A systematic review of the performance of ceramic and metal implant abutments supporting fixed implant reconstructions

Clinical Oral Implants Research

Volumn 20, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2009, Pages 4-31

  Sailer, Irena ^a   Philipp, Alexander ^a   Zembic, Anja ^a   Pjetursson, Bjarni E ^b   Hämmerle, Christoph H F ^a   Zwahlen, Marcel ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Biological complications; Ceramics; Complication rates; Failures; Implant abutments; Implant reconstructions; Metal; Stability; Strength; Survival; Systematic review; Technical complications; Titanium; Zirconia

Indexed keywords

GOLD ALLOY; TITANIUM;

ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS; ANIMAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DENTAL CARE; DENTAL SURGERY; DENTURE; GINGIVA DISEASE; HUMAN; REVIEW; SURVIVAL; TOOTH CROWN; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS; ANIMALS; CROWNS; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; DENTAL PORCELAIN; DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED; DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE; DENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS; DENTURE, PARTIAL, FIXED; GINGIVAL RECESSION; GOLD ALLOYS; HUMANS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TITANIUM;

EID: 68549092603     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: 16000501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01787.x     Document Type: Review

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106. Cordioli, G., Castagna, S. Consolati, E. (1994) Single-tooth implant rehabilitation: a retrospective study of 67 implants. International Journal of Prosthodontics 7 : 525 531. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
107. Cosci, F. Cosci, B. (1997) A 7-year retrospective study of 423 immediate implants. Compendium 18 : 940 948. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
108. Cummings, J. Arbree, N.S. (1995) Prosthodontic treatment of patients receiving implants by predoctoral students: five-year follow-up with the IMZ system. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 74 : 56 59. Exclusion criteria: only removable reconstructions were analyzed.
109. De Bruyn, H., Collaert, B., Lindén, U., Johansson, C. Albrektsson, T. (1999) Clinical outcome of Screw Vent implants. A 7-year prospective follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10 : 139 148. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
110. De Leonardis, D., Garg, A.K. Pecora, G.E. (1999) Osseointegration of rough acid-etched titanium implants: 5-year follow-up of 100 minimatic implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 384 391. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
111. Deporter, D.A., Todescan, R., Watson, P.A., Pharoah, M., Pilliard, R.M. Tomlinson, G. (2001) A prospective human clinical trial of Endopore dental implants in restoring the partially edentulous maxilla using fixed prostheses. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16 : 527 536. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
112. Dhanrajani, P.J. Al-Rafee, M.A. (2005) Single-tooth implant restorations: a retrospective study. Implant Dentistry 14 : 125 130. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
113. Döring, K., Eisenmann, E. Stiller, M. (2004) Functional and esthetic considerations for single-tooth Ankylos implant-crowns: 8 years of clinical performance. Journal of Oral Implantology 30 : 198 209. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
114. Duncan, J.P., Nazarova, E., Vogiatzi, T. Taylor, T.D. (2003) Prosthodontic complications in a prospective clinical trial of single-stage implants at 36 months. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18 : 561 565. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
115. Eckert, S.E. Wollan, P.C. (1998) Retrospective review of 1170 endosseous implants placed in partially edentulous jaws. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 79 : 415 421. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
116. Ekfeldt, A., Carlsson, G.E. Borjesson, G. (1994) Clinical evaluation of single-tooth restorations supported by osseointegrated implants: a retrospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 9 : 179 183. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
117. Eliasson, A. (2008) On the role of number of fixtures, surgical technique and timing of loading. Swedish Dental Journal Supplement 197 : 3 95. Exclusion criteria: thesis, no clinical study.
118. Engquist, B., Nilson, H. Astrand, P. (1995) Single-tooth replacement by osseointegrated Brånemark implants. A retrospective study of 82 implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 6 : 238 245. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
119. Ericsson, I., Randow, K., Nilner, K. Petersson, A. (1997) Some clinical and radiographical features of submerged and non-submerged titanium implants. A 5-year follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 8 : 422 426. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
120. Ericsson, I., Randow, K., Nilner, K. Peterson, A. (2000) Early functional loading of Brånemark dental implants: 5-year clinical follow-up study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 2 : 70 77. Exclusion criteria: edentulous patients.
121. Fiorellini, J.P., Martuscelli, G. Weber, H.P. (1998) Longitudinal studies of implant systems. Periodontology 2000 17 : 125 131. Exclusion criteria: no clinical study.
