Thyroid hormone receptor mutations in cancer and resistance to thyroid hormone: Perspective and prognosis

Journal of Thyroid Research

Volumn 2011, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Rosen, Meghan D ^a   Privalsky, Martin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ISOPROTEIN; LIOTHYRONINE; LIOTHYRONINE RECEPTOR; MUTANT PROTEIN; PROTIRELIN; TAMOXIFEN; THYROID EXTRACT; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR ALPHA; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR BETA; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; VON HIPPEL LINDAU PROTEIN;

ALPHA HELIX; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; BINDING SITE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DNA SEQUENCE; GLIOBLASTOMA; GRAVES DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS DISEASE; HYPOTHYROIDISM; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PRECANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN DNA INTERACTION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE; RECEPTOR BINDING; RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONE SYNDROME; REVIEW; SYMPTOM; SYNDROME; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS; THYROID TUMOR; VON HIPPEL LINDAU GENE; WILD TYPE;

EID: 84867947390     PISSN: 20908067     EISSN: 20420072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4061/2011/361304     Document Type: Review

References (270)

1. J. D. Wilson and C. Roehrborn, "Long-term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman courts", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 4324-4331, 1999.
2. J. Barnes, Ed., The Complete Works of Aristotle, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 1984.
3. A. Berthold, "Transplantation der Hoden", Archiv fur Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche, vol. 16, pp. 42-46, 1849.
4. G. R. Murray, "Note on the treatment of myxoedema by hypodermic injections of an extract of the thyroid gland of sheep", British Medical Journal, vol. 2, p. 796, 1891.
5. E. Baumann and E. Z. Roos, "ubernahm er mit Albrecht Kossel die Leitung von Hoppe-Seylers", Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, vol. 21, p. 481, 1895.
6. R. J. Graves, "Clinical lectures", London Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. 7, pp. 516-517, 1835.
7. E. C. Kendall, "Landmark article, June 19, 1915. The isolation in crystalline form of the compound containing iodin, which occurs in the thyroid. Its chemical nature and physiologic activity. By E. C. Kendall", Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 250, no. 15, pp. 2045-2046, 1983.
8. E. V. Jensen, Biological Activities of Steroids in Relation to Cancer, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1960.
9. J. I. Macgregor and V. C. Jordan, "Basic guide to the mechanisms of antiestrogen action", Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 151-196, 1998. (Pubitemid 28305723)
10. E. V. Jensen, P. I. Brecher, M. Numata, S. Mohla, and E. R. De Sombre, "Transformed estrogen receptor in the regulation of RNA synthesis in uterine nuclei", Advances in Enzyme Regulation, vol. 11, pp. 1-16, 1973.
11. J. R. Tata and C. C. Widnell, "Ribonucleic acid synthesis during the early action of thyroid hormones", Biochemical Journal, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 604-620, 1966.
12. G. M. Ringold, K. R. Yamamoto, and G. M. Tomkins, "Dexamethasone mediated induction of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA: a system for studying glucocorticoid action", Cell, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 299-305, 1975.
13. G. M. Ringold, K. R. Yamamoto, J. M. Bishop, and H. E. Varmus, "Glucocorticoid stimulated accumulation of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA: increased rate of synthesis of viral RNA", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 2879-2883, 1977. (Pubitemid 8152157)
14. C. Scheidereit, S. Geisse, H. M. Westphal, and M. Beato, "The glucocorticoid receptor binds to defined nucleotide sequences near the promoter of mouse mammary tumour virus", Nature, vol. 304, no. 5928, pp. 749-752, 1983. (Pubitemid 13037727)
15. F. Payvar, D. DeFranco, and G. L. Firestone, "Sequencespecific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region", Cell, vol. 35, pp. 381-392, 1983. (Pubitemid 14202916)
16. H. H. Samuels and L. E. Shapiro, "Thyroid hormone stimulates de novo growth hormone synthesis in cultured GH cells: evidence for the accumulation of a rate limiting RNA species in the induction process", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 3369-3373, 1976.
17. B. J. Spindler, K. M. MacLeod, J. Ring, and J. D. Baxter, "Thyroid hormone receptors. Binding characteristics and lack of hormonal dependency for nuclear localization", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 250, no. 11, pp. 4113-4119, 1975.
18. S. R. Spindler, S. H. Mellon, and J. D. Baxter, "Growth hormone gene transcription is regulated by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones in cultured rat pituitary tumor cells", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 257, no. 19, pp. 11627-11632, 1982. (Pubitemid 13218629)
19. A. Pascual, J. Casanova, and H. H. Samuels, "Photoaffinity labeling of thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in intact cells", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 257, no. 16, pp. 9640-9647, 1982. (Pubitemid 13205128)
20. S. M. Hollenberg, C. Weinberger, and E. S. Ong, "Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA", Nature, vol. 318, no. 6047, pp. 635-641, 1985. (Pubitemid 16172412)
21. C. Weinberger, S. M. Hollenberg, and E. S. Ong, "Identification of human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA clones by epitope selection", Science, vol. 228, no. 4700, pp. 740-742, 1985. (Pubitemid 15063680)
22. S. Green, P. Walter, and V. Kumar, "Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: Sequence, expression and homology to verb-A", Nature, vol. 320, no. 6058, pp. 134-139, 1986. (Pubitemid 16105150)
23. G. L. Greene, P. Gilna, and M. Waterfield, "Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA", Science, vol. 231, no. 4742, pp. 1150-1154, 1986. (Pubitemid 16016313)
24. J. Sap, A. Munoz, and K. Damm, "The c-erb-A protein is a high-Affinity receptor for thyroid hormone", Nature, vol. 324, no. 6098, pp. 635-640, 1986. (Pubitemid 17206350)
25. C. Weinberger, C. C. Thompson, and E. S. Ong, "The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor", Nature, vol. 324, no. 6098, pp. 641-646, 1986. (Pubitemid 17206351)
26. Z. Zhang, P. E. Burch, A. J. Cooney et al., "Genomic analysis of the nuclear receptor family: new insights into structure, regulation, and evolution from the rat genome", Genome Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 580-590, 2004. (Pubitemid 38500229)
27. A. M. Naar and J. K. Thakur, "Nuclear receptor-like transcription factors in fungi", Genes and Development, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 419-432, 2009.
28. A. E. Sluder and C. V. Maina, "Nuclear receptors in nematodes: themes and variations", Trends in Genetics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 206-213, 2001. (Pubitemid 32239540)
29. R. M. Evans, "The nuclear receptor superfamily: a rosetta stone for physiology", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1429-1438, 2005. (Pubitemid 41002974)
30. P. Chambon, "The nuclear receptor superfamily: a personal retrospect on the first two decades", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1418-1428, 2005. (Pubitemid 41002973)
31. M. Lehrke and M. A. Lazar, "The many faces of PPARy", Cell, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 993-999, 2005.
32. S. Mukherjee and S. Mani, "Orphan nuclear receptors as targets for drug development", Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 27, pp. 1439-1468, 2010.
33. M. Schupp and M. A. Lazar, "Endogenous ligands for nuclear receptors: digging deeper", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 52, pp. 40409-40415, 2010.
34. A. L. Bookout, Y. Jeong, M. Downes, R. T. Yu, R. M. Evans, and D. J. Mangelsdorf", "Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network", Cell, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 789-799, 2006. (Pubitemid 44233630)
35. P. M. Yen, "Physiological and molecular basis of Thyroid hormone action", Physiological Reviews, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 1097-1142, 2001. (Pubitemid 32606667)
36. S. Refetoff and A. M. Dumitrescu, "Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: genetic defects in hormone receptors, cell transporters and deiodination", Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 277-305, 2007. (Pubitemid 46888195)
37. I. H. Chan and M. L. Privalsky, "Isoform-specific transcriptional activity of overlapping target genes that respond to thyroid hormone receptors a1 and β1", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1758-1775, 2009.
