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Volumn 23, Issue SUPPL.6, 2012, Pages 202-216

Internal vs. external connections for abutments/reconstructions: A systematic review

Author keywords

External connection; Implant connection; Internal connection; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

METAL; ZIRCONIUM; ZIRCONIUM OXIDE;

EID: 84867604970     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: 16000501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02556.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (181)

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    • Steinebrunner, L., Wolfart, S., Ludwig, K. & Kern, M. (2008) Implant-abutment interface design affects fatigue and fracture strength of implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 1276-1284.
    • (2008) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.19 , pp. 1276-1284
    • Steinebrunner, L.1    Wolfart, S.2    Ludwig, K.3    Kern, M.4
  • 72
    • 84155164461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bending moments of zirconia and titanium abutments with internal and external implant-abutment connections after aging and chewing simulation
    • Truninger, T.C., Stawarczyk, B., Leutert, C.R., Sailer, T.R., Hämmerle, C.H. & Sailer, I. (2011) Bending moments of zirconia and titanium abutments with internal and external implant-abutment connections after aging and chewing simulation. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 12-18.
    • (2011) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.23 , pp. 12-18
    • Truninger, T.C.1    Stawarczyk, B.2    Leutert, C.R.3    Sailer, T.R.4    Hämmerle, C.H.5    Sailer, I.6
  • 73
    • 68949159617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of lateral-oblique cyclic loading on abutment screw loosening of internal and external hexagon implants
    • Tsuge, T. & Hagiwara, Y. (2009) Influence of lateral-oblique cyclic loading on abutment screw loosening of internal and external hexagon implants. Dental Materials Journal 28: 373-381.
    • (2009) Dental Materials Journal , vol.28 , pp. 373-381
    • Tsuge, T.1    Hagiwara, Y.2
  • 74
    • 0038727298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the accuracy of three techniques used for multiple implant abutment impressions
    • Vigolo, P., Majzoub, Z. & Cordioli, G. (2003) Evaluation of the accuracy of three techniques used for multiple implant abutment impressions. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 89: 186-192.
    • (2003) The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , vol.89 , pp. 186-192
    • Vigolo, P.1    Majzoub, Z.2    Cordioli, G.3
  • 75
    • 7444265288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of impression techniques for multiple internal connection implant prostheses
    • Vigolo, P., Fonzi, F., Majzoub, Z. & Cordioli, G. (2004) An evaluation of impression techniques for multiple internal connection implant prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 92: 470-476.
    • (2004) The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , vol.92 , pp. 470-476
    • Vigolo, P.1    Fonzi, F.2    Majzoub, Z.3    Cordioli, G.4
  • 76
    • 33745536403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 4-year prospective study to assess peri-implant hard and soft tissues adjacent to titanium versus gold-alloy abutments in cemented single implant crowns
    • Vigolo, P., Givani, A., Majzoub, Z. & Cordioli, G. (2006) A 4-year prospective study to assess peri-implant hard and soft tissues adjacent to titanium versus gold-alloy abutments in cemented single implant crowns. Journal of Prosthodontics 15: 250-256.
    • (2006) Journal of Prosthodontics , vol.15 , pp. 250-256
    • Vigolo, P.1    Givani, A.2    Majzoub, Z.3    Cordioli, G.4
  • 77
    • 43149125190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of gold-machined UCLA-type abutments and CAD/CAM titanium abutments with hexagonal external connection and with internal connection
    • Vigolo, P., Fonzi, F., Majzoub, Z. & Cordioli, G. (2008) Evaluation of gold-machined UCLA-type abutments and CAD/CAM titanium abutments with hexagonal external connection and with internal connection. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 247-252.
    • (2008) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.23 , pp. 247-252
    • Vigolo, P.1    Fonzi, F.2    Majzoub, Z.3    Cordioli, G.4
  • 78
    • 0033257173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective clinical evaluation of different single-tooth restoration designs on osseointegrated implants. A 3-year follow-up of Brånemark implants
    • Wannfors, K. & Smedberg, J.I. (1999) A prospective clinical evaluation of different single-tooth restoration designs on osseointegrated implants. A 3-year follow-up of Brånemark implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10: 453-458.