122. Friberg, B., Nilson, H., Olsson, M. Palmquist, C. (1997) Mk ii: THE self-tapping Brånemark implant: 5-year results of a prospective 3-center study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 8 : 279 285. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data, mixed fixed and removable reconstructions.
123. Fugazzotto, P.A., Gulbransen, H.J., Wheeler, S.L. Lindsay, J.A. (1993) The use of IMZ osseointegrated implants in partially and completely edentulous patients: SUCCESS and failure rates of 2,023 implant cylinders up to 60+ months in function. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 8 : 617 621. Exclusion criteria: removable reconstructions.
124. Fugazzotto, P.A., Vlassis, J. Butler, B. (2004) ITI implant use in private practice: clinical results with 5,526 implants followed up to 72+ months in function. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19 : 408 412. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
125. Fugazzotto, P.A., Wheeler, S.L. Lindsay, J.A. (1993) Success and failure rates of cylinder implants in type IV bone. Journal of Periodontology 64 : 1085 1087. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
126. Garlini, G., Bianchi, C., Chierichetti, V., Sigurta, D., Maiorana, C. Santoro, F. (2003) Retrospective clinical study of Osseotite implants: zero- to 5-year results. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18 : 589 593. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years, mixed fixed and removable reconstructions.
127. Golec, T.S. Krauser, J.T. (1992) Long-term retrospective studies on hydroxyapatite coated endosteal and subperiosteal implants. Dental Clinics of North America 36 : 39 65. Exclusion criteria: review. Mixed reconstructions on blade and cylindrical implants.
128. Gomez-Roman, G., Schulte, W., d'Hoedt, B. Axman-Krcmar, D. (1997) The Frialit-2 implant system: five-year clinical experience in single-tooth and immediately postextraction applications. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 12 : 299 309. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
129. 2-blasted surface. Journal of Prosthodontics 10 : 2 7. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
130. Gothberg, C., Bergendal, T. Magnusson, T. (2003) Complications after treatment with implant-supported fixed prostheses: a retrospective study. The International Journal of Prosthodontics 16 : 201 207. Exclusion criteria: 75 of 78 patients edentulous, no abutment survival data on 3 FDP.
131. Greenfield, E.J. (2008) Implantation of artificial crown and bridge abutments. 1913. Compendium Continuing Education in Dentistry 29 : 232 237. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
132. Groisman, M., Ferreira, H.M., Frossard, W.M., de Menezes Filho, L.M. Harari, N.D. (2001) Clinical evaluation of hydroxyapatite-coated single-tooth implants: a 5-year retrospective study. Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry 13 : 355 360 quiz 362. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
133. Gunne, J., Åstrand, P., Ahlen, K., Borg, K. Olsson, M. (1992) Implants in partially edentulous patients. A longitudinal study of bridges supported by both implants and natural teeth. Clinical Oral Implants Research 3 : 49 56. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs.
134. Gunne, J., Åstrand, P., Lindh, T., Borg, K. Olsson, M. (1999) Tooth-implant and implant supported fixed partial dentures: a 10-year report. International Journal of Prosthodontics 12 : 216 221. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs, no abutment survival data.
135. Gunne, J., Jemt, T. Linden, B. (1994) Implant treatment in partially edentulous patients: a report on prostheses after 3 years. International Journal of Prosthodontics 7 : 143 148. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
136. Gunne, J., Nystrom, E. Kahnberg, K.E. (1995) Bone grafts and implants in the treatment of the severely resorbed maxillae: a 3-year follow-up of the prosthetic restoration. International Journal of Prosthodontics 8 : 38 45. Exclusion criteria: edentulous patients.
137. Haas, R., Mensdorff-Pouilly, N., Mailath, G. Watzek, G. (1995) Brånemark single tooth implants: a preliminary report of 76 implants. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 73 : 274 279. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
138. Haas, R., Mensdorff-Pouilly, N., Mailath, G. Watzek, G. (1996) Survival of 1,920 IMZ implants followed for up to 100 months. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 : 581 588. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
139. Haas, R., Polak, C., Furhauser, R., Mailath-Pokorny, G., Dortbudak, O. Watzek, G. (2002) A long-term follow-up of 76 Brånemark single-tooth implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13 : 38 43. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
140. Hahn, J. Vassos, D.M. (1997) Long-term efficacy of hydroxyapatite-coated cylindrical implants. Implant Dentistry 6 : 111 115. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
141. Hedkvist, L., Mattsson, T. Hellden, L.B. (2004) Clinical performance of a method for the fabrication of implant-supported precisely fitting titanium frameworks: a retrospective 5- to 8-year clinical follow-up study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 6 : 174 180. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
142. Heller, A.L. Heller, R.L. (1996) Clinical evaluations of a porous-surfaced endosseous implant system. Journal of Oral Implantology 22 : 240 246. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
143. Henriksson, K. Jemt, T. (2003) Evaluation of custom-made procera ceramic abutments for single-implant tooth replacement: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. International Journal of Prosthodontics 16 : 626 630. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