38. M. D. Rosen and M. L. Privalsky, "Thyroid hormone receptor mutations found in renal clear cell carcinomas alter corepressor release and reveal helix 12 as key determinant of corepressor specificity", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 1183-1192, 2009.
39. I. H. Chan and M. L. Privalsky, "Thyroid hormone receptors mutated in liver cancer function as distorted antimorphs", Oncogene, vol. 25, no. 25, pp. 3576-3588, 2006. (Pubitemid 43901679)
40. R. Parrilla, A. J. Mixson, J. A. McPherson, J. H. McClaskey, and B. D. Weintraub", "Characterization of seven novel mutations of the c-erbAβ gene in unrelated kindreds with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Evidence for two "hot spot" regions of the ligand binding domain", Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 2123-2130, 1991.
41. S. Y. Wu, R. N. Cohen, E. Simsek et al., "A novel thyroid hormone receptor-8 mutation that fails to bind nuclear receptor corepressor in a patient as an apparent cause of severe, predominantly pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 1887-1895, 2006.
42. G. C. Schussler, "The thyroxine-binding proteins", Thyroid, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 141-149, 2000. (Pubitemid 30127261)
43. J. A. Hamilton and M. D. Benson, "Transthyretin: a review from a structural perspective", Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1491-1521, 2001. (Pubitemid 32964418)
44. H. Heuer and T. J. Visser, "Minireview: pathophysiological importance of thyroid hormone transporters", Endocrinology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 1078-1083, 2009.
45. W. M. Van der Deure, R. P. Peeters, and T. J. Visser, "Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone transporters, including MCT8, MCT10, and OATPs, and the effects of genetic variation in these transporters", Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2010.
46. B. Gereben, A. Zeold, M. Dentice, D. Salvatore, and A. C. Bianco, "Activation and inactivation of thyroid hormone by deiodinases: local action with general consequences", Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 570-590, 2008.
47. R. Zucchi, G. Chiellini, T. S. Scanlan, and D. K. Grandy, "Trace amine-Associated receptors and their ligands", British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 149, no. 8, pp. 967-978, 2006. (Pubitemid 44950800)
48. E. Hadzic, V. Desai-Yajnik, E. Helmer et al., "A 10-Aminoacid sequence in the N-terminal A/B domain of thyroid hormone receptor a is essential for transcriptional activation and interaction with the general transcription factor TFIIB", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 4507-4517, 1995.
49. C. Oberste-Berghaus, K. Zanger, K. Hashimoto, R. N. Cohen, A. N. Hollenberg, and F. E. Wondisford", "Thyroid hormoneindependent interaction between the thyroid hormone receptor β2 amino terminus and coactivators", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 3, pp. 1787-1792, 2000. (Pubitemid 30060800)
50. Z. Yang and M. L. Privalsky, "Isoform-specific transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone receptors: hormoneindependent activation operates through a steroid receptor mode of coactivator interaction", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1170-1185, 2001. (Pubitemid 32614070)
51. H. Tian, M. A. Mahajan, T. W. Chun, I. Habeos, and H. H. Samuels, "The N-terminal A/B domain of the thyroid hormone receptor-82 isoform influences ligand-dependent recruitment of coactivators to the ligand-binding domain", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 2036-2051, 2006. (Pubitemid 44286703)
52. N. L. Weigel, "Steroid hormone receptors and their regulation by phosphorylation", Biochemical Journal, vol. 319, no. 3, pp. 657-667, 1996. (Pubitemid 26386174)
53. M. Adams, M. J. Reginato, D. Shao, M. A. Lazar, and V. K. Chatterjee, "Transcriptional activation by peroxisome proliferator-Activated receptor y is inhibited by phosphorylation at a consensus mitogen-Activated protein kinase site", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 8, pp. 5128-5132, 1997. (Pubitemid 27090069)
54. R. Kumar, J. C. Lee, D. W. Bolen, and E. B. Thompson, "The conformation of the glucocorticoid receptor af1/tau1 domain induced by osmolyte binds co-regulatory proteins", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 21, pp. 18146-18152, 2001.
55. S. E. Wardell, S. C. Kwok, L. Sherman, R. S. Hodges, and D. P. Edwards, "Regulation of the amino-terminal transcription activation domain of progesterone receptor by a cofactorinduced protein folding mechanism", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 8792-8808, 2005. (Pubitemid 41429072)
56. V. Chandra, P. Huang, Y. Hamuro et al., "Structure of the intact PPAR-y-RXR-A nuclear receptor complex on DNA", Nature, vol. 456, no. 7220, pp. 350-356, 2008.
57. R. Kumar and G. Litwack, "Structural and functional relationships of the steroid hormone receptors' N-terminal transactivation domain", Steroids, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 877-883, 2009.
58. L. P. Freedman, B. F. Luisi, Z. R. Korszun, R. Basavappa, P. B. Sigler, and K. R. Yamamoto", "The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain", Nature, vol. 334, no. 6182, pp. 543-546, 1988.
59. B. F. Luisi, W. X. Xu, Z. Otwinowski, L. P. Freedman, K. R. Yamamoto, and P. B. Sigler", "Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA", Nature, vol. 352, no. 6335, pp. 497-505, 1991. (Pubitemid 21912367)
60. F. Rastinejad, T. Perlmann, R. M. Evans, and P. B. Sigler, "Structural determinants of nuclear receptor assembly on DNA direct repeats", Nature, vol. 375, no. 6528, pp. 203-211, 1995.
61. P. L. Shaffer and D. T. Gewirth, "Structural basis of VDR-DNA interactions on direct repeat response elements", EMBO Journal, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 2242-2252, 2002. (Pubitemid 34516783)
62. Z. Smit-McBride and M. L. Privalsky, "DNA sequence specificity of the v-erb A oncoprotein/thyroid hormone receptor: role of the P-box and its interaction with more N-terminal determinants of DNA recognition", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 819-828, 1994. (Pubitemid 24226957)
63. C. C. Nelson, S. C. Hendy, J. S. Faris, and P. J. Romaniuk, "The effects of P-box substitutions in thyroid hormone receptor on DNA binding specificity", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 829-840, 1994. (Pubitemid 24226958)
64. C. C. Nelson, S. C. Hendy, J. S. Faris, and P. J. Romaniuk, "Retinoid X receptor alters the determination of DNA binding specificity by the P-box amino acids of the thyroid hormone receptor", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 271, no. 32, pp. 19464-19474, 1996. (Pubitemid 26271620)
65. K. Umesono and R. M. Evans, "Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors", Cell, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 1139-1146, 1989. (Pubitemid 19169810)
66. F. Claessens and D. T. Gewirth, "DNA recognition by nuclear receptors", Essays in Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 59-72, 2004. (Pubitemid 38906672)
67. S. Khorasanizadeh and F. Rastinejad, "Nuclear-receptor interactions on DNA-response elements", Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 384-390, 2001. (Pubitemid 32530657)
68. T. Q. Phan, M. M. Jow, and M. L. Privalsky, "DNA recognition by thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors: 3, 4, 5 rule modified", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 319, no. 1-2, pp. 88-98, 2010.
