performance methanol oxidation catalyst support. Chem. Commun. 2003, 16, 2022-2023.
163. Maiyalagan, T. Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum nanoparticles supported poly(o-phenylenediamine) nanotubes. J. Power Sour. 2008, 179, 443-450.
164. Chen, Z.; Xu, L.; Li, W.; Waje, M.; Yan, Y. Polyaniline nanofibre supported platinum nanoelectrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 5254-5259.
165. Ma, Y.; Jiang, S.; Jian, G.; Tao, H.; Yu, L;. Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Zhu, J.; Hu, Z.; Chen.Y. CNx nanofibers converted from polypyrrole nanowires as platinum support for methanol oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 224-229.
166. Reddy, A.L.M.; Rajalakshmi, N.; Ramaprabhu, S. Cobalt-polypyrrolemultiwalled carbon nanotube catalysts for hydrogen and alcohol fuel cells. Carbon 2008, 46, 2-11.
167. Winter, M.; Brodd, R.J. What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4245-4269.
168. Whittingham, M.S. Lithium batteries and cathode materials. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4271-4301.
169. Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.M. Building better batteries. Nature 2008, 451, 652-657.
170. Kang, K.; Meng, Y.S.; Bréger, J.; Grey, C.P.; Geder, G. Electrodes with high power and high capacity for rechargeable lithium batteries. Science 2006, 311, 977-980.
171. Chen, J.; Cheng, F. Combination of lightweight elements and nanostructured materials for batteries. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 713-723.
172. Tarascon, J.M.; Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 2001, 414, 359-367.
173. Chan, C.K.; Peng, H.; Liu, G.; McIlwrath, K.; Zhang, X.F.; Huggins, R.A.; Cui, Y. High performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotech. 2008, 3, 31-35.
174. Malta, M.; Louarn, G.; Errien, N.; Torresi, RM. Nanofibers composite vanadium oxide/polyaniline: Synthesis and characterization of an electroactive anisotropic structure. Electrochem. Commun. 2003, 5, 1011-1015.
175. Sarangapani, S.; Tilak, B.V.; Chen, C.P. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 3791-3799.
176. Faggioli, E.; Rena, P.; Danel, V.; Andrieu, X.; Mallant, R.; Kahlen, H. Supercapacitors for the energy management of electric vehicles. J. Power Sour. 1999, 84, 261-269.
177. Ates, M.; Sarac, A.S. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of polythiophenes on carbon materials. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 2011, 50 (11), 1130-1148.
178. Shiraishi, S.; Kurihara, H.; Okabe, K.; Hulicova, D.; Oya, A. Electric double layer capacitance of highly pure single-walled carbon nanotubes (HiPco (TM) Buckytubes (TM)) in propylene carbonate electrolytes. Electrochem. Commun. 2002, 4, 593-598.
179. Liu, C.G.; Fang, H.T.; Li, F.; Liu, M.; Cheng, H.M. Single-walled carbon nanotubes modified by electrochemical treatment for application in electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sour. 2006, 160, 758-761.
180. Zheng, J.P.; Huang, J.; Jow, T.R. The limitations of energy density for electrochemical capacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, 2026-2031.
181. Zheng, J.P.; Cygon, P.J.; Jow, T.R. Hydrous ruthenium oxide as an
182. Nam, K.W.; Yoon, W.S.; Kim, K.B. X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of nickel oxide thin film electrodes for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 2002, 47, 3201-3209.
183. Hu, C.C.; Wang, C.C. Nanostructures and capacitive characteristics of hydrous manganese oxide prepared by electrochemical deposition. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A1079-1084.
184. Chang, J.K.; Tsai, W.T. Material characterization and electrochemical performance of hydrous manganese oxide electrodes for use in electrochemical pseudocapacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A1333-1338.
185. Sung, J.H.; Kim.S.J.; Lee, K.H. Fabrication of microcapacitors using conducting polymer microelectrodes. J. Power Sour. 2003, 124, 343-350.
186. Mi, H.Y.; Zhang, X.G.; Ye, X.G.; Yang, S.D.Preparation and enhanced capacitance of core-shell polypyrrole/polyaniline composite electrode for supercapacitors. J. Power Sour.2008, 176, 403-409.