144. Henry, P.J., Tolman, D.E. Bolender, C. (1993) The applicability of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of partially edentulous patients: three-year results of a prospective multicenter study. Quintessence International 24 : 123 129. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
145. Heydecke, G., Sierraalta, M. Razzoog, M.E. (2002) Evolution and use of aluminum oxide single-tooth implant abutments: a short review and presentation of two cases. International Journal of Prosthodontics 15 : 488 493. Exclusion criteria: no information on observation period.
146. Higuchi, K.W., Folmer, T. Kultje, C. (1995) Implant survival rates in partially edentulous patients: a 3-year prospective multicenter study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 53 : 264 268. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
147. Hosny, M., Duyck, J., van Steenberghe, D. Naert, I. (2000) Within-subject comparison between connected and nonconnected tooth-to-implant fixed partial prostheses: up to 14-year follow-up study. International Journal of Prosthodontics 13 : 340 346. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
148. Hürzeler, M.B., Kirsch, A., Ackermann, K.L. Quinones, C.R. (1996) Reconstruction of the severely resorbed maxilla with dental implants in the augmented maxillary sinus: a 5-year clinical investigation. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 : 466 475. Exclusion criteria: insufficient informations on abutments.
149. Ingber, A. Prestipino, V. (1991) High-strength ceramic abutment provides esthetic, functional alternative. Dental Implantology Update 2 : 70 72. Exclusion criteria: description of a specific abutment.
150. Ivanoff, C.J., Grondahl, K., Sennerby, L., Bergstrom, C. Lekholm, U. (1999) Influence of variations in implant diameters: a 3- to 5-year retrospective clinical report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 173 180. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
151. Jaggers, A., Simons, A.M. Badr, S.E. (1993) Abutment selection for anterior single tooth replacement. A clinical report. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 69 : 133 135. Exclusion criteria: case report, no information on observation period.
152. Jebreen, S.E. Khraisat, A. (2007) Multicenter retrospective study of ITI implant-supported posterior partial prosthesis in Jordan. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 9 : 89 93. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
153. Jemt, T. Lekholm, U. (1993) Oral implant treatment in posterior partially edentulous jaws: a 5-year follow-up report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 8 : 635 640. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
154. Jemt, T. Pettersson, P. (1993) A 3-year follow-up study on single implant treatment. Journal of Dentistry 21 : 203 208. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
155. Johansson, L.A. Ekfeldt, A. (2003) Implant-supported fixed partial prostheses: a retrospective study. International Journal of Prosthodontics 16 : 172 176. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
156. Johnson, R.H. Persson, G.R. (2001) A 3-year prospective study of a single-tooth implant-prosthodontic complications. International Journal of Prosthodontics 14 : 183 189. Exclusion criteria: mixed one-piece abutments and 'others,' lack of information on abutments.
157. Kaptein, M.L., De Putter, C., De Lange, G.L. Blijdorp, P.A. (1999) A clinical evaluation of 76 implant-supported superstructures in the composite grafted maxilla. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 26 : 619 623. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
158. Karl, M., Rosch, S., Graef, F., Taylor, T.D. Heckmann, S.M. (2005) Static implant loading caused by as-cast metal and ceramic-veneered superstructures. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 93 : 324 330. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
159. Karoussis, I.K., Brägger, U., Salvi, G.E., Bürgin, W. Lang, N.P. (2004) Effect of implant design on survival and success rates of titanium oral implants: a 10-year prospective cohort study of the ITI dental implant system. Clinical Oral Implants Research 15 : 8 17. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
160. Keller, W., Brägger, U. Mombelli, A. (1998) Peri-implant microflora of implants with cemented and screw retained suprastructures. Clinical Oral Implants Research 9 : 209 217. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments, unclear observation period.
161. Kindberg, H., Gunne, J. Kronström, M. (2001) Tooth- and implant-supported prostheses: a retrospective clinical follow-up up to 8 years. International Journal of Prosthodontics 14 : 575 581. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs.
162. Klineberg, I. (1993) An overview of Brånemark osseointegrated oral implants in Australia and New Zealand 1981-1992. Australian Prosthodontic Journal 7 (Suppl.) : 57 64. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
163. Knauf, M., Gerds, T., Muche, R. Strub, J.R. (2007) Survival and success rates of 3i implants in partially edentulous patients: results of a prospective study with up to 84-months' follow-up. Quintessence International 38 : 643 651. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
164. Ko, S.M., Lee, J.K., Eckert, S.E. Choi, Y.G. (2006) Retrospective multicenter cohort study of the clinical performance of 2-stage implants in south Korean populations. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21 : 785 788. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