69. H. Gronemeyer and D. Moras, "Nuclear receptors. How to finger DNA", Nature, vol. 375, no. 6528, pp. 190-191, 1995.
70. R. Kurokawa, V. C. Yu, A. Naar et al., "Differential orientations of the DNA-binding domain and carboxy-terminal dimerization interface regulate binding site selection by nuclear receptor heterodimers", Genes and Development, vol. 7, no. 7 B, pp. 1423-1435, 1993. (Pubitemid 23210890)
71. M. A. Lazar, T. J. Berrodin, and H. P. Harding, "Differential DNA binding by monomeric, homodimeric, and potentially heteromeric forms of the thyroid hormone receptor", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 5005-5015, 1991. (Pubitemid 21895262)
72. A. M. Naar, J. M. Boutin, S. M. Lipkin et al., "The orientation and spacing of core DNA-binding motifs dictate selective transcriptional responses to three nuclear receptors", Cell, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 1267-1279, 1991. (Pubitemid 121001339)
73. G. M. Wahlstrom, M. Sjoberg, M. Andersson, K. Nordstrom, and B. Vennstrom, "Binding characteristics of the thyroid hormone receptor homo-And heterodimers to consensus AGGTCA repeat motifs", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1013-1022, 1992.
74. B. M. Forman, J. Casanova, B. M. Raaka, J. Ghysdael, and H. H. Samuels, "Half-site spacing and orientation determines whether thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors and related factors bind to DNA response elements as monomers, homodimers, or heterodimers", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 429-442, 1992.
75. Y. Chen and M. A. Young, "Structure of a thyroid hormone receptor DNA-binding domain homodimer bound to an inverted palindrome DNA response element", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1650-1664, 2010.
76. M. Mathur, P. W. Tucker, and H. H. Samuels, "PSF is a novel corepressor that mediates its effect through Sin3A and the DNA binding domain of nuclear hormone receptors", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 2298-2311, 2001. (Pubitemid 32222084)
77. A. S. Nascimento, S. M. G. Dias, F. M. Nunes et al., "Structural rearrangements in the thyroid hormone receptor hinge domain and their putative role in the receptor function", Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 360, no. 3, pp. 586-598, 2006. (Pubitemid 43975107)
78. K. Busch, B. Martin, A. Baniahmad, R. Renkawitz, and M. Muller, "At least three subdomains of v-erbA are involved in its silencing function", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 379-389, 1997. (Pubitemid 27106333)
79. J. D. Safer, R. N. Cohen, A. N. Hollenberg, and F. E. Wondisford, "Defective release of corepressor by hinge mutants of the thyroid hormone receptor found in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 46, pp. 30175-30182, 1998. (Pubitemid 28545480)
80. A. Aranda and A. Pascual, "Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression", Physiological Reviews, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 1269-1304, 2001. (Pubitemid 32606670)
81. J. P. Renaud, N. Rochel, M. Ruff et al., "Crystal structure of the RAR-y ligand-binding domain bound to all-trans retinoic acid", Nature, vol. 378, no. 6558, pp. 681-689, 1995.
82. R. L. Wagner, J. W. Apriletti, M. E. McGrath, B. L. West, J. D. Baxter, and R. J. Fletterick", "A structural role for hormone in the thyroid hormone receptor", Nature, vol. 378, no. 6558, pp. 690-697, 1995.
83. W. Bourguet, M. Ruff, P. Chambon, H. Gronemeyer, and D. Moras, "Crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the human nuclear receptor RXR-A", Nature, vol. 375, no. 6530, pp. 377-382, 1995.
84. J. M. Wurtz, W. Bourguet, J. P. Renaud et al., "A canonical structure for the ligandbinding domain of nuclear receptors", Nature Structural Biology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 87-94, 1996.
85. J. Uppenberg, C. Svensson, M. Jaki, G. Bertilsson, L. Jendeberg, and A. Berkenstam", "Crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of the human nuclear receptor PPARy", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 47, pp. 31108-31112, 1998. (Pubitemid 28533120)
86. B. P. Klaholz, J. P. Renaud, A. Mitschler et al., "Conformational adaptation of agonists to the human nuclear receptor RARy", Nature Structural Biology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 199-202, 1998. (Pubitemid 28113751)
87. P. F. Egea, A. Mitschler, N. Rochel, M. Ruff, P. Chambon, and D. Moras, "Crystal structure of the human RXRa ligandbinding domain bound to its natural ligand: 9-cis retinoic acid", EMBO Journal, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 2592-2601, 2000. (Pubitemid 30323548)
88. N. Rochel, J. M. Wurtz, A. Mitschler, B. Klaholz, and D. Moras, "The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand", Molecular Cell, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 173-179, 2000. (Pubitemid 30105446)
89. J. P. Renaud and D. Moras, "Structural studies on nuclear receptors", Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 1748-1769, 2000.
90. M. L. Privalsky, "The role of corepressors in transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors", Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 66, pp. 315-360, 2004. (Pubitemid 40614447)
91. J. D. Chen and R. M. Evans, "A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors", Nature, vol. 377, no. 6548, pp. 454-457, 1995.
92. A. J. Horlein, A. M. Naar, T. Heinzel et al., "Ligandindependent repression by the thyroid hormone receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor", Nature, vol. 377, no. 6548, pp. 397-404, 1995.
93. A. Marimuthu, W. Feng, T. Tagami et al., "TR surfaces and conformations required to bind nuclear receptor corepressor", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 271-286, 2002. (Pubitemid 34131225)
94. A. Makowski, S. Brzostek, R. N. Cohen, and A. N. Hollenberg, "Determination of nuclear receptor corepressor interactions with the thyroid hormone receptor", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 273-286, 2003. (Pubitemid 36183150)
95. W. Feng, R. C. J. Ribeiro, R. L. Wagner et al., "Hormonedependent coactivator binding to a hydrophobic cleft on nuclear receptors", Science, vol. 280, no. 5370, pp. 1747-1749, 1998. (Pubitemid 28283497)
96. B. D. Darimont, R. L. Wagner, J. W. Apriletti et al., "Structure and specificity of nuclear receptor-coactivator interactions", Genes and Development, vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 3343-3356, 1998. (Pubitemid 28520983)
97. M. A. Mahajan and H. H. Samuels, "Nuclear hormone receptor coregulator: role in hormone action, metabolism, growth, and development", Endocrine Reviews, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 583-597, 2005. (Pubitemid 41014266)
98. D. M. Lonardand B. W. O'Malley, "The expanding cosmos of nuclear receptor coactivators", Cell, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 411-414, 2006.
99. B. York and B. W. O'Malley, "Steroid Receptor Coactivator (SRC) family: masters of systems biology", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 50, pp. 38743-38750, 2010.
100. P. Webb, N. H. Nguyen, G. Chiellini et al., "Design of thyroid hormone receptor antagonists from first principles", Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 83, no. 1-5, pp. 59-73, 2002. (Pubitemid 37040642)
101. L. Nagy and J. W. R. Schwabe, "Mechanism of the nuclear receptor molecular switch", Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 317-324, 2004. (Pubitemid 38968764)
102. A. C. M. Figueira, D. M. Saidemberg, P. C. T. Souza et al., "Analysis of agonist and antagonist effects on thyroid hormone receptor conformation by hydrogen/deuterium exchange", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 15-31, 2011.
103. A. N. Hollenberg, T. Monden, T. R. Flynn, M. E. Boers, O. Cohen, and F. E. Wondisford", "The human thyrotropinreleasing hormone gene is regulated by thyroid hormone through two distinct classes of negative thyroid hormone response elements", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 540-550, 1995.