    • (1999) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.10 , pp. 453-458
    • Wannfors, K.1    Smedberg, J.I.2
  • 82
    • 67650921969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized-controlled clinical trial of customized zirconia and titanium implant abutments for single-tooth implants in canine and posterior regions: 3-year results
    • Zembic, A., Sailer, I., Jung, R.E. & Hämmerle, C.H.F. (2009) Randomized-controlled clinical trial of customized zirconia and titanium implant abutments for single-tooth implants in canine and posterior regions: 3-year results. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 802-808.
    • (2009) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.20 , pp. 802-808
    • Zembic, A.1    Sailer, I.2    Jung, R.E.3    Hämmerle, C.H.F.4
  • 83
    • 14844342913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate loading of single-tooth implants in the posterior region
    • Reason for exclusion: lack of information for abutment material.
    • Abboud, M., Koeck, B., Stark, H., Wahl, G. & Paillon, R. (2005) Immediate loading of single-tooth implants in the posterior region. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20: 61-8. Reason for exclusion: lack of information for abutment material.
    • (2005) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.20 , pp. 61-68
    • Abboud, M.1    Koeck, B.2    Stark, H.3    Wahl, G.4    Paillon, R.5
  • 84
    • 0035287920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective clinical study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of narrow-diameter threaded implants in the anterior region of the maxilla
    • Reason for exclusion: only 1 year follow-up.
    • Andersen, E., Saxegaard, E., Knutsen, B.M. & Haanaes, H.R. (2001) A prospective clinical study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of narrow-diameter threaded implants in the anterior region of the maxilla. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16: 217-224. Reason for exclusion: only 1 year follow-up.
    • (2001) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.16 , pp. 217-224
    • Andersen, E.1    Saxegaard, E.2    Knutsen, B.M.3    Haanaes, H.R.4
  • 85
    • 0032113260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five-year prospective study of prosthodontic and surgical single-tooth implant treatment in general practices and at a specialist clinic
    • Reason for exclusion: abutment outcome not reported.
    • Andersson, B., Odman, P., Lindvall, A.M. & Branemark, P.I. (1998b) Five-year prospective study of prosthodontic and surgical single-tooth implant treatment in general practices and at a specialist clinic. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 11: 351-355. Reason for exclusion: abutment outcome not reported.
    • (1998) The International Journal of Prosthodontics , vol.11 , pp. 351-355
    • Andersson, B.1    Odman, P.2    Lindvall, A.M.3    Branemark, P.I.4
  • 86
    • 0030148130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical effectiveness of implant-supported single-tooth repla- cement: the Toronto study
    • Reason for exclusion: Lack of information regarding the abutment outcome.
    • Avivi-Arber, L. & Zarb, G.A. (1996) Clinical effectiveness of implant-supported single-tooth repla- cement: the Toronto study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11: 311-321. Reason for exclusion: Lack of information regarding the abutment outcome.
    • (1996) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.11 , pp. 311-321
    • Avivi-Arber, L.1    Zarb, G.A.2
  • 87
    • 0035434550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective analysis of the influence of abutment structure design on the success of implant unit. A 3-year controlled follow-up study
    • Reason for exclusion: no abutment survival data and very limited information on technical complications.
    • Bambini, F., Lo Muzio, L. & Procaccini, M. (2001) Retrospective analysis of the influence of abutment structure design on the success of implant unit. A 3-year controlled follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 12: 319-24. Reason for exclusion: no abutment survival data and very limited information on technical complications.
    • (2001) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.12 , pp. 319-324
    • Bambini, F.1    Lo Muzio, L.2    Procaccini, M.3
  • 88
    • 55349118815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate functional loading of implants placed with flapless surgery versus conventional implants in partially edentulous patients: a 3-year randomized controlled clinical trial
    • Reason for exclusion: lack of information on abutment material.
    • Cannizzaro, G., Leone, M., Consolo, U., Ferri, V. & Esposito, M. (2008) Immediate functional loading of implants placed with flapless surgery versus conventional implants in partially edentulous patients: a 3-year randomized controlled clinical trial. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 867-75. Reason for exclusion: lack of information on abutment material.
