Polymers in sensor applications

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 29, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 699-766

  Adhikari, Basudam ^a   Majumdar, Sarmishtha ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Biosensor; Chemical sensor; Gas sensor; Humidity sensor; Immobilization; Polymer; Sensor devices

Indexed keywords

BIOSENSORS; CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS; ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES; PH SENSORS; SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SOLID ELECTROLYTES;

ALCOHOL SENSORS; HUMIDITY SENSORS; ION SELECTIVE SENSORS; SENSOR DEVICES;

POLYMERS;

EID: 2942574395     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (466)

1. Janata J., Bezegh A. Chemical sensors. Anal Chem. 60:1988;62R-74R.
2. Madou M.J., Morrison S.R. Chemical sensing with solid state devices. 1989;Academic Press, London. p. 1-9.
3. Madou M.J., Morrison S.R. Chemical sensing with solid state devices. 1989;Academic Press, London. Chapter 9.
4. Nitta M., Haradome M. Carbon monoxide gas detection by thorium dioxide-doped stannic oxide. J Electron Mat. 8:1979;571-580.
5. Lambrich R., Hagen W., Lagois J. Metal oxide films as selective gas sensors. Anal Chem Symp Ser. 17:1983;73-74.
6. 2 thin-film gas sensors due to gold diffusion. Sensors Actuators. 2:1982;139-147.
7. Yamazoe N., Kurokawa Y., Seiyama T. Effects of additives on semiconductor gas sensors. Sensors Actuators. 4:1983;283-289.
8. 2 thin film for sensing arsine. Sensors Actuators. 8:1985;101-108.
9. Coles G.S.V., Gallagher K.J., Watson J. Fabrication and preliminary tests on tin(IV) oxide-based gas sensors. Sensors Actuators. 7:1985;89-96.
10. Shaver P.J. Activated tungsten oxide gas detectors. Appl Phys Lett. 11:1967;255-257.
11. xO) ceramics. J Electrochem Soc. 124:1977;1443-1446.
12. Morrison S.R. Semiconductor gas sensors. Sensors Actuators. 2:1981/1982;329-341.
13. Capehart T.W., Chang S.C. The interaction of tin oxide films with oxygen, hydrogen, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. J Vac Sci Tech. 18:1981;393-397.
14. 2 solid state gas sensors. Sensors Actuators. 2:1981/1982;201-206.
15. Shapira Y., Cox S.M., Lichtmen D. Chemisorption, photodesorption and conductivity measurements on ZnO surfaces. Surf Sci. 54:1976;43-59.
16. Kleitz M., Fouletier J. Degn H., Balselv I., Brook R. Measurement of oxygen. 1976;103 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
17. Yamazoe N., Hisamoto J., Miura N., Kuwata S. Potentiometric solid-state oxygen sensor using lanthanum fluoride operative at room temperature. Sensors Actuators. 12:1987;415-423.
18. Sekido S. Solid electrolytes and their applications. Natl Tech Rep Jpn. 22:1976;803-817.
19. Pelloux A., Quessada J.P., Fouletier J., Fabry P., Kleitz M. Utilization of a dilute solid electrolyte in an oxygen gauge. Solid State Ionics. 1:1980;343-354.
20. Nizeki Y., Takagi O., Toshima S. Responsiveness of chlorine gas sensor containing lead(II) chloride. Denki Kagaku. 54:1986;961-965.
21. Gauthier M., Belanger A., Meas Y., Kleitz M. Hagenmuller P., Van Gool W. Solid electrolytes: general principles, characterization, materials, applications. 1978;497 Academic Press, New York.
22. Berthet G., Blanc J.P., Germain J.P., Larbi A., Marleysson C., Robert H. Electroactive polymers in thin layers: a potential application as a gas sensor. Synth Metals. 18:1987;715-720.
23. Pargeter J.K. Method for direct oxygen determination in molten metals. J Metals. 20:1968;27-31.
24. Imanaka N., Yamaguchi Y., Adachi G., Shiokawa J. Sodium sulfate mixed with rare earth sulfates (Ln = Y and Gd) and silicon dioxide as a solid electrolyte for a sulfur dioxide detector. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 58:1985;5-8.
25. Kunihara K., Kochiwa S. Laughing gas (N2O) sensor with oxygen ion conductor. Denki Kagaku. 52:1984;540-541.
26. Miura N., Kato H., Ozawa Y., Yamozoe N., Seiyama T. Amperometric gas sensor using a solid state proton conductor sensitive to hydrogen in air at room temperatures. Chem Lett. 11:1984;1905-1908.
27. Howe A.T., Shilton M.G. Studies of layered uranium(VI) compounds. I. High proton conductivity in polycrystalline hydrogen uranyl phosphate tetrahydrate. J Solid State Chem. 28:1979;345-361.
28. Miura N., Kato H., Yamozoe N., Seiyama T. Proton conductor sensors for hydrogen and carbon monoxide operative at room temperature. Anal Chem Symp Ser. 17:1983;233-238.
29. 3) solid electrolyte for high temperature use. J Electrochem Soc. 134:1987;1850-1854.
30. Polak A.J., Petty-Weeks S., Beuhler A.J. Polymer conducts protons at room temperature. C&EN. 63:1985;28-29.
31. Bloch R., Shatkay A., Saroff H.A. Fabrication and evaluation of membranes as specific electrodes for calcium ions. Biophys J. 7:1967;865-877.
32. Kedem O, Loebel E, Furmansky M. Membrane-electrode for measuring the activity of specific metal ions in solution. Ger Offen, 2,027, 128, 1970.
33. LeBlanc O.H. Jr., Grubb W.T. Long-lived potassium ion selective polymer membrane electrode. Anal Chem. 48:1976;1658-1660.
34. Marsoner HJ, Ritter C, Ghahramani M. Proc Meet Eur Work, Group Ion Select Electrodes, 7, IFCC Workshop, Helsinki, editors Maas AHJ et al.,1985, p.54.
35. Wang J., Tuzhi P. Selectivity and sensitivity improvements at perfluorinated ionomer/cellulose acetate bilayer electrodes. Anal Chem. 56:1986;3257-3261.
36. Szentirmay M.N., Martin C.R. Ion-exchange selectivity of Nafion films on electrode surfaces. Anal Chem. 56:1984;1898-1902.
37. Oka S., Sibazaki Y., Tahara S. Direct potentiometric determination of chloride ion in whole blood. Anal Chem. 53:1981;588-593.
38. Wuthier U., Pham H.V., Züend R., Welti D., Funck R.J.J., Bezegh A., Ammann D., Pretsch E., Simon W. Tin organic compounds as neutral carriers for anion selective electrodes. Anal Chem. 56:1984;535-538.
39. Oesch U., Ammann D., Pham H.V., Wuthier U., Züend R., Simon W. Design of anion-selective membranes for clinically relevant sensors. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans. 82:1986;1179-1186.
40. Stefanac Z., Simon W. Ion-specific electrochemical behavior of macrotetrolides in membranes. Mikrochem J. 12:1967;125-132.
41. Koryta J., Stulik K. Ion-selective electrodes. 2nd ed: 1983;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42. Schulthess P., Ammann D., Krautler B., Caderas C., Stepanek R., Simon W. Nitrite-selective liquid membrane electrode. Anal Chem. 57:1985;1397-1401.
43. Stepanek R., Krautler B., Schulthess P., Lindemann B., Ammann D., Simon W. Aquocyanocobalt(III)-hepta(2-phenylethyl)-cobyrinate as a cationic carrier for nitrite-selective liquid-membrane electrodes. Anal Chim Acta. 182:1986;83-90.
44. 2O sensing by polymer covered interdigitated electrode structures. Sensors Actuators. 5:1984;181-186.
45. Bott B., Jones T.A. The use of multisensor systems in monitoring hazardous atmospheres. Sensors Actuators. 9:1986;19-25.
46. Heiland G., Kohl D. Problems and possibilities of oxidic and organic semiconductor gas sensors. Sensors Actuators. 8:1985;227-233.
47. Nylander C., Armgarth M., Lundström I. An ammonia detector based on a conducting polymer. Anal Chem Symp Ser. 17:1983;203-207.
48. Colla JO, Thoma PE. Nitrogen dioxide sensing element and method of sensing the presence of nitrogen dioxide. US Pat 4,142,400; 1979.
49. Taguchi N.Gas detection semiconductor element. Ger Offen 2,005,497; 1970.
50. Madou M.J., Morrison S.R. Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices. 1989;Academic Press, London. p. 1-9.
51. Stetter J.R., Jurs P.C., Rose S.L. Detection of hazardous gases and vapors: pattern recognition analysis of data from an electrochemical sensor array. Anal Chem. 58:1986;860-866.
52. Ben Rashed A.B., Bull D.R., Harris G.J. A method for correcting short-term fatigue in electrochemical gas sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 24:1995;248-251.
53. Stetter J.R., Findlay M.W., Maclay G.J., Zhang J., Vaihinger S., Göpel W. Sensor array and catalytic filament for chemical analysis of vapors and mixtures. Sensors Actuators B. 1:1990;43-47.
54. Nakagawa K., Sadaoka Y., Supriyatno H., Kubo A., Tsutsumi C., Tabuchi K. Optochemical HCl gas detection using alkoxy substituted tetraphenyl porphyrin-polymer composite films. Effects of alkoxy chain length on sensing characteristics. Sensors Actuators B. 76:2001;42-46.
55. Supriyatno H., Nakagawa K., Sadaoka Y. Optochemical HCl gas detection using mono-substituted tetraphenyl porphin-polymer composite films. Sensors Actuators B. 76:2001;36-41.
56. 2 and NO sensors and enzyme sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 76:2001;489-493.
57. Chou T.C., Ng K.M., Wang S.H. Gold-solid polymer electrolyte sensor for detecting dissolved oxygen in water. Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;184-186.
58. Chiang C.K., Park Y.W., Heeger A.J., Shirakawa H., Louis E.J., MacDiarmid A.G. Conducting polymers: halogen-doped polyacetylene. J Chem Phys. 69:1978;5098-5104.
59. x. J Chem Soc Chem Comms. 1977;578-580.
60. Diaz A.F., Kanazawa K.K., Gardini G.P. Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. J Chem Soc Chem Comms. 1979;635-636.
61. Roncali J. Conjugated poly(thiophenes): synthesis, functionalization, and applications. Chem Rev. 92:1992;711-738.
62. Persaud K.C., Pelosi P. An approach to an artificial nose. Trans Am Soc Artif Int Organs. 31:1985;297-300.
63. Amrani E.H., Ibrahim S., Persaud K.C. Synthesis, chemical characterisation and multifrequency measurements of poly N-(2-pyridyl) pyrrole for sensing volatile chemicals. Mat Sci Engng. C1:1993;17-22.
64. Slater J.M., Watt E.J. Examination of ammonia-poly(pyrrole) interactions by piezoelectric and conductivity measurements. Analyst. 116:1991;1125-1130.
65. Bartlett P.N., Ling-Chung S.K. Conducting polymer gas sensors Part III: Results for four different polymers and five different vapours. Sensors Actuators. 20:1989;287-292.