104. M. Nygard, G. M. Wahlstrom, M. V. Gustafsson, Y. M. Tokumoto, and M. Bondesson", "Hormone-dependent repression of the E2F-1 gene by thyroid hormone receptors", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 79-92, 2003. (Pubitemid 36132660)
105. S. Decherf, I. Seugnet, S. Kouidhi, A. Lopez-Juarez, M. S. Clerget-Froidevaux, and B. A. Demeneix", "Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback on hypothalamic type 4 melanocortin receptor expression", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 4471-4476, 2010.
106. S. Y. Cheng, J. L. Leonard, and P. J. Davis, "Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions", Endocrine Reviews, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 139-170, 2010.
107. D. J. Bradley, H. C. Towle, and W. S. Young III, "Spatial and temporal expression of α-And β-thyroid hormone receptor mRNAs, including the β2-subtype, in the developing mammalian nervous system", Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 2288-2302, 1992.
108. C. B. Cook, I. Kakucska, R. M. Lechan, and R. J. Koenig, "Expression of thyroid hormone receptor β2 in rat hypothalamus", Endocrinology, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 1077-1079, 1992.
109. M. Sjoberg, B. Vennstrom, and D. Forrest, "Thyroid hormone receptors in chick retinal development: differential expression of mRNAs for a and N-terminal variant j6 receptors", Development, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 39-47, 1992.
110. D. J. Bradley, H. C. Towle, and W. S. Young, "α And β thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene expression during auditory neurogenesis: evidence for TR isoform-specific transcriptional regulation in vivo", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 439-443, 1994. (Pubitemid 24041417)
111. D. Forrest, L. C. Erway, L. Ng, R. Altschuler, and T. Curran, "Thyroid hormone receptor β is essential for development of auditory function", Nature Genetics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 354-357, 1996. (Pubitemid 26230504)
112. D. Forrest, E. Hanebuth, R. J. Smeyne et al., "Recessive resistance to thyroid hormone in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor β: evidence for tissue-specific modulation of receptor function", EMBO Journal, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 3006-3015, 1996. (Pubitemid 26187749)
113. L. Wikstrom, C. Johansson, C. Salto et al., "Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor a1", EMBO Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 455-461, 1998. (Pubitemid 28045486)
114. H. Marrif, A. Schifman, Z. Stepanyan et al., "Temperature homeostasis in transgenic mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor-A gene products", Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 7, pp. 2872-2884, 2005. (Pubitemid 41002794)
115. K. Gauthier, O. Chassande, M. Plateroti et al., "Different functions for the thyroid hormone receptors TRa and TRj6 in the control of thyroid hormone production and post-natal development", EMBO Journal, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 623-631, 1999. (Pubitemid 29057247)
116. R. E. Weiss, O. Chassande, E. K. Koo et al., "Thyroid function and effect of aging in combined hetero/homozygous mice deficient in thyroid hormone receptors a and β genes", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 177-185, 2002. (Pubitemid 34082956)
117. A. Flores-Morales, H. Gullberg, L. Fernandez et al., "Patterns of liver gene expression governed by TRjS", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1257-1268, 2002. (Pubitemid 34621074)
118. P. M. Yen, "Molecular basis of resistance to thyroid hormone", Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 327-333, 2003. (Pubitemid 37093130)
119. M.-F. Langlois, K. Zanger, T. Monden, J. D. Safer, A. N. Hollenberg, and F. E. Wondisford", "A unique role of the β-2 thyroid hormone receptor isoform in negative regulation by thyroid hormone: mapping of a novel amino-terminal domain important for ligand-independent activation", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 272, no. 40, pp. 24927-24933, 1997. (Pubitemid 27415668)
120. L. Ng, D. Forrest, B. R. Haugen, W. M. Wood, and T. Curran, "N-terminal variants of thyroid hormone receptor β: differential function and potential contribution to syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1202-1213, 1995.
121. M. Sjoberg and B. Vennstrom, "Ligand-dependent and - independent transactivation by thyroid hormone receptor jS2 is determined by the structure of the hormone response element", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4718-4726, 1995.
122. W. Wan, B. Farboud, and M. L. Privalsky, "Pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome is associated with T3 receptor mutants that selectively impair jS2 isoform function", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1529-1542, 2005. (Pubitemid 41002983)
123. M. Bettendorf, "Thyroid disorders in children from birth to adolescence", European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 29, supplement 2, pp. S439-S446, 2002. (Pubitemid 34985342)
124. T. F. Davies and P. R. Larsen, "Thyrotoxicosis", in Williams Textbookof Endocrinology, P. R. Larsen, H. M. Kronenberg, S. Melmed, and K. S. Polonsky, Eds., pp. 374-421, 2003.
125. J. S. Melish, "Thyroid disease", in Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations, H. K. Walker, W. D Hall, and J. W. Hurst, Eds., 1990.
126. S. C. Boyages and J. P. Halpern, "Endemic cretinism: toward a unifying hypothesis", Thyroid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59-69, 1993. (Pubitemid 23134485)
127. S. Refetoff, L. T. DeWind, and L. J. DeGroot, "Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stuppled epiphyses, goiter and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to thyroid hormone", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 279-294, 1967.
128. T. O. Olateju and M. P. J. Vanderpump, "Thyroid hormone resistance", Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 431-440, 2006. (Pubitemid 44808268)
129. S. H. LaFranchi, D. B. Snyder, D. E. Sesser et al., "Followup of newborns with elevated screening T4 concentrations", Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 296-301, 2003. (Pubitemid 37188312)
130. J. L. Jameson, "Mechanisms by which thyroid hormone receptor mutations cause clinical syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone", Thyroid, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 485-492, 1994.
131. D. Forrest, G. Golarai, J. Connor, and T. Curran, "Genetic analysis of thyroid hormone receptors in development and disease", Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 51, pp. 1-22, 1996. (Pubitemid 126476608)
132. R. T. Liu, S. Suzuki, T. Takeda, and L. J. DeGroot, "An artificial thyroid hormone receptor mutant without DNA binding can have dominant negative effect", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 85-93, 1996. (Pubitemid 26197265)
133. T. Nagaya, M. Fujieda, and H. Seo, "Requirement of corepressor binding of thyroid hormone receptor mutants for dominant negative inhibition", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 247, no. 3, pp. 620-623, 1998. (Pubitemid 28418441)
134. S. Refetoff, "Resistance to thyroid hormone with and without receptor gene mutations", Annales d'Endocrinologie, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 23-25, 2003. (Pubitemid 36433323)
135. H. Sato, Y. Koike, M. Honma, M. Yagame, and K. Ito, "Evaluation of thyroid hormone action in a case of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone with chronic thyroiditis: discovery of a novel heterozygous missense mutation (G347A)", Endocrine Journal, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 727-732, 2007. (Pubitemid 351377750)
136. M. F. Azevedo, G. B. Barra, L. D. De Medeiros, L. A. Simeoni, L. A. Naves, and F. De A. Rocha Neves", "A novel mutation of thyroid hormone receptor beta (1431V) impairs corepressor release, and induces thyroid hormone resistance syndrome", Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1304-1312, 2008.
137. B. A. Asadi, P. A. Torjesen, E. Haug, and J. P. Berg, "Biochemical characterization of four novel mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor 8 gene in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone", Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 563-567, 2008.
138. C. M. Rivolta, M. C. Olcese, F. S. Belforte et al., "Genotyping of resistance to thyroid hormone in South American population. Identification of seven novel missense mutations in the human thyroid hormone receptor 8 gene", Molecular and Cellular Probes, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 148-153, 2009.