    • (2008) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.23 , pp. 867-875
    • Cannizzaro, G.1    Leone, M.2    Consolo, U.3    Ferri, V.4    Esposito, M.5
  • 89
    • 77649210578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fresh-socket implants in periapical infected sites in humans
    • Reason for exclusion: lack of information on abutment material.
    • Crespi, R., Capparè, P. & Gherlone, E. (2010a) Fresh-socket implants in periapical infected sites in humans. Journal of Periodontology 81: 378-383. Reason for exclusion: lack of information on abutment material.
    • (2010) Journal of Periodontology , vol.81 , pp. 378-383
    • Crespi, R.1    Capparè, P.2    Gherlone, E.3
  • 90
    • 78249252348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 4-year evaluation of the peri-implant parameters of immediately loaded implants placed in fresh extraction sockets
    • Reason for exclusion: lack of information for abutment material.
    • Crespi, R., Capparè, P. & Gherlone, E. (2010b) A 4-year evaluation of the peri-implant parameters of immediately loaded implants placed in fresh extraction sockets. Journal of Periodontology 81: 1629-1634. Reason for exclusion: lack of information for abutment material.
    • (2010) Journal of Periodontology , vol.81 , pp. 1629-1634
    • Crespi, R.1    Capparè, P.2    Gherlone, E.3
  • 91
    • 38149137481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate occlusal loading of implants placed in fresh sockets after tooth extraction
    • Reason for exclusion: lack of information for abutment material.
    • Crespi, R., Capparè, P., Gherlone, E. & Romanos, G.E. (2007) Immediate occlusal loading of implants placed in fresh sockets after tooth extraction. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22: 955-962. Reason for exclusion: lack of information for abutment material.
    • (2007) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.22 , pp. 955-962
    • Crespi, R.1    Capparè, P.2    Gherlone, E.3    Romanos, G.E.4
  • 92
    • 0037735292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical study of the efficacy of gold-tite square abutment screws in cement-retained implant restorations
    • Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • Drago, C.J. (2003) A clinical study of the efficacy of gold-tite square abutment screws in cement-retained implant restorations. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18: 273-8. Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • (2003) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.18 , pp. 273-278
    • Drago, C.J.1
  • 93
    • 0141719892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosthodontic complications in a prospective clinical trial of single-stage implants at 36 months
    • Reason for exclusion: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
    • Duncan, J.P., Nazarova, E., Vogiatzi, T. & Taylor, T.D. (2003) Prosthodontic complications in a prospective clinical trial of single-stage implants at 36 months. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18: 561-5. Reason for exclusion: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
    • (2003) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.18 , pp. 561-565
    • Duncan, J.P.1    Nazarova, E.2    Vogiatzi, T.3    Taylor, T.D.4
  • 94
    • 0028393761 scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation of single-tooth restorations supported by osseointegrated implants: a retrospective study
    • Reason for exclusion: less of 3 years' follow up.
    • Ekfeldt, A., Carlsson, G.E. & Borjesson, G. (1994) Clinical evaluation of single-tooth restorations supported by osseointegrated implants: a retrospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 9: 179-183. Reason for exclusion: less of 3 years' follow up.
    • (1994) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.9 , pp. 179-183
    • Ekfeldt, A.1    Carlsson, G.E.2    Borjesson, G.3
  • 95
    • 80053910286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zirconia abutments for single-tooth implant restorations: a retrospective and clinical follow-up study
    • Reason for exclusion: not enough data on patient population examined clinically.
    • Ekfeldt, A., Fürst, B. & Carlsson, G.E. (2011) Zirconia abutments for single-tooth implant restorations: a retrospective and clinical follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 22: 1308-1314. Reason for exclusion: not enough data on patient population examined clinically.