66. Marsella M.J., Carroll P.J., Swager T.M. Design of chemoresistive sensory materials: polythiophene-based pseudopolyrotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc. 117:1995;9832-9841.
67. Bruschi P., Cacialli F., Nannini A., Neri B. Gas and vapour effects on the resistance fluctuation spectra of conducting polymer thin-film resistors. Sensors Actuators B. 18-19:1994;421-425.
68. Torsi L., Pezzuto M., Siciliano P., Rella R., Sabbatini L., Valli L., Zambonin P.G. Conducting polymers doped with metallic inclusions: new materials for gas sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 48:1998;362-367.
69. 3 gas. Sensors Actuators A. 40:1994;159-163.
70. Unde S., Ganu J., Radhakrishnan S. Conducting polymer-based chemical sensor: characteristics and evaluation of polyaniline composite films. Adv Mater Optics Electr. 6:1996;151-157.
71. Ogura K., Saino T., Nakayama M., Shiigi H. The humidity dependence of the electrical conductivity of a soluble polyaniline-poly(vinyl alcohol) composite film. J Mater Chem. 7:1997;2363-2366.
72. Park Y.H., Han M.H. Preparation of conducting polyacrylonitrile/ polypyrrole composite films by electrochemical synthesis and their electrical properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 45:1992;1973-1982.
73. Wang H.L., Toppare L., Fernandez J.E. Conducting polymer blends: polythiophene and polypyrrole blends with polystyrene and poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Macromolecules. 23:1990;1053-1059.
74. Li D., Jiang Y., Wu Z., Chen X., Li Y. Self-assembly of polyaniline ultrathin films based on doping-induced deposition effect and applications for chemical sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;125-127.
75. Nicho M.E., Trejo M., García-Valenzuela A., Saniger J.M., Palacios J., Hu H. Polyaniline composite coatings interrogated by nulling optical-transmittance bridge for sensing low concentrations of ammonia gas. Sensors Actuators B. 76:2001;18-24.
76. Chabukswar V.V., Pethkar S., Athawale A.A. Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor. Sensors Actuators B. 77:2001;657-663.
77. 3-gas sensitive properties and sensitive mechanism of polypyrrole. Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;280-282.
78. Gangopadhyay R., De A. Conducting polymer composites: noble materials for gas sensing. Sensors Actuators B. 77:2001;326-329.
79. Lähdesmäki I., Kubiak W.W., Lewenstam A., Ivaska A. Interferences in a polypyrrole-based amperometric ammonia sensor. Talanta. 52:2000;269-275.
80. Cunningham A.J. Introduction to Bioanalytical Sensors. 1998;Wiley, New York. p. 307.
81. Forster R.J. Miniaturized chemical sensors. Diamond D. Principles of chemical and biological sensors. 1998;243 Wiley, New York.
82. x sensitivity of monomeric and polymeric N-macrocyclic compounds. Sensors Actuators B. 16:1993;312-316.
83. Dias C., Das-Gupta D.K., Hinton Y., Shuford R.J. Polymer/ceramic composites for piezoelectric sensors. Sensors Actuators A. 37-8:1993;343-347.
84. Ema K., Yokoyama M., Nakamoto T., Moriizumi T. Odour-sensing system using a quartz-resonator sensor array and neural-network pattern recognition. Sensors Actuators. 18:1989;291-296.
85. Nakamoto T., Fukunishi K., Moriizumi T. Identification capability of odor sensor using quartz-resonator array and neural-network pattern recognition. Sensors Actuators B. 1:1990;473-476.
86. Grate J.W., Abraham M.H., McGill R.A. Kress-Rogers E. Handbook of biosensors and electronic noses: medicine, food and the environment. 1997;CRC Press, Boca Raton.
87. Slater J.M., Paynter J. Prediction of gas sensor response using basic molecular parameters. Analyst. 119:1994;191-195.
88. Buff W. SAW sensors. Sensors Actuators A. 30:1992;117-121.
89. Forster R.J. Miniaturized chemical sensors. Diamond D. Principles of chemical and biological sensors. 1998;239 Wiley, New York.
90. Wohltjen H., Dessy R.E. Surface acoustic wave probe for chemical analysis. I. Introduction and instrument description. Anal Chem. 51:1979;1458-1464.
91. Déjous C., Rebière D., Pistré J., Tiret C., Planade R. A surface acoustic wave gas sensor: detection of organophosphorus compounds. Sensors Actuators B. 24:1995;58-61.
92. Arn D., Blom N., Dubler-Studle K., Graber N., Widmer H.M. Surface acoustic wave gas sensors: applications in the chemical industry. Sensors Actuators A. 26:1991;395-397.
93. Opekar F., Bruckenstein S. Determination of gaseous hydrogen sulfide by cathodic stripping voltammetry after preconcentration on a silver metalized porous membrane electrode. Anal Chem. 56:1984;1206-1209.
94. Schiavon G., Zotti G., Toniolo R., Bontempelli G. Electrochemical detection of trace hydrogen sulfide in gaseous samples by porous silver electrodes supported on ion-exchange membranes (solid polymer electrolytes). Anal Chem. 67:1995;318-323.
95. 2 modified sensor for amperometric determination of sulfur dioxide. Talanta. 55:2001;241-247.
96. 2 gas sensors using polymers with different amino groups. Sensors Actuators B. 77:2001;363-367.
97. Pang Z., Gu X., Yekta A., Masoumi Z., Coll J.B., Winnik M.A., Manners I. Phosphorescent oxygen sensors utilizing sulfur-nitrogen-phosphorus polymer matrixes. Adv Mater. 8:1996;768-771.
98. Miura N., Kato H., Yamazoe N., Seiyama T. A proton conductor oxygen sensor operative at lower temperature. Denki Kagaku. 52:1984;376-377.
99. Hartmann P., Leiner J.P., Lippitsch M.E. Lumunescence quenching behavior of an oxygen sensor based on a Ru(II) complex dissolved in polystyrene. Anal Chem. 67:1995;88-93.
100. Amao Y., Asai K., Okura I. Fluorescence quenching oxygen sensor using an aluminum phthalocyanine-polystyrene film. Anal Chim Acta. 407:2000;41-44.
101. Amao Y., Ishikawa Y., Okura I. Green luminescent iridium(III) complex immobilized in fluoropolymer film as optical oxygen-sensing material. Anal Chim Acta. 445:2001;177-182.
102. Cunningham A.J. Introduction to bioanalytical sensors. 1998;Wiley, New York. p. 95.
103. Ichimori K., Ishida H., Fukahori M., Nakazawa H., Murakami E. Practical nitric oxide measurement employing a nitric oxide selective electrode. Rev Sci Instrum. 65:1994;1-5.
104. Friedemann M.N., Robinson S.W., Gerhardt G.A. o-Phenylene diamine-modified carbon fiber electrodes for the detection of nitric oxide. Anal Chem. 68:1996;2621-2628.
105. Maliniski T., Taha Z. A porphyrinic microsensor for nitric oxide. Nature. 353:1992;676-678.
106. 2 sensor. Sensors Actuators B. 10:1993;149-153.
107. ® electrode. Sensors Actuators B. 79:2001;11-16.
108. Xie D., Jiang Y., Pan W., Li D., Wu Z., Li Y. Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline-based gas sensor by ultra-thin film technology. Sensors Actuators B. 81:2002;158-164.
109. 2 sensor with a solid polymer electrolyte and a reticulated vitreous carbon indicator electrode. Sensors Actuators B. 69:2000;199-204.
110. Rella R., Siciliano P., Quaranta F., Primo T., Valli L., Schenetti L., Mucci A., Iarossi D. Gas sensing measurements and analysis of the optical properties of poly[3-(butylthio)thiophene] Langmuir-Blodgett films. Sensors Actuators B. 68:2000;203-209.
111. Otagawa T., Madou M., Wing S., Rich-Alexander J., Kusanagi S., Fujioka T., Yasuda A. Planar microelectrochemical carbon monoxide sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 1:1990;319-325.
112. Egashira M., Shimizu Y., Eshita A. Electrical conductivity response to carbon dioxide of polyethylene glycol-inorganic salt solutions supported on ceramics. J Electrochem Soc. 135:1988;2546-2547.
113. Shimizu Y., Komori K., Egashira M. Carbon dioxide sensor consisting of dipotassium carbonate-polyethylene glycol solution supported on porous ceramics. I. Measurements of carbon dioxide sensing characteristics. J Electrochem Soc. 136:1989;2256-2260.
114. Wu X.Q., Shimizu Y., Egashira M. Carbon dioxide sensor consisting of potassium carbonate-polyethylene glycol solution supported on porous ceramics. II. Study of carbon dioxide-sensing mechanism by employing cyclic voltammetry. J Electrochem Soc. 136:1989;2892-2895.
115. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M., Yokouchi H., Tamai K. Effect of carbon dioxide on the electrical conductivity of polyethylene glycol-alkali carbonate complex film. Mater Chem Phys. 42:1995;73-76.
116. Opdycke W.N., Meyerhoff M.E. Development and analytical performance of tubular polymer membrane electrode based carbon dioxide catheters. Anal Chem. 58:1986;950-956.
117. Jacquinot P., Müller B., Wehrli B., Hauser P.C. Determination of methane and other small hydrocarbons with a platinum-Nafion electrode by stripping voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta. 432:2001;1-10.
118. Nanto H., Dougami N., Mukai T., Habara M., Kusano E., Kinbara A., Ogawa T., Oyabu T. A smart gas sensor using polymer-film-coated quartz resonator microbalance. Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;16-18.
119. Kim K.C., Cho S.M., Choi H.G. Detection of ethanol gas concentration by fuel cell sensors fabricated using a solid polymer electrolyte. Sensors Actuators B. 67:2000;194-198.
120. Torsi L., Pezzuto M., Siciliano P., Rella R., Sabbatini L., Valli L., Zambonin P.G. Conducting polymers doped with metallic inclusions: new materials for gas sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 48:1998;362-367.
121. Roy S., Sana S., Adhikari B., Basu S. Preparation of doped polyaniline and polypyrrole films and applications for hydrogen gas sensors. J Polym Mater. 20:2003;173-180.
122. Fog H.M., Rietz B. Piezoelectric crystal detector for the monitoring of ozone in working environments. Anal Chem. 57:1985;2634-2638.
123. Munkholm C., Walt D.R., Milanovich F.P., Klainer S.A. Polymer modification of fiber optic chemical sensors as a method of enhancing fluorescence signal for pH measurement. Anal Chem. 58:1986;1427-1430.
124. Wang Q.-J., Zhang X.-J., Zhang C.-G., Zhou X.-Y. Study on carbon fiber pH ultramicrosensor modified by polyaniline film and its applications to the in vivo detection on Brassica stigmata. Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao. 18:1997;226-228.
125. Lindino C.A., Bulhoes L.O.S. The potentiometric response of chemically modified electrodes. Anal Chim Acta. 334:1996;317-322.
126. McQuade D.T., Pullen A.E., Swager T.M. Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev. 100:2000;2537-2574.
127. Karyakin A.A., Vuki M., Lukachova L.V., Karyakina E.E., Orlov A.V., Karpachova G.P., Wang J. Processible polyaniline as an advanced potentiometric pH transducer. Application to biosensors. Anal Chem. 71:1999;2534-2540.