139. S. Ono, I. D. Schwartz, O. T. Mueller, A. W. Root, S. J. Usala, and B. B. Bercu", "Homozygosity for a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor gene responsible for generalized resistance to thyroid hormone", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 990-994, 1991. (Pubitemid 21901136)
140. K. Frank-Raue, A. Lorenz, C. Haag et al., "Severe form of thyroid hormone resistance in a patient with homozygous/hemizygous mutation of T3 receptor gene", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 819-823, 2004. (Pubitemid 38961655)
141. M. Kaneshige, H. Suzuki, K. Kaneshige et al., "A targeted dominant negative mutation of the thyroid hormone a1 receptor causes increased mortality, infertility, and dwarfism in mice", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 98, no. 26, pp. 15095-15100, 2001. (Pubitemid 34013975)
142. A. Tinnikov, K. Nordstrom, P. Thorén et al., "Retardation of post-natal development caused by a negatively acting thyroid hormone receptor a1", EMBO Journal, vol. 21, no. 19, pp. 5079-5087, 2002.
143. Y. Y. Liu, J. J. Schultz, and G. A. Brent, "A thyroid hormone receptor a gene mutation (P398H) is associated with visceral adiposity and impaired catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in mice", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 40, pp. 38913-38920, 2003. (Pubitemid 37221791)
144. M. Vujovic, K. Nordstrom, K. Gauthier et al., "Interference of a mutant thyroid hormone receptor a1 with hepatic glucose metabolism", Endocrinology, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 2940-2947, 2009.
145. S. Hadjab-Lallemend, K. Wallis, M. van Hogerlinden et al., "A mutant thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 alters hippocampal circuitry and reduces seizure susceptibility in mice", Neuropharmacology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1130-1139, 2010.
146. E. Macchia, M. Gurnell, M. Agostini et al., "Identification and characterization of a novel de novo mutation (L346V) in the thyroid hormone receptor β gene in a family with generalized thyroid hormone resistance", European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 370-376, 1997. (Pubitemid 27452171)
147. T. N. Collingwood, R. Wagner, C. H. Matthews et al., "A role for helix 3 of the TR8 ligand-binding domain in coactivator recruitment identified by characterization of a third cluster of mutations in resistance to thyroid hormone", EMBO Journal, vol. 17, no. 16, pp. 4760-4770, 1998. (Pubitemid 28377176)
148. R. J. Clifton-Bligh, F. De Zegher, R. L. Wagner et al., "A novel TRjS mutation (R383H) in resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome predominantly impairs corepressor release and negative transcriptional regulation", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 609-621, 1998. (Pubitemid 30659063)
149. J. Lado-Abeal, A. M. Dumitrescu, X. H. Liao et al., "A de novo mutation in an already mutant nucleotide of the thyroid hormone receptor β gene perpetuates resistance to thyroid hormone", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 1760-1767, 2005. (Pubitemid 40464049)
150. S. M. Yoh, V. K. K. Chatterjee, and M. L. Privalsky, "Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome manifests as an aberrant interaction between mutant T3 receptors and transcriptional corepressors", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 470-480, 1997. (Pubitemid 27147015)
151. S. Refetoff, R. E. Weiss, J. R. Wing, D. Sarne, B. Chyna, and Y. Hayashi, "Resistance to thyroid hormone in subjects from two unrelated families is associated with a point mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor β gene resulting in the replacement of the normal proline 453 with serine", Thyroid, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 249-254, 1994. (Pubitemid 24295418)
152. A. M. Zavacki, J. W. Harney, G. A. Brent, and P. R. Larsen, "Structural features of thyroid hormone response elements that increase susceptibility to inhibition by an RTH mutant thyroid hormone receptor", Endocrinology, vol. 137, no. 7, pp. 2833-2841, 1996. (Pubitemid 26192177)
153. M. L. Privalsky and S. M. Yoh, "Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndrome reveals novel determinants regulating interaction of T3 receptor with corepressor", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 159, no. 1-2, pp. 109-124, 2000. (Pubitemid 30067645)
154. S. M. Yoh and M. L. Privalsky, "Molecular analysis of human resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome", Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 202, pp. 129-152, 2002.
155. T. Bayraktaroglu, J. Noel, F. Alagol, N. Colak, N. M. Mukaddes, and S. Refetoff", "Thyroid hormone receptor beta gene mutation (P453A) in a family producing resistance to thyroid hormone", Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 34-37, 2009.
156. T. Tagami and J. Larry Jameson, "Nuclear corepressors enhance the dominant negative activity of mutant receptors that cause resistance to thyroid hormone", Endocrinology, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 640-650, 1998. (Pubitemid 28513214)
157. Y. Hayashi, R. E. Weiss, D. H. Sarne et al., "Do clinical manifestations of resistance to thyroid hormone correlate with the functional alteration of the corresponding mutant thyroid hormone-8 receptors?" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 3246-3256, 1995.
158. M. Malartre, S. Short, and C. Sharpe, "Alternative splicing generates multiple SMRT transcripts encoding conserved repressor domains linked to variable transcription factor interaction domains", Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 4676-4686, 2004. (Pubitemid 39317744)
159. M. L. Goodson, B. A. Jonas, and M. L. Privalsky, "Alternative mRNA splicing of SMRT creates functional diversity by generating corepressor isoforms with different affinities for different nuclear receptors", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 9, pp. 7493-7503, 2005. (Pubitemid 40349641)
160. P. Beck-Peccoz and V. K. K. Chatterjee, "The variable clinical phenotype in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome", Thyroid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 225-232, 1994. (Pubitemid 24202361)
161. J. D. Safer, M. F. Langlois, R. Cohen et al., "Isoform variable action among thyroid hormone receptor mutants provides insight into pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 16-26, 1997. (Pubitemid 27021250)
162. F. E. Wondisford, "Thyroid hormone action: insight from transgenic mouse models", Journal of Investigative Medicine, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 215-220, 2003. (Pubitemid 36870444)
163. S. Y. Cheng, "Thyroid hormone receptor mutations and disease: beyond thyroid hormone resistance", Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 176-182, 2005.
164. V. K. K. Chatterjee, "Nuclear receptors and human disease: resistance to thyroid hormone and lipodystrophic insulin resistance", Annales d'Endocrinologie, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 103-106, 2008.
165. H. Gharib and G. G. Klee, "Familial euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia secondary to pituitary and peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones", Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 9-15, 1985. (Pubitemid 15199620)
166. P. Beck-Peccoz, F. Forloni, D. Cortelazzi et al., "Pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones", Hormone Research, vol. 38, no. 1-2, pp. 66-72, 1992. (Pubitemid 23163256)
167. D. S. Machado, A. Sabet, L. A. Santiago et al., "A thyroid hormone receptor mutation that dissociates thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression in vivo", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 23, pp. 9441-9446, 2009.
168. R. C. J. Ribeiro, J. W. Apriletti, R. L. Wagner et al., "Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action: insights from X-ray crystallographic and functional studies", Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 53, pp. 351-392, 1998. (Pubitemid 128472748)
169. M. Togashi, P. Nguyen, R. Fletterick, J. D. Baxter, and P. Webb, "Rearrangements in thyroid hormone receptor charge clusters that stabilize bound 3, 5', 5-triiodo-L-thyronine and inhibit homodimer formation", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 27, pp. 25665-25673, 2005. (Pubitemid 40962276)
170. T. R. Flynn, A. N. Hollenberg, O. Cohen et al., "A novel C-terminal domain in the thyroid hormone receptor selectively mediates thyroid hormone inhibition", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 269, no. 52, pp. 32713-32716, 1994.