187. Ghosh, A.; Lee, Y.H. Carbon-based electrochemical capacitors. Chem. Sus. Chem. 2012, 5 (3), 480-499.
188. Hughes, M.; Chen, G.Z.; Shaffer, M.S.P.; Fray, D.J.; Windle A.H. Electrochemical capacitance of a nanoporous composite of carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 1610-1613.
189. Ju, Y.W.; Choi, G.R.; Jung, H.R.; Lee, W.J. Electrochemical properties of electrospun PAN/MWCNT carbon nanofibers electrodes coated with polypyrrole. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 5796-5803.
190. Khomenko, V.; Frackowiak, E.; Béguin, F. Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50, 2499-2506.
191. Gupta, V.; Miura, N. Polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotube (PANI/SWCNT) composites for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 52, 1721-1726.
192. Chen, L.; Yuan, C.Z.; Dou, H.; Gao, B.; Chen, S.; Zhang, X. Synthesis and electrochemical capacitance of core-shell poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 2335-2341.
193. 2/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) coaxial nanowires by one-step coelectrodeposition for electrochemical energy storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2942-2943.
194. Geetha, S.; Kumar, K.K.S.; Trivedi, D.C. Polyaniline reinforced conducting E-glass fabric using 4-chloro-3-methyl phenol as secondary dopant for the control of electromagnetic radiations. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005, 65, 973-980.
195. Stafström, S.; Brédas, J.L.; Epstein, A.J.; Woo, H.S.; Tanner, D.B.; Huang, W.S.; MacDiarmid, A.G. Polaron lattice in highly conducting polyaniline: Theoretical and optical studies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1987, 59, 1464-1467.
196. Saini, P.; Choudhary, V.; Singh, B.P.; Mathur, R.B.; Dhawan, S.K. Polyaniline- MWCNT nanocomposites for microwave absorption and EMI shielding. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2009, 113, 919-926.
197. 2 nanoparticles. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2008, 8, 391-394.
198. Phang, S.W.; Tadokoro, M.; Watanabe, J.; Kuramoto, N. Synthesis, characterization and microwave absorption property of doped polyaniline nanocomposites containing TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Synth. Met. 2008, 158, 251-258.
199. Wan, M.X.; Li, J.C.; Li, S.Z. Microtubules of polyaniline as new microwave absorbent materials. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2001, 12, 651-657.
200. Liu, C.Y.; Jiao, Y.C.; Zhang, L.X.; Xue, M.B.; Zhang, F.S. Electromagnetic wave absorbing property of polyaniline/polystylene composites. Acta Metall. Sin. 2007, 43, 409-412.
201. Saini, P.; Choudhary, V.; Singh, B.P.; Mathur, R.B.; Dhawan, S.K. Polyaniline- MWCNT nanocomposites for microwave absorption and EMI shielding. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2009, 113, 919-926.
202. Block, H.; Kelly, J.P. Electrorheology. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1988, 21, 1661-1667.
203. Choi, H.J.; Jhon, M.S. Electrorheology of polymers and nanocomposites. Soft Matter 2009, 5, 1562-1567.
204. +-montmorillonite suspensions. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1999, 20, 450-452.
205. Choi, H.J.; Kim, J.W.; Joo, J.; Kim, B.H. Synthesis and electrorheology of emulsion intercalated PANI-clay nanocomposite. Synth. Met. 2001, 121, 1325-1326.
206. Kim, J.W.; Liu, F.; Choi, H.J.; Hong, S.H.; Joo, J. Intercalated polypyrrole/Na+-montmorillonite nanocomposite via an inverted emulsion pathway method. Polymer 2003, 44, 289-293.
207. Park, D.P.; Lim, S.T.; Lim, J.Y.; Choi, H.J.; Choi, S.B. Electrorheological characteristics of solvent-cast polypyrrole/clay nanocomposite. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2009, 112, 1365-1371.
208. Park, J.H.; Lim, Y.T.; Park, O.O. New approach to enhance the yield stress of electro-rheological fluids by polyaniline coated layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2001, 22, 616-619.