128. Demarcos S., Wolfbeis O.S. Optical sensing of pH based on polypyrrole films. Anal Chim Acta. 334:1996;149-153.
129. Ge Z., Brown C.W., Sun L., Yang S.C. Fiber-optic pH sensor based on evanescent wave absorption spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 65:1993;2335-2338.
130. Pringsheim E., Terpetschnig E., Wolfbeis O.S. Optical sensing of pH using thin films of substituted polyanilines. Anal Chim Acta. 357:1997;247-252.
131. Grummt U.W., Pron A., Zagorska M., Lefrant S. Polyaniline based optical pH sensor. Anal Chim Acta. 357:1997;253-259.
132. Jin Z., Su Y., Duan Y. An improved optical pH sensor based on polyaniline. Sensors Actuators B. 71:2000;118-122.
133. Chiang J.-C., MacDiarmid A.G. Polyaniline: protonic acid doping of the emeraldine form to the metallic regime. Synth Met. 13:1986;193-205.
134. 2 using an optical imaging fiber. Anal Chim Acta. 340:1997;123-131.
135. Shakhsher Z., Seitz W.R., Legg K.D. Single fiber-optic pH sensor based on changes accompanying polymer swelling. Anal Chem. 66:1994;1731-1735.
136. Conway V.L., Zhang L., Seitz W.R. Morphology and porosity of poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) beads containing styrene-ethylene, butylene-styrene triblock copolymer. Sensors Actuators B. 45:1997;11-17.
137. Tan W., Shi Z.Y., Kopelman R. Development of submicron chemical fiber-optic sensor. Anal Chem. 64:1992;2985-2990.
138. Leiner M.J.P. Optical sensors for in vitro blood gas analysis. Sensors Actuators B. 29:1995;169-173.
139. Han W.-S., Park M.-Y., Chung K.-C., Cho D.-H., Hong T.-K. Potentiometric sensor for hydrogen ion based on N,N(-dialkylbenzylethylenediamine neutral carrier in a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane with polyaniline solid contact. Talanta. 54:2001;153-159.
140. Pandey P.C., Upadhyay S., Singh G., Prakash R., Srivastava R.C., Seth P.K. A new solid-state pH sensor and its application in the construction of all solid-state urea biosensor. Electroanal. 12:2000;517-521.
141. Pandey P.C., Singh G. Tetraphenylborate doped polyaniline based novel pH sensor and solid-state urea biosensor. Talanta. 55:2001;773-782.
142. Cunningham A.J. Introduction to bioanalytical sensors. 1998;Wiley, New York. p. 112.
143. Achmatowicz S., Jakubowska M., Zwierkowska E., Koncki R., Tymecki ł. Polymer paste for ion-selective electrodes. Potentiometric measurements of Cu-ions concentration. Proceedings XXIV IMAPS (International Microelectronics and Packaging Society), Poland Conference, Rytro. 2000.
144. Cadogan A., Gao Z., Lewenstam A., Iraska A., Diamond D. All-solid-state sodium-selective electrode based on a calixarene ionophore in poly(vinyl chloride) membrane with a polypyrrole solid contact. Anal Chem. 64:1992;2496-2501.
145. Careri M., Casnati A., Guarinoni A., Mangia R., Mori G., Pochini A., Ungaro R. Study of the behavior of calix[4]arene-based sodium-selective electrodes by means of ANOVA. Anal Chem. 65:1993;3156-3160.
146. Suzuki K., Watanabe K., Matsumoto Y., Kobayashi M., Sato S., Siswanta D., Hisamoto H. Design and synthesis of calcium and magnesium ionophores based on double-armed diazacrown ether compounds and their application to an ion-sensing component for an ion-selective electrode. Anal Chem. 67:1995;324-334.
147. Tsujimura Y., Yokoyama M., Kimura K. Practical applicability of silicone rubber membrane sodium-selective electrode based on oligosiloxane-modified calix[4]arene neutral carrier. Anal Chem. 67:1995;2401-2404.
148. Cunningham A.J. Introduction to bioanalytical sensors. 1998;Wiley, New York. p. 113.
149. Goldberg H.D., Brown R.B., Liu D.P., Meyerhoff M.E. Screen printing: A technology for the batch fabrication of integrated chemical-sensor arrays. Sensors Actuators B. 21:1994;171-183.
150. 2-based graphite-epoxy electrode as lithium ion sensor. Sensors Actuators B. 67:2000;96-100.
151. Lindfors T., Ivaska A. Calcium-selective electrode based on polyaniline functionalized with bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]phosphate. Anal Chim Acta. 437:2001;171-183.
152. Artigas J., Beltran A., Jiménez C., Bartrolí J., Alonso J. Development of a photopolymerisable membrane for calcium ion sensors. Application to soil drainage waters. Anal Chim Acta. 426:2001;3-10.
153. Shamsipur M., Ganjali M.R., Rouhollahi A., Moghimi A. Beryllium-selective membrane sensor based on 3,4-di[2-(2-tetrahydro-2H-pyranoxy)]ethoxy styrene-styrene copolymer. Anal Chim Acta. 434:2001;23-27.
154. Liu D., Liu J., Tian D., Hong W., Zhou X., Yu J.C. Polymeric membrane silver-ion selective electrodes based on bis(dialkyldithiophosphates). Anal Chim Acta. 416:2000;139-144.
155. Saleh M.B., Hassan S.S.M., Abdel Gaber A.A., Abdel Kream N.A. Novel potentiometric membrane sensor for selective determination of aluminum(III) ions. Anal Chim Acta. 434:2001;247-253.
156. Gupta K.C., Mujawamariya Jeanne D.A. Effect of concentration of ion exchanger, plasticizer and molecular weight of cyanocopolymers on selectivity and sensitivity of Cd(II) ion selective electrode. Talanta. 52:2000;1087-1103.
157. Oh H., Choi E.M., Jeong H., Nam K.C., Jeon S. Poly(vinyl chloride) membrane cesium ion-selective electrodes based on lipophilic calix[6]arene tetraester derivatives. Talanta. 53:2000;535-542.
158. Wróblewski W., Wojciechowski K., Dybko A., Brzózka Z., Egberink R.J.M., Snellink-Ruël B.H.M., Reinhoudt D.N. Uranyl salophenes as ionophores for phosphate-selective electrodes. Sensors Actuators B. 68:2000;313-318.
159. Ma S.C., Yang V.C., Meyerhoff M.E. Heparin-responsive electrochemical sensor: a preliminary study. Anal Chem. 64:1992;694-697.
160. Ohki A., Kawamoto K., Naka K., Maeda S. Sensing of anionic polymers by an ion-selective electrode based on dionium reagents. Anal Sci. 8:1992;85-86.
161. Hattori T., Kato M. Flow-through ion sensor for sensing of anionic polyelectrolyte using a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane doped with tetradecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Anal Sci. 11:1995;285-287.
162. Zhang X.B., Guo C.C., Jian L.X., Shen G.L., Yu R.Q. Fluoroborate ion sensitive PVC membrane electrode based on chloro[tetra(m-amino-phenyl) porphinato]-manganese as neutral carrier. Anal Chim Acta. 419:2000;227-233.
163. Torres K.Y.C., Garcia C.A.B., Fernandes J.C.B., de Oliveira Neto G., Kubota L.T. Use of self-plasticizing EVA membrane for potentiometric anion detection. Talanta. 53:2001;807-814.
164. Gupta V.K., Prasad R., Kumar P., Mangla R. New nickel(II) selective potentiometric sensor based on 5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzotetraazaannulene in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Anal Chim Acta. 420:2000;19-27.
165. Hassan S.S.M., Saleh M.B., Abdel Gaber A.A., Mekheimer R.A.H., Abdel Kream N.A. Novel mercury (II) ion-selective polymeric membrane sensor based on ethyl-2-benzoyl-2-phenylcarbamoyl acetate. Talanta. 53:2000;285-293.
166. Mahajan R.K., Parkash O. Silver (I) ion selective PVC membrane based on bis-pyridine tetramide macrocycle. Talanta. 52:2000;691-693.
167. Numata M., Baba K., Hemmi A., Hachiya H., Ito S., Masadome T., Asano Y., Ohkubo S., Gomi T., Imato T., Hobo T. Determination of hardness in tapwater and upland soil extracts using a long-term stable divalent cation selective electrode based on a lipophilic acrylate resin as a membrane matrix. Talanta. 55:2001;449-457.
168. Hassan S.S.M., Ali M.M., Attawiya A.M.Y. PVC membrane based potentiometric sensors for uranium determination. Talanta. 54:2001;1153-1161.
169. Abbas M.N., Mostafa G.A.E., Homoda A.M.A. Cetylpyridinium-iodomercurate PVC membrane ion selective electrode for the determination of cetylpyridinium cation in Ezafluor mouth wash and as a detector for some potentiometric titrations. Talanta. 53:2000;425-432.
170. Espadas-Torre C., Meyerhoff M.E. Thrombogenic properties of untreated and poly(ethylene oxide)-modified polymeric matrices useful for preparing intraarterial ion selective electrodes. Anal Chem. 67:1995;3108-3114.
171. Mousavi M.F., Alizadeh N., Shamsipur M., Zohari N. A new PVC-based 1,10-dibenzyl-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 selective electrode for detecting nickel II ion. Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;98-100.
172. Gupta V.K., Kumar A., Mangla R. Protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester as active material in PVC matrix membranes for the fabrication of zinc (II) selective sensor. Sensors Actuators B. 76:2001;617-623.
173. Gorton L., Fiedler U. A zinc-sensitive polymeric membrane electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 90:1977;233-236.
174. Bruckner-Lea C., Petelenz D., Janata J. Use of poly(octadec-1-ene-maleic anhydride) for interfacing bilayer membranes to solid supports in sensor applications. Mikrochim Acta. 1:1990;169-185.
175. Bakker E., Meyerhoff M.E. Ionophore-based membrane electrodes: new analytical concepts and non-classical response mechanisms. Anal Chim Acta. 416:2000;121-137.
176. Ukeda H., Kamikado H., Matsumoto K., Osajima Y. A new approach to the coimmobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD on glutaraldehyde-activated sepharose and its application to the enzymic analysis of ethanol. Agric Biol Chem. 53:1989;25-30.
177. Sukeerthi S., Contractor A.Q. Applications of conducting polymers as sensors. Indian J Chem Sect A. 33:1994;565-571.
178. Hatfield V., Neaves P., Hicks P.J., Persaud K., Travers P. Towards an integrated electronic nose using conducting polymer sensors. Sensors Actuators B. 18/19:1994;221-228.
179. Xia Y., Wiesinger J.M., MacDiarmid A.G., Epstein A.J. Camphorsulfonic acid fully doped polyaniline emeraldine salt: conformations in different solvents studied by an ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectroscopic method. Chem Mater. 7:1995;443-445.
180. MacDiarmid A.G., Epstein A.J. The concept of secondary doping as applied to polyaniline. Synth Met. 65:1994;103-116.