171. S. Sasaki, H. Nakamura, T. Tagami, Y. Miyoshi, and K. Nakao, "Functional properties of a mutant T receptor β (R338W) identified in a subject with pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 109-117, 1995.
172. S. Ando, H. Nakamura, S. Sasaki et al., "Introducing a point mutation identified in a patient with pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone (Arg 338 to Trp) into other mutant thyroid hormone receptors weakens their dominant negative activities", Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 151, no. 2, pp. 293-300, 1996. (Pubitemid 26398008)
173. R. N. Cohen, F. E. Wondisford, and A. N. Hollenberg, "Two separate NCoR (nuclear receptor corepressor) interaction domains mediate corepressor action on thyroid hormone response elements", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1567-1581, 1998. (Pubitemid 30663439)
174. R. N. Cohen, A. Putney, F. E. Wondisford, and A. N. Hollenberg, "The nuclear corepressors recognize distinct nuclear receptor complexes", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 900-914, 2000. (Pubitemid 32260502)
175. S. M. Yoh and M. L. Privalsky, "Transcriptional repression by thyroid hormone receptors. A role for receptor homodimers in the recruitment of SMRT corepressor", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 20, pp. 16857-16867, 2001.
176. S. Lee and M. L. Privalsky, "Heterodimers of retinoic acid receptors and thyroid hormone receptors display unique combinatorial regulatory properties", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 863-878, 2005. (Pubitemid 40397052)
177. I. Astapova, M. F. Dordek, and A. N. Hollenberg, "The thyroid hormone receptor recruits NCoR via widely spaced receptor-interacting domains", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 307, no. 1-2, pp. 83-88, 2009.
178. M. A. Lazar, "Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities", Endocrine Reviews, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 184-193, 1993. (Pubitemid 23118416)
179. G. A. Brent, "Tissue-specific actions of thyroid hormone: insights from animal models", Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, vol. 1, no. 1-2, pp. 27-33, 2000.
180. D. Forrest and B. Vennstrom, "Functions of thyroid hormone receptors in mice", Thyroid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 41-52, 2000. (Pubitemid 30090364)
181. J. Zhang and M. A. Lazar, "The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones", Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 62, pp. 439-466, 2000. (Pubitemid 30618270)
182. F. Flamant and J. Samarut, "Thyroid hormone receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice", Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 85-90, 2003. (Pubitemid 36733921)
183. A. Oetting and P. M. Yen, "New insights into thyroid hormone action", Best Practice and Research in Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 193-208, 2007. (Pubitemid 46888201)
184. M. L. Privalsky, S. Lee, J. B. Hahm, B. M. Young, R. N. G. Fong, and I. H. Chan", "The p160 coactivator PAS-B motif stabilizes nuclear receptor binding and contributes to isoform-specific regulation by Thyroid hormone receptors", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 284, no. 29, pp. 19554-19563, 2009.
185. J. Engelbreth-Holm and A. Rothe Meyer, "On the connection between erythroblastosis (haemocytoblastosis), myelosis, and sarcoma in chicken", Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica, vol. 12, pp. 352-377, 1935.
186. B. Vennstrom, "Isolation and characterization of chicken DNA homologous to the two putative oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus", Cell, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 135-143, 1982. (Pubitemid 12223316)
187. T. Graf and H. Beug, "Role of the v-erbA and v-erbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus in erythroid cell transformation", Cell, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 7-9, 1983.
188. J. Downward, Y. Yarden, and E. Mayes, "Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences", Nature, vol. 307, no. 5951, pp. 521-527, 1984. (Pubitemid 14135812)
189. K. H. Lin, H. Y. Shieh, S. L. Chen, and H. C. Hsu, "Expression of mutant thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells", Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 53-61, 1999.
190. Y. Kamiya, M. Puzianowska-Kuznicka, P. McPhie, J. Nauman, S. Y. Cheng, and A. Nauman", "Expression of mutant thyroid hormone nuclear receptors is associated with human renal clear cell carcinoma", Carcinogenesis, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 25-33, 2002. (Pubitemid 34213548)
191. M. Puzianowska-Kuznicka, A. Krystyniak, A. Madej, S. Y. Cheng, and J. Nauman, "Functionally impaired TR mutants are present in thyroid papillary cancer", Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1120-1128, 2002. (Pubitemid 36121076)
192. S. Y. Cheng, "Thyroid hormone receptor mutations in cancer", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 213, no. 1, pp. 23-30, 2003.
193. C. S. Wang, K. H. Lin, and Y. C. Hsu, "Alterations of thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene: frequency and association with Nm23 protein expression and metastasis in gastric cancer", Cancer Letters, vol. 175, pp. 121-127, 2002.
194. M. L. Privalsky, "v-erb A, nuclear hormone receptors, and oncogenesis", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1114, no. 1, pp. 51-62, 1992.
195. H. Beug, A. Bauer, H. Dolznig et al., "Avian erythropoiesis and erythroleukemia: towards understanding the role of the biomolecules involved", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1288, no. 3, pp. M35-M47, 1996. (Pubitemid 27006532)
196. L. E. G. Rietveld, E. Caldenhoven, and H. G. Stunnenberg, "Avian erythroleukemia: a model for corepressor function in cancer", Oncogene, vol. 20, no. 24, pp. 3100-3109, 2001. (Pubitemid 32553565)
197. A. Ullrich, L. Coussens, and J. S. Hayflick, "Human epidermal growth factor receptor cDNA sequence and aberrant expression of the amplified gene in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells", Nature, vol. 309, no. 5967, pp. 418-425, 1984. (Pubitemid 14102443)
198. A. Munoz, M. Zenke, U. Gehring, J. Sap, H. Beug, and B. Vennstrom, "Characterization of the hormone-binding domain of the chicken c-erbA/thyroid hormone receptor protein", EMBO Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 155-159, 1988.
199. M. Zenke, P. Kahn, C. Disela et al., "v-erbA specifically suppresses transcription of the avian erythrocyte anion transporter (band 3) gene", Cell, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 107-119, 1988.
200. K. Damm, C. C. Thompson, and R. M. Evans, "Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist", Nature, vol. 339, no. 6226, pp. 593-597, 1989. (Pubitemid 19174341)
201. J. Sap, A. Munoz, J. Schmitt, H. Stunnenberg, and B. Vennstrom, "Repression of transcription mediated at a thyroid hormone response element by the v-erb-A oncogene product", Nature, vol. 340, no. 6230, pp. 242-244, 1989. (Pubitemid 19171590)
202. H. Chen, Z. Smit-McBride, S. Lewis, M. Sharif, and M. L. Privalsky, "Nuclear hormone receptors involved in neoplasia: Erb A exhibits a novel DNA sequence specificity determined by amino acids outside of the zinc-finger domain", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2366-2376, 1993. (Pubitemid 23097715)
203. C. Judelson and M. L. Privalsky, "DNA recognition by normal and oncogenic thyroid hormone receptors: unexpected diversity in half-site specificity controlled by non-zinc-finger determinants", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 271, no. 18, pp. 10800-10805, 1996. (Pubitemid 26145818)
204. J. S. Subauste and R. J. Koenig, "Characterization of the DNA-binding and dominant negative activity of v-erbA homodimers", Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1380-1392, 1998. (Pubitemid 128496199)
205. S. Lee and M. L. Privalsky, "Multiple mutations contribute to repression by the v-Erb A oncoprotein", Oncogene, vol. 24, no. 45, pp. 6737-6752, 2005. (Pubitemid 41487033)
206. C. Bresson, C. Keime, C. Faure et al., "Large-scale analysis by SAGE reveals new mechanisms of v-erbA oncogene action", BMC Genomics, vol. 8, article 390, 2007.