    • (2011) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.22 , pp. 1308-1314
    • Ekfeldt, A.1    Fürst, B.2    Carlsson, G.E.3
  • 96
    • 0029445733 scopus 로고
    • Single-tooth replacement by osseointegrated Brånemark implants. A retrospective study of 82 implants
    • Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • Engquist, B., Nilson, H. & Astrand, P. (1995) Single-tooth replacement by osseointegrated Brånemark implants. A retrospective study of 82 implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 6: 238-245. Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • (1995) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.6 , pp. 238-245
    • Engquist, B.1    Nilson, H.2    Astrand, P.3
  • 97
    • 78650194094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Esthetic outcomes with porcelain-fused-to-ceramic and all-ceramic single-implant crowns: a randomized clinical trial
    • Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • Gallucci, G.O., Grütter, L., Nedir, R., Bischof, M. & Belser, U.C. (2011b) Esthetic outcomes with porcelain-fused-to-ceramic and all-ceramic single-implant crowns: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Oral Implants Research 22: 62-9. Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • (2011) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.22 , pp. 62-69
    • Gallucci, G.O.1    Grütter, L.2    Nedir, R.3    Bischof, M.4    Belser, U.C.5
  • 98
    • 0035295616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-year prospective study of a single-tooth implant
    • Reason for exclusion: mixed one-piece abutments and "others", lack of information on abutments.
    • Johnson, R.H. & Persson, G.R. (2001) A 3-year prospective study of a single-tooth implant. Prosthodontic complications. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 14: 183-89. Reason for exclusion: mixed one-piece abutments and "others", lack of information on abutments.
    • (2001) Prosthodontic complications. The International Journal of Prosthodontics , vol.14 , pp. 183-189
    • Johnson, R.H.1    Persson, G.R.2
  • 99
    • 53549113328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of mandibular posterior single implants with two different surfaces: a 5-year comparative study
    • Reason for exclusion: technical complications not reported.
    • Jung, U.W., Choi, J.Y., Kim, C.S., Cho, K.S., Chai, J.K., Kim, C.K. & Choi, S.H. (2008b) Evaluation of mandibular posterior single implants with two different surfaces: a 5-year comparative study. Journal of Periodontology 79: 1857-63. Reason for exclusion: technical complications not reported.
    • (2008) Journal of Periodontology , vol.79 , pp. 1857-1863
    • Jung, U.W.1    Choi, J.Y.2    Kim, C.S.3    Cho, K.S.4    Chai, J.K.5    Kim, C.K.6    Choi, S.H.7
  • 100
    • 0031116313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative prospective clinical study of two single-tooth implants: a preliminary report of 102 implants
    • Reason for exclusion: only 1 year follow-up.
    • Kemppainen, P., Eskola, S. & Ylipaavalniemi, P. (1997) A comparative prospective clinical study of two single-tooth implants: a preliminary report of 102 implants. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 77: 382-7. Reason for exclusion: only 1 year follow-up.
    • (1997) The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , vol.77 , pp. 382-387
    • Kemppainen, P.1    Eskola, S.2    Ylipaavalniemi, P.3
  • 101
    • 84867626147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical use of alumina-toughened zirconia abutments for implant-supported restoration: prospective cohort study of survival analysis
    • Accepted for publication. Reason for exclusion: not enough data on abutment population.
    • Kim, S.-S., Yeo, I.-S., Lee, S.-J., Kim, D.-J., Jang, B. M., Kim, S.-H. & Han, J.-S. (2012) Clinical use of alumina-toughened zirconia abutments for implant-supported restoration: prospective cohort study of survival analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research. Accepted for publication. Reason for exclusion: not enough data on abutment population.
    • (2012) Clinical Oral Implants Research
    • Kim, S.-S.1    Yeo, I.-S.2    Lee, S.-J.3    Kim, D.-J.4    Jang, B.M.5    Kim, S.-H.6    Han, J.-S.7
  • 102
    • 0036365978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-tooth replacement with the Frialit-2 system: a retrospective clinical analysis of 146 implants
    • Reasons for exclusion: not enough information on the incidence of complications related to time of function of the restorations and wide variability of crown fixation methods.
    • Krennmair, G., Schmidinger, S. & Waldenberger, O. (2002) Single-tooth replacement with the Frialit-2 system: a retrospective clinical analysis of 146 implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17: 78-85. Reasons for exclusion: not enough information on the incidence of complications related to time of function of the restorations and wide variability of crown fixation methods.