181. MacDiarmid A.G., Epstein A.J. Secondary doping in polyaniline. Synth Met. 69:1995;85-92.
182. Svetlicic V., Schmidt A.J., Miller L.L. Conductometric sensors based on the hypersensitive response of plasticized polyaniline films to organic vapors. Chem Mater. 10:1998;3305-3307.
183. Athawale A.A., Kulkarni M.V. Polyaniline and its substituted derivatives as sensor for aliphatic alcohols. Sensors Actuators B. 67:2000;173-177.
184. Jun H.-K., Hoh Y.-S., Lee B.-S., Lee S.-T., Lim J.-O., Lee D.-D., Huh J.-S. Electrical properties of polypyrrole gas sensors fabricated under various pretreatment conditions. Sensors Actuators B. 96:2003;576-581.
185. Bartlett P.N., Ling-Chung S.K. Conducting polymer gas sensors part II: response of polypyrrole to methanol vapour. Sensors Actuators. 19:1989;141-150.
186. Mayes A.G., Blyth J., Kyrolainen-Reay M., Millington R.B., Lowe C.R. A holographic alcohol sensor. Anal Chem. 71:1999;3390-3396.
187. Blum P., Mohr G.J., Matern K., Reichert J., Spichiger-Keller U.E. Optical alcohol sensor using lipophilic Reichardt's dyes in polymer membranes. Anal Chim Acta. 432:2001;269-275.
188. Stahl U., Rapp M., Wessa T. Adhesives: a new class of polymer coatings for surface acoustic wave sensors for fast and reliable process control applications. Anal Chim Acta. 450:2001;27-36.
189. Mulchandani A., Bassi A.S. Principles and applications of biosensors for bioprocess. Crit Revs Biotechnol. 15:1995;105-124.
190. Rogers K.R., Mulchandani A., Zhou W. Biosensor and chemical sensor technology: process monitoring and control. ACS Symposium Series #613. 1995;187 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
191. El-Ragehy N.A., El-Kosasy A.M., Abbas S.S., El-Khateeb S.Z. Polymeric membrane electrodes for selective determination of the central nervous system acting drugs fluphenazine hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride. Anal Chim Acta. 418:2000;93-100.
192. Liu Z.H., Wen M.L., Yao Y., Xiong J. Plastic pethidine hydrochloride membrane sensor and its pharmaceutical applications. Sensors Actuators B. 77:2001;219-223.
193. Mohr G.J., Nezel T., Spichiger-Keller U.E. Effect of the polymer matrix on the response of optical sensors for dissolved aliphatic amines based on the
194. Cullum D.C. Introduction to surfactant analysis. 1994;Blackie, London.
195. Schmitt T.M. Analysis of surfactants in surfactant science series. vol. 40:1992;Marcel Dekker, New York.
196. Hummel D.O. Analyse der tenside. 1995;Carl Hanser, München, Wien.
197. Tanaka T., Hiiro K., Kawahara A. Alkylbenzenesulfonate ion-selective electrode using ferroin salt in poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Anal Lett. 7:1974;173-176.
198. Bobacka J., Lindfors T., McCarrick M., Ivaska A., Lewenstam A. Single-piece all-solid-state ion-selective electrode. Anal Chem. 67:1995;3819-3823.
199. Bobacka J., McCarrick M., Lewenstam A., Ivaska A. All solid-state poly(vinyl chloride) membrane ion-selective electrodes with poly(3- octylthiophene) solid internal contact. Analyst. 119:1994;1985-1991.
200. Kovács B., Csóka B., Nagy G., Ivaska A. All-solid-state surfactant sensing electrode using conductive polymer as internal electric contact. Anal Chim Acta. 437:2001;67-76.
201. Panasyuk-Delaney T., Mirsky V.M., Ulbricht M., Wolfbeis O.S. Impedometric herbicide chemosensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal Chim Acta. 435:2001;157-162.
202. Katsu T., Ido K., Katoaka K. Poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode for a stimulant, phentermine, using tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as a solvent mediator. Sensors Actuators B. 81:2002;267-272.
203. Patra D., Mishra A.K. Fluorescence quenching of benzo[K] fluoranthene in poly(vinyl alcohol) film: a possible optical sensor for nitro aromatic compounds. Sensors Actuators B. 80:2001;278-282.
204. Josowicz M., Janata J., Ashley K., Pons S. Electrochemical and ultraviolet-visible spectroelectrochemical investigation of selectivity of poltentiometric gas sensors based on polypyrrole. Anal Chem. 59:1987;253-258.
205. Wang J., Golden T., Li R. Cobalt phthalocyanine/cellulose acetate chemically modified electrodes for electrochemical detection in flowing streams. Multifunctional operation based upon the coupling of electrocatalysis and permselectivity. Anal Chem. 60:1988;1642-1645.
206. Wang J., Li R. Multifunctional chemically modified electrodes with mixed cobalt phthalocyanine/Nafion coatings. Talanta. 36:1989;279-284.
207. Hou W., Wang E. Flow-injection amperometric detection of hydrazine by electrocalytic oxidation at a prussian blue film-modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 257:1992;275-280.
208. Zen J.-M., Tang J.-S. Flow injection amperometric detection of hydrazine by electrocatalytic oxidation at a perfluorosulfonated ionomer/ruthenium oxide pyrochlore chemically modified electrode. Anal Chem. 67:1995;208-211.
209. Maier J., Lauer U., Goepel W. Gas sensitivity of silver chloride interfaces. Solid State Ionics. 40-41:(Pt. 1):1990;463-467.
210. Sakai Y, Matsuguchi M, Hara H, Suzuki S, Honda N. Moisture sensitive component and method for its manufacture. Eur Pat 875752; 1998.
211. Sadaoka Y., Sakai Y. Humidity sensor using lithium doped poly(ethylene oxide) thin film. Denki Kagaku. 52:1984;132-133.
212. Sadaoka Y., Sakai Y., Akiyama H. A humidity sensor using alkali salt-polyethylene oxide hybrid films. J Mater Sci. 21:1986;235-240.
213. An H., Hirata M., Yosomiya R., Xin Y. Humidity dependence of the electric characteristics of quaternized 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymer/perchlorate complexes. Angew Makromol Chem. 150:1987;33-44.
214. Huang H., Dasgupta P.K. Perfluorosulfonate ionomer-phosphorous pentoxide composite thin films as amperometric sensors for water. Anal Chem. 63:1991;1570-1573.
215. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Okumura S., Ikeuchi K. A humidity sensor composed of porous polymer film impregnated with a hydrophilic polymer. Kobunshi Ronbunshu. 41:1984;209-214.
216. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Omura H., Watanabe N. Humidity dependence of the conductivity of alumina containing poly(styrene sulfonate) sodium salt. Kobunshi Ronbunshu. 41:1984;205-207.
217. Noguchi H., Uchida Y., Nomura A., Mori S. A highly reliable humidity sensor using ionene polymers. J Mater Sci Lett. 8:1989;1278-1280.
218. Shinyei K. Hygrometer element of a copolymer. Jpn Tokkyo Koho JP, 58,16,467; 1983.
219. Kinjo N., Ohara S., Sugawara T., Tsuchitani S. Changes in electrical resistance of ionic copolymers caused by moisture sorption and desorption. Polym J. 15:1983;621-623.
220. Tsuchitani S., Sugawara T., Kinjo N., Ohara S., Tsunoda T. A humidity sensor using ionic copolymer and its application to a humidity-temperature sensor module. Sensors Actuators. 15:1988;375-386.
221. Tsuchitani S., Sugawara T., Kinjo N., Ohara S., Tsunoda T. A humidity sensor using ionic copolymer and its application to a humidity-temperature sensor module. Sensors Actuators. 15:1988;375-386.
222. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Ikeuchi K. Humidity sensors composed of grafted copolymers. Sensors Actuators. 9:1986;125-131.
223. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Fukumoto H. Humidity-sensitive and water-resistive polymeric materials. Sensors Actuators. 13:1988;243-250.
224. Sakai Y., Rao V.L., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M. Humidity sensor composed of a microporous film of polyethylene-graft-poly-(2-acrylamido-2- methylpropanesulfonate). Polym Bull. 18:1987;501-506.
225. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M., Rao V.L., Kamigaki M. A humidity sensor using graft copolymer with polyelectrolyte branches. Polymer. 30:1989;1068-1071.
226. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M., Rao V.L. Humidity sensor using microporous film of polyethylene-graft-poly(2-hydroxy-3- methacryloxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride). J Mater Sci. 24:1989;101-104.
227. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y. Humidity sensors using sulfonated microporous polyethylene films. Denki Kagaku. 53:1985;150-151.
228. Xin Y., Wang S. An investigation of sulfonated polysulfone humidity-sensitive materials. Sensors Actuators A. 40:1994;147-149.
229. Yamanaka A., Kodera T., Fujikawa K., Kita H. Conductive characteristic of Nafion membranes sensing humidity. Denki Kagaku. 56:1988;200-201.
230. Huang P.H. Halogenated polymeric humidity sensors. Sensors Actuators. 13:1988;329-337.
231. Inagaki N. Preparation of quaternary nitrogen-containing plasma films and their application to moisture sensors. Thin Solid Films. 118:1984;225-230.
232. Inagaki N., Suzuki K. Moisture sensor device of plasma-films doped with methyl bromide. Polym Bull. 11:1984;541-544.
233. Maddanimath T., Mulla I.S., Sainkar S.R., Vijayamohanan K., Shaikh K.I., Patil A.S., Vernekar S.P. Humidity sensing properties of surface functionalized polyethylene and polypropylene films. Sensors Actuators B. 81:2002;141-151.
234. Hijikagawa M., Miyoshi S., Sugihara T., Jinda A. A thin-film resistance humidity sensor. Sensors Actuators. 4:1983;307-350.
235. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M. A humidity sensor using cross-linked quaternized polyvinylpyridine. J Electrochem Soc. 136:1989;171-174.
236. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M., Sakai H. Humidity sensor durable at high humidity using simultaneously crosslinked and quaternized poly(chloromethyl styrene). Sensors Actuators B. 25:1995;689-691.
237. Otsuki S., Dozen Y. Humidity sensing characteristics of photochemically crosslinked polyelectrolytes. Kobunshi Ronbunshu. 45:1988;549-553.
238. Sakai Y., Sadaoka Y., Matsuguchi M., Moriga N., Shimada M. Humidity sensors based on organopolysiloxanes having hydrophilic groups. Sensors Actuators. 16:1989;359-367.
239. Rauen K.L., Smith D.A., Heineman W.R., Johnson J., Seguin R., Stoughton P. Humidity sensor based on conductivity measurements of a poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) polymer film. Sensors Actuators B. 17:1993;61-68.
240. Sakai Y., Matsuguchi M., Sadaoka Y., Hirayama K. A humidity sensor composed of interpenetrating polymer networks of hydrophilic and hydrophobic methacrylate polymers. J Electrochem Soc. 140:1993;432-436.
241. Sun L., Qiu F., Hirata M. Study on humidity sensor with resistance to water and interference gases based on polymer. Proceedings of the Second East Asian Conference on Chemical Sensors. 1995;International Academic Publishers, Beijing. p. 210-3.