207. T. Ventura-Holman, A. Mamoon, M. C. Subauste, and J. S. Subauste, "The effect of oncoprotein v-erbA on thyroid hormone-regulated genes in hepatocytes and their potential role in hepatocellular carcinoma", Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1137-1144, 2011.
208. M. Sharif and M. L. Privalsky, "v-erbA oncogene function in neoplasia correlates with its ability to repress retinoic acid receptor action", Cell, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 885-893, 1991. (Pubitemid 121001723)
209. D. Maxwell Parkin, F. Bray, J. Ferlay, and P. Pisani, "Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 153-156, 2001. (Pubitemid 32911406)
210. M. Al Sarraf, T. S. Go, K. Kithier, and V. K. Vaitkevicius, "Primary liver cancer: a review of the clinical features, blood groups, serum enzymes, therapy, and survival of 65 cases", Cancer, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 574-582, 1974.
211. J. M. Llovet, A. Burroughs, and J. Bruix, "Hepatocellular carcinoma", The Lancet, vol. 362, no. 9399, pp. 1907-1917, 2003. (Pubitemid 37518510)
212. Y. Murakami, K. Hayashi, S. Hirohashi, and T. Sekiya, "Aberrations of the tumor suppressor p53 and retinoblastoma genes in human hepatocellular carcinomas", Cancer Research, vol. 51, no. 20, pp. 5520-5525, 1991.
213. S. Y. Peng, P. L. Lai, and H. C. Hsu, "Amplification of the c-myc gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma: biologic significance", Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 866-870, 1993.
214. N. Nishida, Y. Fukuda, T. Komeda et al., "Amplification and overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene in aggressive human hepatocellular carcinoma", Cancer Research, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 3107-3110, 1994. (Pubitemid 24208910)
215. H. B. El-Serag and K. L. Rudolph, "Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis", Gastroenterology, vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 2557-2576, 2007. (Pubitemid 46890874)
216. Y. Hoshida, S. Toffanin, A. Lachenmayer, A. Villanueva, B. Minguez, and J. M. Llovet", "Molecular classification and novel targets in hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advancements", Seminars in Liver Disease, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 35-51, 2010.
217. K.-H. Lin, X.-G. Zhu, H.-Y. Shieh et al., "Identification of naturally occurring dominant negative mutants of thyroid hormone a1 and 81 receptors in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line", Endocrinology, vol. 137, no. 10, pp. 4073-4081, 1996. (Pubitemid 26321847)
218. C. Barlow, B. Meister, M. Lardelli, U. Lendahl, and B. Vennstrom, "Thyroid abnormalities and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice transgenic for v-erbA", EMBO Journal, vol. 13, no. 18, pp. 4241-4250, 1994. (Pubitemid 24295196)
219. B. I. Rini, S. C. Campbell, and B. Escudier, "Renal cell carcinoma", The Lancet, vol. 373, no. 9669, pp. 1119-1132, 2009.
220. K. Gupta, J. D. Miller, J. Z. Li, M. W. Russell, and C. Charbonneau, "Epidemiologic and socioeconomic burden of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): a literature review", Cancer Treatment Reviews, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 193-205, 2008.
221. J. M. Kiely, "Hypernephroma-the internist's tumor", Medical Clinics of North America, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1067-1083, 1966.
222. J. D. Hunt, O. L. Van der Hel, G. P. McMillan, P. Boffetta, and P. Brennan", "Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-Analysis of 24 studies", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 101-108, 2005. (Pubitemid 40194314)
223. J. M. Yuan, J. E. Castelao, M. Gago-Dominguez, M. C. Yu, and R. K. Ross, "Tobacco use in relation to renal cell carcinoma", Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 429-433, 1998. (Pubitemid 28354132)
224. T. Bjørge, S. Tretli, and A. Engeland, "Relation of height and body mass index to renal cell carcinoma in two million Norwegian men and women", American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 160, no. 12, pp. 1168-1176, 2004. (Pubitemid 39628057)
225. B. A. C. Van Dijk, L. J. Schouten, L. A. L. M. Kiemeney, R. A. Goldbohm, and P. A. Van Den Brandt", "Relation of height, body mass, energy intake, and physical activity to risk of renal cell carcinoma: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study", American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 160, no. 12, pp. 1159-1167, 2004. (Pubitemid 39628056)
226. J. K. McLaughlin, W. H. Chow, J. S. Mandel et al., "International renal-cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti-hypertensive medications and hypertension", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 216-221, 1995.
227. C. Suarez, R. Morales, E. Munoz, J. Munoz, C. M. Valverde, and J. Carles, "Molecular basis for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma", Clinical and Translational Oncology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15-21, 2010.
228. B. I. Rini and M. B. Atkins, "Resistance to targeted therapy in renal-cell carcinoma", The Lancet Oncology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 992-1000, 2009.
229. M. L. Nickerson, E. Jaeger, Y. Shi et al., "Improved identification of von Hippel-Lindau gene alterations in clear cell renal tumors", Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 4726-4734, 2008.
230. J. R. Gnarra, S. Zhou, M. J. Merrill et al., "Posttranscriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the product of the VHL tumor suppressor gene", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, no. 20, pp. 10589-10594, 1996. (Pubitemid 26333031)
231. S. Kourembanas, R. L. Hannan, and D. V. Faller, "Oxygen tension regulates the expression of the platelet-derived growth factor-B chain gene in human endothelial cells", Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 670-674, 1990. (Pubitemid 20271905)
232. N. De Paulsen, A. Brychzy, M. C. Fournier et al., "Role of transforming growth factor-A in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) clear cell renal carcinoma cell proliferation: a possible mechanism coupling VHL tumor suppressor inactivation and tumorigenesis", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1387-1392, 2001. (Pubitemid 32165508)
233. R. R. Lonser, G. M. Glenn, M. Walther et al., "Von Hippel-Lindau disease", The Lancet, vol. 361, no. 9374, pp. 2059-2067, 2003. (Pubitemid 36695052)
234. C. R. Thoma, A. Toso, K. L. Gutbrodt et al., "VHL loss causes spindle misorientation and chromosome instability", Nature Cell Biology, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 994-1001, 2009.
235. E. B. Rankin, J. E. Tomaszewski, and V. H. Haase, "Renal cyst development in mice with conditional inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor", Cancer Research, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2576-2583, 2006.
236. W. Ma, L. Tessarollo, S. B. Hong et al., "Hepatic vascular tumors, angiectasis in multiple organs, and impaired spermatogenesis in mice with conditional inactivation of the VHL gene", Cancer Research, vol. 63, no. 17, pp. 5320-5328, 2003. (Pubitemid 37139846)
237. A. G. Knudson, "Genetics of human cancer.", Annual Review of Genetics, vol. 20, pp. 231-251, 1986.
238. Z. Zhang, B. Wondergem, and K. Dykema, "A comprehensive study of progressive cytogenetic alterations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and a new model for ccRCC tumorigenesis and progression", Advances in Bioinformatics, vol. 2010, Article ID 428325, 2010.