209. Cho, M.S.; Choi, H.J.; Kim, K.Y.; Ahn, W.S. Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/mesoporous SBA-15. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2002, 23, 713-716.
210. Cho, M.S.; Choi, H.J.; Ahn, W.S. Enhanced electrorheology of conducting polyaniline confined in MCM-41 channels. Langmuir 2004, 20, 202-207.
211. Cheng, Q.; Pavlinek, V.; Lengalova, A.; Li, C.; Belza, T.; Saha, P. Electrorheological properties of new mesoporous material with conducting polypyrrole in mesoporous silica. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2006, 94, 193-199.
212. 3 composites and their electrorheological and dielectric characteristics. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 105, 1853-1860.
213. Choi, H.J.; Park, S.J.; Kim, S.T.; Jhon, M.S. Electrorheological application of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2005, 14, 766-769.
214. Choi, C.S.; Park, S.J.; Choi, H.J. Carbon nanotube/polyaniline nanocomposites and their electrorheological characteristics under an applied electric field. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2007, 7 (4), 352-355.
215. Yin, J.; Zhao, X.; Xia, X.; Xiang, L.; Qiao, Y. Electrorheological fluids based on nano fibrous polyaniline. Polymer 2008, 49, 4413-4419.
216. Cheng, Q.; Pavlinek, V.; He, Y.; Li, C.; Saha, P. Electrorheological characteristics of polyaniline/titanate composite nanotube suspensions. Coll. Polym. Sci. 2009, 287, 435-441.
217. Liu, Y.; Fang, F.; Choi, H.J. Silica nanoparticle decorated conducting polyaniline fibers and their electrorheology. Mater. Lett. 2010, 64, 154-156.
218. Guimard, N.K.; Gomez, N.; Schmidt, C.E. Conducting polymers in biomedical engineering. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 876-921.
219. Geetha, S.; Rao, C.R.K.; Vijayan, M.; Trivedi, D.C. Biosensing and drug delivery by polypyrrole. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 568, 119-125.
220. Kim, S.; Kim, J.H.; Jeon, O.; Kwon, I.C.; Park, K. Engineered polymers for advanced drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2009, 71, 420-430.
221. Oh, J.K.; Drumright, R.; Siegwart, D.J.; Matyjaszewski, K. The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33, 448-477.
222. Li, Y.; Neoh, K.G.; Kang, E.T. Controlled release of heparin from polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) assembly by electrical stimulation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Pt. A 2005, 73A, 171-181.
223. Li, D.; Huang, J.; Kaner, R.B. Polyaniline nanofibers: a unique polymer nanostructure for versatile applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 135-145.
224. Dai, Y.; Zhang, C.; Cheng, Z.; Ma, P.; Li, C.; Kang, X.; Yang, D.; Lin, J. pH-responsive drug delivery system based on luminescent CaF(2):Ce(3+)/Tb(3+)-poly(acrylic acid) hybrid microspheres. Biomaterials. 2012, 33 (8), 2583-2592.
225. Zhu, Y.; Li, J.; Wan, M.; Jiang, L. Superhydrophobic 3D microstructures assembled from 1D nanofibers of polyaniline. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 239-243.
226. Li, M.; Guo, Y.; Wei, Y.; MacDiarmid, A.G.; Lelkes, P.I. Electrospinning polyaniline-contained gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 2705-2715.
227. Srivastava, S.; Chakraborty, A.; Salunke, R.; Roy, P.Development of a novel polygalacturonic acid-gelatin blend scaffold fabrication and biocompatibility studies for tissue-engineering applications. Int. J. Polym. Mater.2012, 61 (9), 679-698.
228. Xie, J.; MacEwan, M.R.; Willerth, S.M.; Li, X.; Moran, D.W.; Sakiyama-Elbert, S.E.; Xia, Y. Conductive core-sheath nanofibers and their potential application in neural tissue engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2312-2318.
229. Lee, J.Y.; Bashur, C.A.; Goldstein, A.S.; Schmidt, C.E. Polypyrrole-coated electrospun PLGA nanofibers for neural tissue applications. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 4325-4335.