242. 3 and polymer RMX. Sensors Actuators B. 81:2002;248-253.
243. Pi-Guey S., Chen I.C., Ren-Jang W. Use of poly(2-acrylamido-2- methylpropane sulfonate) modified with tetraethyl orthosilicate as sensing material for measurement of humidity. Anal Chim Acta. 449:2001;103-109.
244. Somani P.R., Viswanath A.K., Aiyer R.C., Radhakrishnan S. Charge-transfer complex forming dyes incorporated in solid polymer electrolyte for optical humidity sensing. Sensors Actuators B. 80:2001;141-148.
245. Glenn S.J., Cullum B.M., Nair R.B., Nivens D.A., Murphy C.J., Angel S.M. Lifetime-based fiber-optic water sensor using a luminescent complex in a lithium-treated Nafion(™) membrane. Anal Chim Acta. 448:2001;1-8.
246. Penza M., Cassano G. Relative humidity sensing by PVA-coated dual resonator SAW oscillator. Sensors Actuators B. 68:2000;300-306.
247. Suri K., Annapurni S., Sarkar A.K., Tandon R.P. Gas and humidity sensors based on iron oxide-polypyrrole nanocomposites. Sensors Actuators B. 81:2002;277-282.
248. Sakai Y., Matsuguchi M., Hurukawa T. Humidity sensor using cross-linked poly(chloromethyl styrene). Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;135-138.
249. Su P.-G., Chen I.C., Wu R.-J. Use of poly(2-acryl amido-2-methyl propane sulfonate) modified with tetraethyl orthosilicate as sensing material for measurement of humidity. Anal Chim Acta. 449:2001;103-109.
250. Sun L.X., Okada T. Simultaneous determination of the concentration of methanol and relative humidity based on a single Nafion(Ag)-coated quartz crystal microbalance. Anal Chim Acta. 421:2000;83-92.
251. Joshi S.G., Brace J.G. Measurement of humidity using surface acoustic waves. Dep Electr Eng Comput Sci, Marquette Univ, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Ultrason Symp Proc. 1:1985;600-603.
252. Brace JG, Joshi SG. Investigation of a surface-acoustic-wave sensor for simultaneous detection of relative humidity and temperature. Moisture Humidity, Proc Int Symp, ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC CODEN: 54CZA8, USA; 1985. p. 225-7.
253. Lin Z., Burgess L.W. Chemically facilitated Donnan dialysis and its application in a fiber optic heavy metal sensor. Anal Chem. 66:1994;2544-2551.
254. Turyan I., Mandler D. Selective determination of Cr(VI) by a self-assembled monolayer-based electrode. Anal Chem. 69:1997;894-897.
255. Canh T.M. Biosensors. 1993;Chapman & Hall, London. p. 18.
256. Belanger D., Nadreau J., Fortier G. Electrochemistry of the polypyrrole glucose oxidase electrode. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 274:1989;143-155.
257. Yabuki S., Shinohara H., Ikariyama Y., Aizawa M. Electrical activity controlling system for a mediator-coexisting alcohol dehydrogenase-NAD conductive membrane. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 277:1990;179-187.
258. Slater J.M., Watt E.J. Use of the conducting polymer, polypyrrole, as a sensor. Anal Proc (Lond). 26:1989;397-399.
259. Schuhmann W., Lammert R., Uhe B., Schmidt H.-L. Polypyrrole, a new possibility for covalent binding of oxidoreductases to electrode surfaces as a base for stable biosensors. Sensors Actuators B. B1:1990;537-541.
260. Wollenberger U., Bogdanovskaya V., Bobrin S., Scheller F., Tarasevich M. Enzyme electrodes using bioelectrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal Lett. 23:1990;1795-1808.
261. Kajiya Y., Sugai H., Iwakura C., Yoneyama H. Glucose sensitivity of polypyrrole films containing immobilized glucose oxidase and hydroquinonesulfonate ions. Anal Chem. 63:1991;49-54.
262. Yabuki S., Mizutani F., Asai M. Glutamate sensing electrode with an electroconductive membrane containing glutamate dehydrogenase, NADP and phenazine methosulfate. Denki Kagaku. 58:1990;1215-1216.
263. Kajiya Y., Tsuda R., Yoneyama H. Conferment of cholesterol sensitivity on polypyrrole films by immobilization of cholesterol oxidase and ferrocenecarboxylate ions. J Electroanal Chem. 301:1991;155-164.
264. Fortier G., Brassard E., Belanger D. Optimization of a polypyrrole glucose oxidase biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron. 5:1990;473-490.
265. Schoo H.F.M., Challa G. An electrochemically prepared composite of polypyrrole and a flavin-containing polyanion; use as a biosensor. Polym Mater Sci Engng. 64:1991;300-301.
266. Mu S., Xue H., Qian B. Bioelectrochemical responses of the polyaniline glucose oxidase electrode. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 304:1991;7-16.
267. Gregg B.A., Heller A. Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 1. A redox-conducting epoxy cement: synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydroquinone. J Phys Chem. 95:1991;5970-5975.
268. Gregg B.A., Heller A. Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 2. Glucose oxidase containing enzyme electrodes. J Phys Chem. 95:1991;5976-5980.
269. Wang J., Ozsoz M. A polishable amperometric biosensor for bilirubin. Electroanal. 2:1990;647-650.
270. Ichimura K. Convenient photochemical method to immobilize enzymes. J Polym Sci, Polym Chem Part 1. 22:1984;2817-2828.
271. Piletsky S.A., Parhometz Y.P., Lavryk N.V., Panasyuk T.L., El'skaya A.V. Sensors for low-weight organic molecules based on molecular imprinting technique. Sensors Actuators. 19:1994;629-631.
272. Nagels L.J., Staes E. Polymer (bio)materials design for amperometric detection in LC and FIA. Trends Anal Chem. 20:2001;178-185.
273. 3-as pseudo-reference electrode: application for amperometric biosensors. Electrochim Acta. 46:2001;643-650.
274. Peng H., Liang C., He D., Nie L., Yao S. Bulk acoustic wave sensor using molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements for the determination of pyrimethamine. Talanta. 52:2000;441-448.
275. Canh T.M. Biosensors. 1993;Chapman & Hall, London. p. 46.
276. Clark L.C. Jr, Lyons C. Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery. Ann NY Acad Sci. 102:1962;29-45.
277. Updike S.J., Hicks G.P. The enzyme electrode. Nature. 214:1967;986-988.
278. Zhang Z., Liu H., Deng J. A glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in electropolymerized o-aminophenol film on platinized glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chem. 68:1996;1632-1638.
279. Jung S.-K., Wilson G.S. Polymeric mecaptosilane-modified platinum electrodes for elimination of interference in glucose biosensors. Anal Chem. 68:1996;591-596.
280. Sangodkar H., Sukeerthi S., Srinivasa R.S., Lal R., Contractor A.Q. A biosensor array based on polyaniline. Anal Chem. 68:1996;779-783.
281. Geise R.J., Adams J.M., Barone N.J., Yacynych A.M. Electropolymerized films to prevent interferences and electrode fouling in biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 6:1991;151-160.
282. Rohde E., Dempsey E., Smyth M.R., Vos J.G., Emons H. Development of a flow-through electrochemical detector for glucose based on a glucose oxidase-modified microelectrode incorporating redox and conducting polymer materials. Anal Chim Acta. 278:1993;5-16.
283. Yao T., Takashima K. Amperometric biosensor with a composite membrane of sol-gel derived enzyme film and electrochemically generated poly(1,2- diaminobenzene) film. Biosens Bioelectron. 13:1998;67-73.
284. Schuhmann W., Kranz C., Huber J., Wohlschlager H. Conducting polymer-based amperometric enzyme electrodes. Towards the development of miniaturized reagentless biosensors. Synth Met. 61:1993;31-35.
285. Mizutani F., Yabuki S., Iijima S. Use of polydimethylsiloxane for constructing amperometric glucose-sensing enzyme electrode with low interference level. Electroanal. 13:2001;370-374.
286. Myler S., Collyer S.D., Bridge K.A., Higson S.P.J. Ultra-thin- polysiloxane-film-composite membranes for the optimisation of amperometric oxidase enzyme electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron. 17:2002;35-43.
287. Ghosh D., Pal P.S., Sarkar P. Glucose biosensor with polymer microencapsulated enzyme. J Indian Chem Soc. 79:2002;782-783.
288. Mandal B., Sarkar P. Screen-printed electrodes for glucose using non-conducting polymers and electron mediator. J Indian Chem Soc. 79:2002;780-781.
289. Umana M., Waller J. Protein-modified electrodes. The glucose oxidase/polypyrrole system. Anal Chem. 58:1986;2979-2983.
290. Tian F., Zhu G. Bienzymatic amperometric biosensor for glucose based on polypyrrole/ceramic carbon as electrode material. Anal Chim Acta. 451:2002;251-258.
291. Quinto M., Losito I., Palmisano F., Zambonin C.G. Disposable interference-free glucose biosensor based on an electropolymerised poly(pyrrole) permselective film. Anal Chim Acta. 420:2000;9-17.
292. Kros A., Nolte R.J.M., Sommerdijk N.A.J.M. Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene)-based copolymers for biosensor applications. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem. 40:2002;738-747.
293. Bartlett P.N., Whitaker R.G. Electrochemical immobilisation of enzymes: Part II. Glucose oxidase immobilised in poly-N-methylpyrrole. J Electroanal Chem. 224:1987;37-48.
294. Chen X., Matsumoto N., Hu Y., Wilson G.S. Electrochemically mediated electrodeposition/electropolymerizaion to yield a glucose micro biosensor with improved characteristics. Anal Chem. 74:2002;368-372.
295. Revzin A.F., Sirkir K., Simonian A., Pishoko M.V. Glucose, lactate and pyruvate biosensor arrays based on redox polymer/oxidoreductase nanocomposite thin-films deposited on photolithographically patterned gold microelectrodes. Sensors Actuators. 81:2002;359-368.
296. Xu J.J., Chen H.Y. Amperometric glucose sensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in electrochemically generated poly(ethacridine). Anal Chim Acta. 423:2000;101-106.
297. Cosnier S., Szunerits S., Marks R.S., Novoa A., Puech L., Perez E., Rico-Lattes I. A comparative physical study of two different hydrophilic synthetic latex matrices for the construction of a glucose biosensor. Talanta. 55:2001;889-897.
298. Puech L., Perez E., Rico-Lattes I., Bon N., Lattes A. A new route to concentrated microlatex of homogeneous particle size: oligomerization of norbornene in aqueous emulsion catalyzed by PdCl2. New J Chem. 21:1997;1235-1242.
299. Puech L., Perez E., Rico-Lattes I., Bon N., Lattes A. New polymer and latex prepared by vinyl polymerization of derivatives of norbornene catalyzed by PdCl2, or PdCl2(TPPTS)2 in water. Coll Surf A. 167:2000;123-130.
300. Matsumoto T., Ohashi A., Ito N., Fujiwara H., Matsumoto T. A long-term lifetime amperometric glucose sensor with a perfluorocarbon polymer coating. Biosens Bioelectron. 16:2001;271-276.