239. M. Puzianowska-Kuznicka, A. Nauman, A. Madej, Z. Tanski, S. Y. Cheng, and J. Nauman", "Expression of thyroid hormone receptors is disturbed in human renal clear cell carcinoma", Cancer Letters, vol. 155, no. 2, pp. 145-152, 2000. (Pubitemid 30259128)
240. J. C. Presti, V. E. Reuter, C. Cordon-Cardo, M. Mazumdar, W. R. Fair, and S. C. Jhanwar", "Allelic deletions in renal tumors: histopathological correlations", Cancer Research, vol. 53, no. 23, pp. 5780-5783, 1993. (Pubitemid 23360287)
241. J. M. Gonzalez-Sancho, V. García, F. Bonilla, and A. Munoz, "Thyroid hormone receptors/THR genes in human cancer", Cancer Letters, vol. 192, no. 2, pp. 121-132, 2003. (Pubitemid 36369266)
242. M. Kaneshige, K. Kaneshige, X. U. G. Zhu et al., "Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone β receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 24, pp. 13209-13214, 2000.
243. H. Suzuki, M. C. Willingham, and S. Y. Cheng, "Mice with a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor β gene spontaneously develop thyroid carcinoma: a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis", Thyroid, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 963-969, 2002. (Pubitemid 35404130)
244. Y. Kato, H. Ying, M. C. Willingham, and S. Y. Cheng, "A tumor suppressor role for thyroid hormone β receptor in a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis", Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 10, pp. 4430-4438, 2004. (Pubitemid 39281432)
245. H. Furumoto, H. Ying, G. V. R. Chandramouli et al., "An unliganded thyroid hormone β receptor activates the cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase/retinoblastoma/E2F pathway and induces pituitary tumorigenesis", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 124-135, 2005. (Pubitemid 40039805)
246. H. Ying, O. Araki, F. Furuya, Y. Kato, and S.-Y. Cheng, "Impaired adipogenesis caused by a mutated thyroid hormone a1 receptor", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2359-2371, 2007. (Pubitemid 46418487)
247. C. Lu and S. Y. Cheng, "Thyroid hormone receptors regulate adipogenesis and carcinogenesis via crosstalk signaling with peroxisome proliferator-Activated receptors", Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 143-154, 2010.
248. F. Furuya, J. A. Hanover, and S. Y. Cheng, "Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling by a mutant thyroid hormone S receptor", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 1780-1785, 2006. (Pubitemid 43228770)
249. C. J. Guigon and S. Y. Cheng, "Novel oncogenic actions of TRjS mutants in tumorigenesis", IUBMB Life, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 528-536, 2009.
250. H. Ying, H. Suzuki, H. Furumoto et al., "Alterations in genomic profiles during tumor progression in a mouse model of follicular thyroid carcinoma", Carcinogenesis, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1467-1479, 2003. (Pubitemid 37160837)
251. H. Ying, F. Furuya, LI. Zhao et al., "Aberrant accumulation of PTTG1 induced by a mutated thyroid hormone S receptor inhibits mitotic progression", Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 2972-2984, 2006. (Pubitemid 44684482)
252. C. J. Guigon, LI. Zhao, C. Lu, M. C. Willingham, and S. Y. Cheng, "Regulation of S-catenin by a novel nongenomic action of thyroid hormone S receptor", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 28, no. 14, pp. 4598-4608, 2008. (Pubitemid 351977757)
253. O. Martínez-Iglesias, S. García-Silva, J. Regadera, and A. Aranda, "Hypothyroidism enhances tumor invasiveness and metastasis development", PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 7, Article ID e6428, 2009.
254. X. G. Zhu, L. Zhao, M. C. Willingham, and S. Y. Cheng, "Thyroid hormone receptors are tumor suppressors in a mouse model of metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma", Oncogene, vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 1909-1919, 2010.
255. T. T. Horkko, K. Tuppurainen, S. M. George, P. Jernvall, T. J. Karttunen, and M. J. Makinen, "Thyroid hormone receptor jS 1 in normal colon and colorectal cancer-Association with differentiation, polypoid growth type and K-ras mutations", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 118, no. 7, pp. 1653-1659, 2006. (Pubitemid 43376428)
256. Z. Li, Z. H. Meng, R. Chandrasekaran et al., "Biallelic inactivation of the thyroid hormone receptor S1 gene in early stage breast cancer", Cancer Research, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 1939-1943, 2002. (Pubitemid 34408433)
257. S. García-Silva and A. Aranda, "The thyroid hormone receptor is a suppressor of ras-mediated transcription, proliferation, and transformation", Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 24, no. 17, pp. 7514-7523, 2004. (Pubitemid 39121479)
258. M. Cristofanilli, Y. Yamamura, S. W. Kau et al., "Thyroid hormone and breast carcinoma: primary hypothyroidism is associated with a reduced incidence of primary breast carcinoma", Cancer, vol. 103, no. 6, pp. 1122-1128, 2005. (Pubitemid 40328081)
259. A. A. Hercbergs, L. K. Goyal, J. H. Suh et al., "Propylthiouracil- induced chemical hypothyroidism with high-dose tamoxifen prolongs survival in recurrent high grade glioma: a phase I/II study", Anticancer Research, vol. 23, no. 1 B, pp. 617-626, 2003. (Pubitemid 36358462)
260. A. Reddy, C. Dash, A. Leerapun et al., "Hypothyroidism: a possible risk factor for liver cancer in patients with no known underlying cause of liver disease", Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 118-123, 2007. (Pubitemid 46096822)
261. G. Beatson, "On treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions for a new method of treatment with illustrative cases", The Lancet, vol. 148, no. 3802, pp. 104-107, 1896.
262. F. Page, "Recurrent carcinoma of the breast entirely disappearing under persistent use of thyorid extract continued for 18 months", The Lancet, vol. 151, no. 3900, pp. 1460-1461, 1898.
263. R. R. Love and J. Philips, "Oophorectomy for breast cancer: history revisited", Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 94, no. 19, pp. 1433-1434, 2002. (Pubitemid 35243741)
264. A. Thomson, "Analysis of cases in which oophorectomy was performed for inoperable carcinoma of the breast", British Medical Journal, vol. 2, pp. 1538-1541, 1902.
265. O. Martinez-Iglesias, S. Garcia-Silva, S. P. Tenbaum et al., "Thyroid hormone receptor β1 acts as a potent suppressor of tumor invasiveness and metastasis", Cancer Research, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 501-509, 2009.
266. M. M. Hassan, A. Kaseb, D. Li et al., "Association between hypothyroidism and hepatocellular carcinoma: a casecontrol study in the United States", Hepatology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1563-1570, 2009.
267. G. M. Ledda-Columbano, A. Perra, R. Loi, H. Shinozuka, and A. Columbano, "Cell proliferation induced by triiodothyronine in rat liver is associated with nodule regression and reduction of hepatocellular carcinomas", Cancer Research, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 603-609, 2000. (Pubitemid 30094557)
268. G. Rennert, H. S. Rennert, M. Pinchev, and S. B. Gruber, "A case-control study of levothyroxine and the risk of colorectal cancer", Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 102, no. 8, pp. 568-572, 2010.
269. A. Perra, M. A. Kowalik, M. Pibiri, G. M. Ledda-Columbano, and A. Columbano, "Thyroid hormone receptor ligands induce regression of rat preneoplastic liver lesions causing their reversion to a differentiated phenotype", Hepatology, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1287-1296, 2009.
270. E. Kress, J. Samarut, and M. Plateroti, "Thyroid hormones and the control of cell proliferation or cell differentiation: paradox or duality?" Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 313, no. 1-2, pp. 36-49, 2009.