230. Khan, F.; Dahman, Y. A novel approach for the utilization of biocellulose nanofibres in polyurethane nanocomposites for potential applications in bone tissue implants. Des. Monomers Polym. 2012, 15 (1), 1-29.
231. Abidian, M.R.; Martin, D.C. Multifunctional nanobiomaterials for neural interfaces. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 573-585.
232. Kim, D.H.; Richardson-Burns, S.; Povlich, L.; Abidian, M.R.; Spanninga, S.; Hendricks, J.L.; Martin, D.C. Soft, fuzzy, and bioactive conducting polymers for improving the chronic performance of neural prosthetic devices. Indwelling Neural Implants: Strategies for Contending with the In Vivo Environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008, Chapter 7.
233. Abidian, M.R.; Kim, D.H.; Martin, D.C. Conducting-polymer nanotubes for controlled drug release. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 405-409.
234. Abidian, M.R.; Ludwig, K.A.; Marzullo, T.C.; Martin, D.C.; Kipke, D.R. Interfacing conducting polymer nanotubes with the central nervous system: chronic neural recording using poly (3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 3764-3770.
235. Abidian, M.R.; Corey, J.M.; Kipke, D.R.; Martin, D.C. Conducting-polymer nanotubes improve electrical properties, mechanical adhesion, neural attachment, and neurite outgrowth of neural electrodes. Small 2010, 6, 421-429.
236. Kang, G.; Borgens, R.B.; Cho, Y. Well-ordered porous conductive polypyrrole as a new platform for neural interfaces. Langmuir 2011, 27 (10), 6179-6184.
237. Baker, C.O.; Shedd, B.; Innis, P.C.; Whitten, P.G.; Spinks, G.M.; Wallace, G.G.; Kaner, R.B. Monolithic actuators from flash-welded polyaniline nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 155-158.
238. Jager, E.W.H.; Smela, E.; Inganäs, O. Microfabricating conjugated polymer actuators. Science 2000, 290, 1540-1545.
239. Okamoto, T.; Kato, Y.; Tada, K.; Onoda, M. Actuator based on doping/undoping-induced volume change in anisotropic polypyrrole film. Thin Solid Films 2001, 393, 383-387.
240. Otero, T.F.; Cortes, M.T. Artificial muscle: movement and position control. Chem. Commun. 2004, 3, 284-285.
241. Lu, W.; Smela, E.; Adams, P.; Zuccarello, G.; Mattes, B.R. Development of solid-in-hollow electrochemical linear actuators using highly conductive polyaniline. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 1615-1621.
242. He, X.M.; Li, C.; Chen, F.E.; Shi, G.Q. Polypyrrole microtubule actuators for seizing and transferring microparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2911-2917.
243. Lee, A.S.; Peteu, S.F.; Ly, J.V.; Requicha, A.A.G.; Thompson, M.E.; Zhou, C.W. Actuation of polypyrrole nanowires. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 165501/1-8.
244. Singh, P.R.; Mahajan, S.; Rajwade, S.; Contractor AQ. EC-AFM investigation of reversible volume changes with electrode potential in polyaniline. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2009, 625, 16-26.
245. Otero, T.F.; Sanchez, J.J.; Martinez, J.G. Biomimetic dual sensing-actuators based on conducting polymers. Galvanostatic theoretical model for actuators sensing temperature. J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, 116 (17), 5279-5290.
246. Son, S.I.; Pugal, D.; Hwang, T.; Choi, H.R.; Koo, J.C.; Lee, Y.; Kim, K.; Nam, J.D. Electromechanically driven variable-focus lens based on transparent dielectric elastomer. Appl. Opt. 2012, 51 (15), 2987-2996.
247. Chan, V.; Jeong, J.H.; Bajaj, P.; Collens, M.; Saif, T.; Kong, H.; Bashir, R. Multi-material bio-fabrication of hydrogel cantilevers and actuators with stereolithography. Lab. Chip. 2012, 12 (1), 88-98.
248. Yang, X.G.; Li, B.; Wang, H.Z.; Hou, B.R. Anticorrosion performance of polyaniline nanostructures on mild steel. Prog. Org. Coat. 2010, 69, 267-271.