301. Yasuzawa M., Matsuki T., Mitsui H., Kunugi A., Nakaya T. Properties of glucose sensors prepared by the electropolymerization of pyrroles containing phosphatidylcholine (II). Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;25-27.
302. Shin M.C., Yoon H.C., Kim H.S. In situ biochemical reduction of interference in an amperometric biosensor with a novel heterobilayer configuration of polypyrrole/glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase. Anal Chim Acta. 329:1996;223-230.
303. Garjonyte R., Malinauskas A. Amperometric glucose biosensors based on prussian blue-and polyaniline-glucose oxidase modified electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron. 15:2000;445-451.
304. Adeloju S.B., Moline A.N. Fabrication of ultra-thin polypyrrole-glucose oxidase film from supporting electrolyte-free monomer solution for potentiometric biosensing of glucose. Biosens Bioelectron. 16:2001;133-139.
305. Mousty C., Galland B., Cosnie S. Electrogeneration of a hydrophilic cross-linked polypyrrole film for enzyme electrode fabrication. Application to the amperometric detection of glucose. Electroanal. 13:2001;186-190.
306. Yang H., Chung T.D., Kim Y.T., Choi C.A., Jun C.H., Kim H.C. Glucose sensor using a microfabricated electrode and electropolymerized bilayer films. Biosens Bioelectron. 17:2002;251-259.
307. Schuhmann W. Amperometric substrate determination in flow-injection systems with polypyrrole-enzyme electrodes. Sensors Actuators B. 4:1991;41-49.
308. Palmisano F., Centonze D., Guerrieri A., Zambonin P.G. An interference-free biosensor based on glucose oxidase electrochemically immobilized in a non-conducting poly(pyrrole) film for continuous subcutaneous monitoring of glucose through microdialysis sampling. Biosens Bioelectron. 8:1993;393-399.
309. Guerrieri A., De Benedetto G.E., Palmisano F., Zambonin P.G. Electrosynthesized non-conducting polymers as permselective membranes in amperometric enzyme electrodes: a glucose biosensor based on a co-crosslinked glucose oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer. Biosens Bioelectron. 13:1998;103-112.
310. Bridge K.A., Higson S.P.J. Polyacrylonitrile thin-film composite membranes for the optimization of a whole blood glucose sensor. Electroanal. 13:2001;191-198.
311. Cui G., Yoo J.H., Yoo J., Lee S.W., Nam H., Cha G.S. Differential thick-film amperometric glucose sensor with an enzyme-immobilized nitrocellulose membrane. Electroanal. 13:2001;224-228.
312. Kobayashi K., Suzuki H. A sampling mechanism employing the phase transition of a gel and its application to a microanalysis system imitating a mosquito. Sensors Actuators B. 80:2001;1-8.
313. Scheller F., Schubert F. Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry. vol. 11:1992;Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 159.
314. Scheller F., Schubert F. Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry. vol. 11:1992;Elsevier, Amsterdam.
315. Mizutani F., Sato Y., Hirata Y., Iijima S. Interference-free, amperometric measurement of urea in biological samples using an electrode coated with tri-enzyme/polydimethylsiloxane-bilayer membrane. Anal Chim Acta. 441:2001;175-181.
316. Pandey P.C., Singh G. Tetraphenylborate doped polyaniline based novel pH sensor and solid-state urea biosensor. Talanta. 55:2001;773-782.
317. Gotoh M., Tamiya E., Karube I. Polyvinylbutyral resin membrane for enzyme immobilization to an ISFET microbiosensor. J Mol Catal. 37:1986;133-139.
318. Komaba S., Seyama M., Momma T., Osaka T. Potentiometric biosensor for urea based on electropolymerized electroinactive polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta. 42:1997;383-388.
319. Osaka T., Komaba S., Fujino Y., Matsuda T., Satoh I. High sensitivity flow injection analysis of urea using composite electropolymerized polypyrrole-polyion complex film. J Electrochem Soc. 146:1999;615-619.
320. Mǎdǎras M.B., Buck R.P. Miniaturized biosensor employing electropolymerized perm selective films and their use for creatinine assays in human serum. Anal Chem. 68:1996;3832-3839.
321. Panasyuk-Delaney T., Mirsky V.M., Wolfbeis O.S. Capacitive creatinine sensor based on a photografted molecularly imprinted polymer. Electroanal. 14:2002;221-224.
322. Subrahmanyam S., Piletsky S.A., Piletska E.V., Chen B., Day R., Turner A.P.F. Bite-and-switch approach to creatine recognition by use of molecularly imprinted polymers. Adv Mater. 12:2000;722-724.
323. Scheller F., Schubert F. Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry. vol. 11:1992;Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 157.
324. Foulds N.C., Lowe C.R. Enzyme entrapment in electrically conducting polymers. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole and its application in amperometric glucose sensors. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I: Phys Chem Condensed Phases. 82:1986;1259-1264.
325. Shinohara H., Chiba T., Aizawa M. Enzyme microsensor for glucose with an electrochemically synthesized enzyme-polyaniline film. Sensors Actuators. 13:1988;79-86.
326. Cooper J.C., Hall E.A.H. Electrochemical response of an enzyme-loaded polyaniline film. Biosens Bioelectron. 7:1992;473-485.
327. Malitesta C., Palmisano F., Torsi L., Zambonin P.G. Glucose fast-response amperometric sensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized in an electropolymerized poly(o-phenylenediamine) film. Anal Chem. 62:1990;2735-2740.
328. Wang J., Naser N., Renschler C.L. Enzyme nanoband electrodes. Anal Lett. 26:1993;1333.
329. Bartlett P.N., Tebbutt P., Tyrrell C.H. Electrochemical immobilization of enzymes. 3. Immobilization of glucose oxidase in thin films of electrochemically polymerized phenols. Anal Chem. 64:1992;138-142.
330. Cooper J.C., Schubert F. A biosensor for L-amino acids using polytyramine for enzyme immobilization. Electroanal. 6:1994;957-961.
331. Situmorang M., Gooding J.J., Hibbert D.B., Barnett D. The development of a pyruvate biosensor using electrodeposited polytyramine. Electroanal. 14:2002;17-21.
332. Mascini M., Mazzei F. Amperometric sensor for pyruvate with immobilized pyruvate oxidase. Anal Chim Acta. 192:1987;9-16.
333. Gajovic N., Beinyamin G., Warsinke A., Scheller F.W., Heller A. Operation of a miniature redox hydrogel-based pyruvate sensor in undiluted deoxygenated calf serum. Anal Chem. 72:2000;2963-2968.
334. Mizutani F., Yabuki S., Sato Y., Sawaguchi T., Iijima S. Amperometric determination of pyruvate, phosphate and urea using enzyme electrodes based on pyruvate oxidase-containing poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyion complex-bilayer membrane. Electrochim Acta. 45:2000;2945-2952.
335. Brahim S., Narinesingh D., Guiseppi-Elie A. Amperometric determination of cholesterol in serum using a biosensor of cholesterol oxidase contained within a polypyrrole-hydrogel membrane. Anal Chim Acta. 448:2001;27-36.
336. Vidal J.C., García E., Castillo J.R. In situ preparation of a cholesterol biosensor: entrapment of cholesterol oxidase in an overoxidized polypyrrole film electrodeposited in a flow system. Determination of total cholesterol in serum. Anal Chim Acta. 385:1999;213-222.
337. Besombes J.L., Cosnier S., Labbé P., Reverdy G. Improvement of the analytical characteristics of an enzyme electrode for free and total cholesterol via laponite clay additives. Anal Chim Acta. 317:1995;275-280.
338. Besombes J.L., Cosnier S., Labbé P. Improvement of poly(amphiphilic pyrrole) enzyme electrodes via the incorporation of synthetic laponite-clay-nanoparticles. Talanta. 44:1997;2209-2215.
339. Yon Hin B.F.Y., Lowe C.R. Amperometric response of polypyrrole entrapped bienzyme films. Sensors Actuators B. 7:1992;339-342.
340. Rose D.P., Hatala M.A., Connolly J.M., Rayburn J. Effect of diets containing different levels of linoleic acid on human breast cancer growth and lung metastasis in nude mice. Cancer Res. 53:1993;4686-4690.
341. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Allyl compounds, aldehydes, epoxides and peroxides. vol. 36:1985;IARC, Lyon. p. 267.
342. Glaze W.H. Drinking-water treatment with ozone. Environ Sci Technol. 21:1987;224-230.
343. Kok G.L., Holler T.P., Lopez M.B., Nachtrieb H.A., Yuan M. Chemiluminescent method for determination of hydrogen peroxide in the ambient atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol. 12:1978;1072-1076.
344. Mulchandani A., Wang C.L., Weetall H.H. Amperometric detection of peroxides with poly(anilinomethylferrocene)-modified enzyme electrodes. Anal Chem. 67:1995;94-100.
345. García-Moreno E., Ruiz M.A., Barbas C., Pingarrón J.M. Determination of organic peroxides in reversed micelles with a poly-N-methylpyrrole horseradish peroxidase amperometric biosensor. Anal Chim Acta. 448:2001;9-17.
346. Tian F., Xu B., Zhu L., Zhu G. Hydrogen peroxide biosensor with enzyme entrapped within electrodeposited polypyrrole based on mediated sol-gel derived composite carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 443:2001;9-16.
347. Chen X., Zhang J., Wang B., Cheng G., Dong S. Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on sol-gel-derived glasses doped with Eastman AQ polymer. Anal Chim Acta. 434:2001;255-260.
348. Wang B., Dong S. Sol-gel-derived amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide based on methylene green incorporated in Nafion film. Talanta. 51:2000;565-572.
349. Zhang Y., Hu Y., Wilson G.S., Moatti-Sirat D., Poitout V., Reach G. Elimination of the acetaminophen interference in an implantable glucose sensor. Anal Chem. 66:1994;1183-1188.
350. 2 with an improved upper sensing limit. Anal Chem. 66:1994;290-294.
351. Karube I., Satoh I., Araki Y., Suzuki S., Yamada H. Monoamine oxidase electrode in freshness testing of meat. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2:1980;117-120.
352. Ghosh (Hazra) S., Sarker D., Misra T.N. Development of an amperometric enzyme electrode biosensor for fish freshness detection. Sensors Actuators B. 53:1998;58-62.
353. Scheller F., Schubert F. Techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry. vol. 11:1992;Elsevier, Amsterdam. Chapter 5, p. 304.
354. Mascini M., Moscone D., Palleschi G. A lactate electrode with lactate oxidase immobilized on nylon net for blood serum samples in flow systems. Anal Chim Acta. 157:1984;45-51.
355. Weigelt D., Schubert F., Scheller F. Enzyme sensor for the determination of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Analyst. 112:1987;1155-1158.
356. Palmisano F., Centonze D., Zambonin P.G. An in situ electrosynthesized amperometric biosensor based on lactate oxidase immobilized in a poly-o-phenylenediamine film: determination of lactate in serum by flow injection analysis. Biosens Bioelectron. 9:1994;471-479.
357. Chaube A., Pande K.K., Singh V.S., Malhotra B.D. Co-immobilization of lactate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase on conducting polyaniline films. Anal Chim Acta. 407:2000;97-103.