    • (2002) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.17 , pp. 78-85
    • Krennmair, G.1    Schmidinger, S.2    Waldenberger, O.3
  • 103
    • 0033158898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter retrospective analysis of the ITI implant system used for single-tooth replacements: results of loading for 2 or more years
    • Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • Levine, R.A., Clem, D.S., Wilson, T.G., Higginbottom, F. & Solnit, G. (1999) Multicenter retrospective analysis of the ITI implant system used for single-tooth replacements: results of loading for 2 or more years. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14: 516-20. Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • (1999) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.14 , pp. 516-520
    • Levine, R.A.1    Clem, D.S.2    Wilson, T.G.3    Higginbottom, F.4    Solnit, G.5
  • 104
    • 0035464458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single tooth replacement by morse taper connection implants: a retrospective study of 80 implants
    • Reason for exclusion: insufficient information on abutments.
    • Mangano, C. & Bartolucci, E.G. (2001) Single tooth replacement by morse taper connection implants: a retrospective study of 80 implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16: 675-680. Reason for exclusion: insufficient information on abutments.
    • (2001) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.16 , pp. 675-680
    • Mangano, C.1    Bartolucci, E.G.2
  • 105
    • 0035430649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation and prosthetic complications of single tooth replacements by non-submerged implants
    • Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • Mericske-Stern, R., Grütter, L., Rösch, R. & Mericske, E. (2001) Clinical evaluation and prosthetic complications of single tooth replacements by non-submerged implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 12: 309-18. Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • (2001) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.12 , pp. 309-318
    • Mericske-Stern, R.1    Grütter, L.2    Rösch, R.3    Mericske, E.4
  • 106
    • 0035491604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brånemark System and ITI Dental Implant System for treatment of mandibular edentulism. A comparative randomized study: 3-year follow-up
    • Reason for exclusion: full-arch implant bridges for fully edentulous jaws.
    • Moberg, L.E., Köndell, P.A., Sagulin, G.B., Bolin, A., Heimdahl, A. & Gynther, G.W. (2001) Brånemark System and ITI Dental Implant System for treatment of mandibular edentulism. A comparative randomized study: 3-year follow-up. Clinical Oral Implants Research 12: 450-61. Reason for exclusion: full-arch implant bridges for fully edentulous jaws.
    • (2001) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.12 , pp. 450-461
    • Moberg, L.E.1    Köndell, P.A.2    Sagulin, G.B.3    Bolin, A.4    Heimdahl, A.5    Gynther, G.W.6
  • 107
    • 33750535663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple single-tooth implant restorations in the posterior jaws: maintenance of marginal bone levels with reference to the implant-abutment microgap
    • Reason for exclusion: insufficient information and data on abutments.
    • Norton, M.R. (2006) Multiple single-tooth implant restorations in the posterior jaws: maintenance of marginal bone levels with reference to the implant-abutment microgap. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21: 777-84. Reason for exclusion: insufficient information and data on abutments.
    • (2006) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.21 , pp. 777-784
    • Norton, M.R.1
  • 108
    • 0034172846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 5-year prospective study of Astra single tooth implants
    • Reason for exclusion: insufficient information and data on abutments.
    • Palmer, R.M., Palmer, P.J. & Smith, B.J. (2000) A 5-year prospective study of Astra single tooth implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11: 179-82. Reason for exclusion: insufficient information and data on abutments.
    • (2000) Clinical Oral Implants Research , vol.11 , pp. 179-182
    • Palmer, R.M.1    Palmer, P.J.2    Smith, B.J.3
  • 109
    • 0034327245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single molar replacement with a progressive thread design implant system: a retrospective clinical report
    • Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • Romanos, G.E. & Nentwig, G.H. (2000) Single molar replacement with a progressive thread design implant system: a retrospective clinical report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 15: 831-6. Reason for exclusion: mean follow-up less than 3 years.
    • (2000) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants , vol.15 , pp. 831-836
    • Romanos, G.E.1    Nentwig, G.H.2
  • 110
    • 0033222825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A retrospective evaluation of 259 single-tooth replacements by the use of Brånemark implants
    • Reason for exclusion: insufficient information and data on abutments.
    • Scholander, S. (1999) A retrospective evaluation of 259 single-tooth replacements by the use of Brånemark implants. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 12: 483-91. Reason for exclusion: insufficient information and data on abutments.
    • (1999) The International Journal of Prosthodontics , vol.12 , pp. 483-491
    • Scholander, S.1


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