249. Wang, C.C.; Song, J.F.; Bao, H.M.; Shen, Q.D.; Yang, C.Z. Enhancement of electrical properties of ferroelectric polymers by polyaniline nanofibers with controllable conductivities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1299-1306.
250. Tseng, R.J.; Huang, J.; Ouyang, J.; Kaner, R.B.; Yang, Y. Polyaniline nanofiber/gold nanoparticle non-volatile memory. Nano. Lett. 2005, 5, 1077-1080.
251. Gence, L.; Faniel, S.; Gustin, C.; Melinte, S.; Bayot, V.; Callegari, V.; Reynes, O.; Demoustier-Champagne, S. Structural and electrical characterization of hybrid metal-polypyrrole nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 115415/1-8.
252. Callegari, V.; Gence, L.; Melinte, S.; Demoustier-Champagne, S. Electrochemically template-grown multi-segmented gold-conducting polymer nanowires with tunable electronic behavior. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 4241-4247.
253. 2/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)coaxial nanowires by one-step coelectrodeposition for electrochemical energy storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2942-2943.
254. Lorcy, J.M.; Massuyeau, F.; Moreau, P.; Chauvet, O.; Faulques, E.; Wéry, J.; Duvail, J.L. Coaxial nickel/poly(p-phenylene vinylene) nanowires as luminescent building blocks manipulated magnetically. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 405601/1-7.
255. Bai, H.; Zhao, L.; Lu, C.H.; Li, C.; Shi, G.Q. Composite nanofibers of conducting polymers and hydrophobic insulating polymers: Preparation and sensing applications. Polymer 2009, 50, 3292-3301.
256. Ingans, O. Hybrid electronics and electrochemistry with conjugated polymers. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2633-2642.
257. Park, D.H.; Kim, M.S.; Joo, J. Hybrid nanostructures using π-conjugated polymers and nanoscale metals: synthesis, characteristics, and optoelectronic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2439-2452.
258. Al-Mashat, L.; Shin, K.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Plessis, J.D.; Han, S.H.; Kojima, R.W.; Kaner, R.B.; Li, D.; Gou, X.L.; Ippolito, S.J.; Wlodarski, W. Graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite for hydrogen sensing. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 16168-16173.
259. Wu, Q.; Xu, Y.X.; Yao, Z.Y.; Liu, A.R.; Shi, G.Q. Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. ACS Nano. 2010, 4, 1963-1970.
260. Xu, J.J.; Wang, K.; Zu, S.Z.; Han, B.H.; Wei, Z.X. Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage. ACS Nano. 2010, 4, 5019-5026.
261. 4 hybrid nanotube arrays. Nano. Res. 2010, 3, 670-675.
262. Spitalsky, Z.; Tasis, D.; Papagelis, K.; Galiotis, C. Carbon nanotube-polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 357-401.
263. Kuilla, T.; Bhadra, S.; Yao, D.H.; Kim, N.H.; Bose, S.; Lee, J.H. Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 1350-1375.
264. Molino, P.J.; Higging, M.J.; Innis, P.C.; Kapsa, R.M.; Wallace, G.G. Fibronectin and Bovine Serum Albumin adsorption and conformational dynamics on inherently conducting polymers: A QCM-D study. Langmuir 2012, 28, 8433-8445.
265. Greenshields, M.W.; Hummelgen, I.A.; Mamo, M.A.; Shaikjee, A.; Mhlanga, S.D.; van Otterlo, W.A.; Coville, N.J.Composites of Poly vinyl alcohols and carbon (coils, undoped and nitrogen doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes) as ethanol, methanol and toluene vapor sensors. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.2011, 11, 10211-10218.
266. Huang, F.; Lou, F.; Chen, D. Exploring aligned-carbon-nanotubes@polyaniline arrays on household AI as supercapacitors. Chem. Sus. Chem. 2012, 5, 888-895.
267. Zhang, B.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, X.; Chi, Z.; Yang, J.; Ou, J.; Zhang, M.Q.; Lee, D, Wang, D.; Liu, M.; Zhou, J. The steric effect of aromatic pendant groups and electrical bi-stability in TT-stacked polymers for memory devices. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 4640-4650.