358. Chaube A., Gerard M., Singhal R., Singh V.S., Malhotra B.D. Immobilization of lactate dehydrogenase on electrochemically prepared polypyrrole-polyvinylsulphonate composite films for application to lactate biosensors. Electrochim Acta. 46:2001;723-729.
359. Tkáč J., VoŤtiar I., Šturdík E., Gemeiner P., Mastihuba V., Annus J. Fructose biosensor based on d-fructose dehydrogenase immobilised on a ferrocene-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Anal Chim Acta. 439:2001;39-46.
360. Garcia C.A.B., de Oliveira Neto G., Kubota L.T. New fructose biosensors utilizing a polypyrrole film and D-fructose 5-dehydrogenase immobilized by different processes. Anal Chim Acta. 374:1998;201-208.
361. Khan G.F., Kobatake E., Ikariyama Y., Aizawa M. Amperometric biosensor with PQQ enzyme immobilized in a mediator-containing polypyrrole matrix. Anal Chim Acta. 281:1993;527-533.
362. Dutta S., Padhye S., Narayanaswamy R., Persaud K.C. An optical biosensor employing tiron-immobilised polypyrrole films for estimating monophenolase activity in apple juice. Biosens Bioelectron. 16:2001;287-294.
363. Curulli A., Dragulescu S., Cremisini C., Palleschi G. Bienzyme amperometric probes for choline and choline esters assembled with nonconducting electrosynthesized polymers. Electroanal. 13:2001;236-242.
364. Brahim S., Narinesingh D., Guiseppi-Elie A. Polypyrrole-hydrogel composites for the construction of clinically important biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 17:2002;53-59.
365. Tinkilic N., Cubuk O., Isildak I. Glucose and urea biosensors based on all solid-state PVC-NH2 membrane electrodes. Anal Chim Acta. 452:2002;29-34.
366. Mao L., Yamamoto K. Glucose and choline on-line biosensors based on electropolymerized Meldola's blue. Talanta. 51:2000;187-195.
367. Palmisano F., Rizzi R., Centonze D., Zambonin P.G. Simultaneous monitoring of glucose and lactate by an interference and cross-talk free dual electrode amperometric biosensor based on electropolymerized thin films. Biosens Bioelectron. 15:2000;531-539.
368. Urban G., Jobst G., Aschauer E., Tilado O., Svasek P., Varahram M., Ritter C., Riegebauer J. Performance of integrated glucose and lactate thin-film microbiosensors for clinical analysers. Sensors Actuators B. 19:1994;592-596.
369. Hall C.E., Datta D., Hall E.A.H. Parameters which influence the optimal immobilisation of oxidase type enzymes on methacrylate copolymers as demonstrated for amperometric biosensors. Anal Chim Acta. 323:1996;87-96.
370. Jiménez C., Bartrol J., de Rooij N.F., Koudelka-Hep M. Use of photopolymerizable membranes based on polyacrylamide hydrogels for enzymatic microsensor construction. Anal Chim Acta. 351:1997;169-176.
371. Ng L.-T., Guthrie J.T., Yuan Y.J., Zhao H. UV-cured natural polymer-based membrane for biosensor application. J Appl Polym Sci. 79:2001;466-472.
372. Berners M.O.M., Boutelle M.G., Fillenz M. On-line measurement of brain glutamate with an enzyme/polymer-coated tubular electrode. Anal Chem. 66:1994;2017-2021.
373. Cosford R.J.O., Kuhr W.G. Capillary biosensor for glutamate. Anal Chem. 68:1996;2164-2169.
374. Agbor N.E., Petty M.C., Monkman A.P. Polyaniline thin films for gas sensing. Sensors Actuators B. 28:1995;173-179.
375. Seong-keuck C. Electropolymerization rates of polythiophene/polypyrrole composite polymer with some dopant ions. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 35:1997;165-172.
376. Guadarrama A., De la Fuente C., Acuña J.A., Vázquez M.D., Tascón M.L., Batanero P.S. Determination of the antioxidant octylgallate in food using a polypyrrole electrode modified with nickel phthalocyanine complex. First measurements in a FIA system. Quim Anal. 18:1999;209-216.
377. Doleman B.J., Lewis N.S. Comparison of odor detection thresholds and odor discriminabilities of a conducting polymer composite electronic nose vs mamallian olfaction. Sensors Actuators B. 72:2001;41-50.
378. Guadarrama A., Rodríguez-Méndez M.L., de Saja J.A., Ríos J.L., Olías J.M. Array of sensors based on conducting polymers for the quality control of the aroma of the virgin olive oil. Sensors Actuators B. 69:2000;276-282.
379. Guadarrama A., Rodríguez-Méndez M.L., Sanz C., Ríos J.L., de Saja J.A. Electronic nose based on conducting polymers for the quality control of the olive oil aroma: discrimination of quality, variety of olive and geographic origin. Anal Chim Acta. 432:2001;283-292.
380. Guadarrama A., Fernández J.A., Íñiguez M., Souto J., de Saja J.A. Discrimination of wine aroma using an array of conducting polymer sensors in conjunction with solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) technique. Sensors Actuators B. 77:2001;401-408.
381. Meijerink M.G.H., Strike D.J., de Rooj N.F., Koudelka-Hep M. Reproducible fabrication of an array of gas-sensitive chemo-resistors with commercially available polyaniline. Sensors Actuators B. 68:2000;331-334.
382. Zee F., Judy J.W. Micromachined polymer-based chemical gas sensor array. Sensors Actuators B. 72:2001;120-128.
383. Covington J.A., Gardner J.W., Briand D., de Rooij N.F. A polymer gate FET sensor array for detecting organic vapors. Sensors Actuators B. 77:2001;155-162.
384. Percival C.J., Stanley S., Galle M., Braithwaite A., Newton M.I., McHale G., Hayes W. Molecular-imprinted, polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalances for the detection of terpenes. Anal Chem. 73:2001;4225-4228.
385. Pavlyukovich N.G., Murashov D.A., Dorozkina G.N., Rozanov I.A. Physicochemical characteristics of the reaction of vapors of organic liquids with divinyl-styrene and isoprene polymer films of piezoelectric chemical sorption sensors. J Anal Chem. 55:2000;469-473.
386. Ji H.-S., McNiven S., Yano K., Ikebukuro K., Bornscheuer U.T., Schmid R.D., Karube I. Highly sensitive trilayer piezoelectric odor sensor. Anal Chim Acta. 387:1999;39-45.
387. Ji H.-S., McNiven S., Lee K.-H., Saito T., Ikebukuro K., Karube I. Increasing the sensitivity of piezoelectric odour sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers. Biosens Bioelectron. 15:2000;403-409.
388. Matsuno G., Yamazaki D., Ogita E., Mikuriya K., Ueda T. A quartz crystal microbalance-type odor sensor using PVC-blended lipid membrane. IEEE Trans Instrum Measure. 44:1995;739-742.
389. Nanto H., Tsubakino S., Ikeda M., Endo F. Identification of aromas from wine using quartz-resonator gas sensors in conjuction with neural-network analysis. Sensors Actuators B. 25:1995;794-796.
390. Hierlemann A., Weimar U., Kraus G., Gauglitz G., Goepel W. Environmental chemical sensing using quartz microbalance sensor arrays: application of multicomponent analysis techniques. Sens Mater. 7:1995;179-189.
391. Persaud K.C., Pelosi P. Gardener J.W., Bartlett P.N. Sensors and sensory systems for an electronic nose. 1992;237 Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands.
392. Baldacci S., Matsuno T., Toko K., Stella R., De Rossi D. Discrimination of wine using taste and smell sensors. Sens Mater. 10:1998;185-200.
393. Canh T.M. Biosensors. 1993;Chapman & Hall, London. p. 153.
394. Holt D.B., Gauger P.R., Kusterbeck A.W., Ligler F.S. Fabrication of a capillary immunosensor in polymethyl methacrylate. Biosens Bioelectron. 17:2002;95-103.
395. Piletsky S.A., Piletska E.V., Bossi A., Karim K., Lowe P., Turner A.P.F. Substitution of antibodies and receptors with molecularly imprinted polymers in enzyme-linked and fluorescent assays. Biosens Bioelectron. 16:2001;701-707.
396. Tan Y., Yin J., Liang C., Peng H., Nie L., Yao S. A study of a new TSM bio-mimetic sensor using a molecularly imprinted polymer coating and its application for the determination of nicotine in human serum and urine. Bioelectrochemistry (formerly Bioelectrochem Bioenerg). 53:2001;141-148.
397. Ying-Sing F., Shi-Hui S., De-Rong Z. Piezoelectric crystal for sensing bacteria by immobilizing antibodies on divinylsulphone activated poly-m-aminophenol film. Talanta. 51:2000;151-158.
398. Kim J.-H., Cho J.-H., Cha G.S., Lee C.-W., Kim H.-B., Paek S.-H. Conductimetric membrane strip immunosensor with polyaniline-bound gold colloids as signal generator. Biosens Bioelectron. 14:2000;907-915.
399. Sadik O.A., Wallace G.G. Pulse damperometric detection of proteins using antibody containing conducting polymers. Anal Chim Acta. 279:1993;209-212.
400. Dupont-Filliard A., Roget A., Livache T., Billon M. Reversible oligonucleotide immobilisation based on biotinylated polypyrrole film. Anal Chim Acta. 449:2001;45-50.
401. Wang J., Jiang M. Toward genolelectronics: Nucleic acid doped conducting polymers. Langmuir. 16:2000;2269-2274.
402. Garnier F., Korri-Youssoufi H., Srivastava P., Mandrand B., Delair T. Toward intelligent polymers: DNA sensors based on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrroles. Synth Met. 100:1999;89-94.
403. Livache T., Fouque B., Roget A., Marchand J., Bidan G., Téoule R., Mathis G. Polypyrrole DNA chip on a silicon device: example of hepatitis C virus genotyping. Anal Biochem. 255:1998;188-194.
404. Walt D.R. Designing new sensors with old chemistry. Chemtechnology. 22:1992;658-663.
405. Hayashi K., Yamanaka M., Toko K., Yamafugi K. Multichannel taste sensor using lipid membranes. Sensors Actuators B. 2:1990;205-213.
406. Lenzmann F., Li K., Kitai A.H., Stover H.D.H. Thin-film micropatterning using polymer microspheres. Chem Mater. 6:1994;156-159.
407. Pantano P., Walt D.R. Analytical applications of optical imaging fibers. Anal Chem. 67:1995;481A-487A.
408. Healey B.G., Walt D.R. Improved fiber-optic chemical sensor for penicillin. Anal Chem. 67:1995;4471-4476.
409. Pantano P., Walt D.R. Ordered Nanowell arrays. Chem Mater. 8:1996;2832-2835.
410. Healey B.G., Walt D.R. Fast temporal response fiber-optic chemical sensors based on the photodeposition of micrometer-scale polymer arrays. Anal Chem. 69:1997;2213-2216.
411. Dickinson T.A., Walt D.R., White J., Kauer J.S. Generating sensor diversity through combinatorial polymer synthesis. Anal Chem. 69:1997;3413-3418.
412. Schleppnik A.A. Structure recognition as a peripheral process in odor. vol. 148:1981;American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
413. Schmale H., Ahlers C., Blaker M., Kock K., Spielman A.I. Chadwick D., Marsh J., Goode J. The molecular basis of small and taste transduction. 1993;167 Wiley, Chichester.
414. Toko K. Biomimetic sensor technology. 2000;Cambridge University press, Cambridge. p. 29-36.
415. Lavigne J.J., Savoy S., Clevenger M.B., Ritchie J.E., McDoniel B., Yoo S.-J., Anslyn E.V., McDevitt J.T., Shear J.B., Neikirk D. Solution-based analysis of multiple analytes by a sensor array: toward the development of an electronic tongue. J Am Chem Soc. 120:1998;6429-6430.
416. Goodey A., Lavigne J.J., Savoy S.M., Rodriguez M.D., Curey T., Tsao A., Simmons G., Wright J., Yoo S.-J., Sohn Y., Anslyn E.V., Shear J.B., Neikirk D.P., McDevitt J.T. Development of multianalyte sensor arrays composed of chemically derivatized polymeric microspheres localized in micromachined cavities. J Am Chem Soc. 123:2001;2559-2570.
417. Toko K., Hyashi K., Yamanaka M., Yamafuji K. Multi-channel taste sensor with lipid membranes. Tech Digest 9th Sens Symp. 1990;193-196.
418. Kikkawa Y., Toko K., Matsuno T., Yamafuji K. Discrimination of taste of amino acids with a multichannel taste sensor. Jpn J Appl Phys. 32:1993;5731-5736.
419. Mikhelson K.N. Ion-selective electrodes in PVC matrix. Sensors Actuators B. 18:1994;31-37.
420. Rinde J.A., Mathew B.C. Organic matrix for acoustic reflector array. W O Patent 98 48,374. Chem Abstr. 129:1998;33259c.
421. Rubianes M.D., Rivas G.A. Highly selective dopamine quantification using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a melanin-type polymer. Anal Chim Acta. 440:2001;99-108.
422. Zen J.-M., Wang W.-M., Ilangovan G. Adsorptive potentiometric stripping analysis of dopamine on clay-modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 372:1998;315-321.
423. Kristensen E., Kuhr W.G., Wightman R.N. Temporal characterization of perfluorinated ion exchange coated microvoltametric electrodes for in vivo use. Anal Chem. 59:1987;1752-1757.
424. Wang J., Golden T. Permselectivity and ion-exchange properties of Eastman-AQ polymers on glassy carbon electrodes. Anal Chem. 61:1989;1397-1400.
425. Downard A.J., Roddick A.D., Bond A.M. Covalent modification of carbon electrodes for voltammetric differentiation of dopamine and ascorbic acid. Anal Chim Acta. 317:1995;303-310.
426. Wang J., Pamidi P.V.A., Cepria G., Basak S., Rajeshwar K. Overoxidized poly{pyrrole-co-[3-(pyrrol-1-yl)-propanesulfonate]}-coated platinum electrodes for selective detection of catecholamine neurotransmitters. Analyst. 122:1997;981-984.
427. Pihel K., Walker Q.D., Wightman R.M. Overoxidized polypyrrole-coated carbon fiber microelectrodes for dopamine measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal Chem. 68:1996;2084-2089.
428. Gogol E.V., Evtugyn G.A., Marty J.L., Budnikov H.C., Winter V.G. Amperometric biosensors based on nafion coated screen-printed electrodes for the determination of cholinesterase inhibitors. Talanta. 53:2000;379-389.
429. O'Connell P.J., Gormally C., Pravda M., Guilbault G.G. Development of an amperometric l-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) sensor based on electropolymerised aniline for pharmaceutical and food analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 431:2001;239-247.
430. Florou A.B., Prodromidis M.I., Karayannis M.I., Tzouwara-Karayanni S.M. Flow electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid in real samples using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a cellulose acetate film bearing 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Anal Chim Acta. 409:2000;113-121.
431. Groom C.A., Luong J.H.T. Improvement of the selectivity of amperometric biosensors by using a permselective electropolymerized film. Anal Lett. 26:1993;1383-1390.
432. Peng H., Liang C., Zhou A., Zhang Y., Xie Q., Yao S. Development of a new atropine sulfate bulk acoustic wave sensor based on a molecularly imprinted electrosynthesized copolymer of aniline with o-phenylenediamine. Anal Chim Acta. 423:2000;221-228.
433. Liang C., Peng H., Zhou A., Nie L., Yao S. Molecular imprinting polymer coated BAW bio-mimic sensor for direct determination of epinephrine. Anal Chim Acta. 415:2000;135-141.
434. Mao L., Yamamoto K. Amperometric on-line sensor for continuous measurement of hypoxanthine based on osmium-polyvinylpyridine gel polymer and xanthine oxidase bienzyme modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta. 415:2000;143-150.
435. Bunde R.L., Jarvi E.J., Rosentreter J.J. A piezoelectric method for monitoring formaldehyde induced crosslink formation between poly-lysine and poly-deoxyguanosine. Talanta. 51:2000;159-171.
436. Kugimiya A., Takeuchi T. Surface plasmon resonance sensor using molecularly imprinted polymer for detection of sialic acid. Biosens Bioelectron. 16:2001;1059-1062.
437. Ammon H.P., Ege W., Oppermann M., Göpel W., Eisels S. Improvement in the long-term stability of an amperometric glucose sensor system by introducing a cellulose membrane of bacterial origin. Anal Chem. 67:1995;466-471.
438. Buhlmann P., Hayakawa M., Uhshiro T., Amemiya S., Umezaya Y. Influence of natural, electrically neutral lipids on the potentiometric responses of cation-selective polymeric membrane electrodes. Anal Chem. 73:2001;3199-3205.
439. Miland E., Ordieres A.J.M., Blanco P.T., Smyth M.R., Fágáin C.O. Poly(o-aminophenol)-modified bienzyme carbon paste electrode for the detection of uric acid. Talanta. 43:1996;785-796.
440. Su L.-X., Xu F., Okada T. New glucose sensor based on polymer modified electrodes optimized by chemometrics method. Chem Sens. 13:1997;45-48.
441. Latha S., Garguilo M.G., Michael A.C. Enzyme biosensors based on redox polymers. Methods Biotechnol. 6:1998;121-132.
442. Brahim S., Narinesingh D., Guiseppi-Elie A. Polypyrrole-hydrogel composites for the construction of clinically important biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron. 17:2002;53-59.
443. Yasuzawa M., Nieda T., Hirano T., Kunugi A. Properties of glucose sensors based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase in N-substituted polypyrrole film. Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;77-79.
444. Yasuzawa M., Matsuki T., Mitsui H., Kunugi A., Nakaya T. Properties of glucose sensors prepared by the electropolymerization of pyrroles containing phosphatidylcholine (II). Sensors Actuators B. 66:2000;25-27.
445. Bartlett P.N., Birkin P.R. A microelectrochemical enzyme transistor responsive to glucose. Anal Chem. 66:1994;1552-1559.
446. Hoa D.T., Kumar T.N.S., Punekar N.S., Srinivasa R.S., Lab R., Contractor A.B. Biosensor based on conducting polymers. Anal Chem. 64:1992;2645-2646.
447. 2 membrane electrodes. Anal Chim Acta. 452:2002;29-34.
448. Khan G.F., Kobatake E., Shinohara H., Ikariyama Y., Aizawa M. Molecular interface for an activity controlled enzyme electrode and its application for the determination of fructose. Anal Chem. 64:1992;1254-1258.
449. Tatsuma T., Gondaira M., Watanabe T. Peroxidase-incorporated polypyrrole membrane electrodes. Anal Chem. 64:1992;1183-1187.
450. Foulds N.C., Lowe C.R. Immobilization of GOD in ferrocene-modified pyrrole polymers. Anal Chem. 60:1988;2473-2478.
451. Wolowacz S.E., Hin B.F.Y.Y., Lowe C.R. Covalent electropolymerization of glucose oxidase in polypyrrole. Anal Chem. 64:1992;1541-1545.
452. Rösler S., Lucklum R., Borngräber R., Hartmann J., Hauptmann P. Sensor system for the detection of organic pollutants in water by thickness shear mode resonators. Sensors Actuators B. 48:1998;415-424.
453. Doménech A., Alarcón J. Determination of hydrogen peroxide using glassy carbon and graphite/polyester composite electrodes modified by vanadium-doped zirconias. Anal Chim Acta. 452:2002;11-22.
454. Zhujun Z., Zhang Y., Wangbai M., Russel R., Shaksher Z.M., Grant C.L., Seitz W.R. Poly(vinyl alcohol) as a substrate for indicator immobilization for fiber-optic chemical sensors. Anal Chem. 61:1989;202-205.
455. Briglin S.M., Freund M.S., Tokumaru P., Lewis N.S. Exploitation of spatiotemporal information and geometric optimization of signal/noise performance using arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors. Sensors Actuators B. 82:2002;54-74.
456. Ballarin B., Brumlik C.J., Lowson D.R., Liang W., Dyke L.S.V., Martin C.R. Chemical sensors based on ultrathin-film composite membranes-a new concept in sensor design. Anal Chem. 64:1992;2647-2651.
457. Zhang X., Ogorevc B., Wang J. Solid-state pH nanoelectrode based on polyaniline thin film electrodeposited onto ion-beam etched carbon fiber. Anal Chim Acta. 452:2002;1-10.
458. Polikar R., Shinar R., Udpa L., Portar M.D. Artificial intelligence methods for selection of an optimized sensor array for identification of volatile organic compounds. Sensors Actuators B. 80:2001;243-254.
459. Hiroshi S., Akihiro F., Masaharu N., Kotaro O. Humidity sensor using various polymer composites. Chem Sens. 13:1997;5-8.
460. Nann T., Gerald A.U. A new dynamic hydrogen reference electrode for applications in thin-film sensor systems. Sensors Actuators B. 70:2000;188-195.
461. Diamond D. Overview. Diamond D. Principles of chemical and biological sensors. 1998;1-6 Wiley, New York.
462. Frost and Sullivan Staff. Sensor Market Sourcebook, 1995 Edition, product code 2811-32, Frost and Sullivan Market Intelligence, March 1995, Trends and Forecasts for the World Sensor Marketplace, New York/London, 1995 edition.
463. Cosofret V.V., Erdǒsy M., Johnson T.A., Buck R.P., Ash R.B., Neuman M.R. Microfabricated sensor arrays sensitive to pH and K+ for ionic distribution measurements in the beating heart. Anal Chem. 67:1995;1647-1653.
464. Harmes T., Bühner M., Bücher S., Sundermeier C., Dumschat C., Börchardt M., Cammann K., Knoll M. An amperometric microsensor array with 1024 individually addressable elements for two-dimensional concentration mapping. Sensors Actuators B. 21:1994;33-37.
465. Guoy Y., Dong S. Organic phase enzyme electrodes based on organohydrogen. Anal Chem. 69:1997;1904-1908.
466. Diamond D. Overview. Diamond D. Principles of chemical and biological sensors. 1998;7-9 Wiley, New York.