165. Kollar, A., Huber, S., Mericske, E. Mericske-Stern, R. (2008) Zirconia for teeth and implants: a case series. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 28 : 479 487. Exclusion criteria: observation period too short.
166. Kourtis, S.G., Sotiriadou, S., Voliotis, S. Challas, A. (2004) Private practice results of dental implants. Part I: survival and evaluation of risk factors-part II: Surgical and prosthetic complications. Implant Dentistry 13 : 373 385. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
167. Kronström, M., McGrath, L. Chaytor, D. (2008) Implant dentistry in the undergraduate dental education program at Dalhousie University. Part 1: clinical outcomes. International Journal of Prosthodontics 21 : 124 128. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
168. Kucey, B.K. (1997) Implant placement in prosthodontics practice: a five-year retrospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 77 : 171 176. Exclusion criteria: unclear patients cohort, mixed reconstructions, insufficient information on abutments.
169. Lambrecht, J.T., Filippi, A., Kunzel, A.R. Schiel, H.J. (2003) Long-term evaluation of submerged and nonsubmerged ITI solid-screw titanium implants: a 10-year life table analysis of 468 implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18 : 826 834. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
170. Laney, W.R., Jemt, T., Harris, D., Henry, P.J., Krogh, P.H., Polizzi, G., Zarb, G.A. Herrmann, I. (1994) Osseointegrated implants for single-tooth replacement: progress report from a multicenter prospective study after 3 years. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 9 : 49 54. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
171. Lazzara, R., Siddiqui, A.A., Binon, P., Feldman, S.A., Weiner, R., Phillips, R. Gonshor, A. (1996) Retrospective multicenter analysis of 3i endosseous dental implants placed over a five-year period. Clinical Oral Implants Research 7 : 73 83. Exclusion criteria: mixed reconstructions, insufficient information on abutments.
172. Ledermann, P.D., Hassell, T.M. Hefti, A.F. (1993) Osseointegrated dental implants as alternative therapy to bridge construction or orthodontics in young patients: seven years of clinical experience. Pediatric Dentistry 15 : 327 333. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
173. Lekholm, U., Gröndahl, K. Jemt, T. (2006) Outcome of oral implant treatment in partially edentulous jaws followed 20 years in clinical function. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 8 : 178 186. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
174. Lekholm, U., Gunne, J., Henry, P., Higuchi, K., Linden, U., Bergstrom, C. van Steenberghe, D. (1999) Survival of the Brånemark implant in partially edentulous jaws: a 10-year prospective multicenter study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 639 645. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
175. Levine, R.A., Clem, D., Beagle, J., Ganeles, J., Johnson, P., Solnit, G. Keller, G.W. (2002) Multicenter retrospective analysis of the solid-screw ITI implant for posterior single-tooth replacements. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17 : 550 556. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
176. Levine, R.A., Ganeles, J., Jaffin, R.A., Clem, D.S. III., Beagle, J.R. Keller, G.W. (2007) Multicenter retrospective analysis of wide-neck dental implants for single molar replacement. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22 : 736 742. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
177. Lewis, S.G., Llamas, D. Avera, S. (1992) The UCLA abutment: a four-year review. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 67 : 509 515. Exclusion criteria: report on technical complications, but no data on survival.
178. Lindh, T., Gunne, J., Tillberg, A. Molin, M. (1998) A meta-analysis of implants in partial edentulism. Clinical Oral Implants Research 9 : 80 90. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
179. Lindquist, L.W., Carlsson, G.E. Jemt, T. (1996) A prospective 15-year follow-up study of mandibular fixed prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants. Clinical results and marginal bone loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research 7 : 329 336. Exclusion criteria: fully edentulous patients.
180. Lorenzoni, M., Pertl, C., Polansky, R.A., Jakse, N. Wegscheider, W.A. (2002) Evaluation of implants placed with barrier membranes. A retrospective follow-up study up to five years. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13 : 274 280. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
181. Mahn, D.H. Polack, M.A. (2008) Replacement of maxillary central incisors with implants. Dentistry Today 27 : 160, 162, 164. Exclusion criteria: no information on observation period.
182. Makkonen, T.A., Holmberg, S., Niemi, L., Olsson, C., Tammisalo, T. Peltola, J. (1997) A 5-year prospective clinical study of Astra Tech dental implants supporting fixed bridges or overdentures in the edentulous mandible. Clinical Oral Implants Research 8 : 469 475. Exclusion criteria: mixed fixed and removable reconstructions.
183. Mangano, C. Bartolucci, E.G. (2001) Single tooth replacement by morse taper connection implants: a retrospective study of 80 implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16 : 675 680. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
184. McDermott, N.E., Chuang, S.K., Woo, V.V. Dodson, T.B. (2003) Complications of dental implants: identification, frequency, and associated risk factors. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18 : 848 855. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
185. McMillan, A.S., Allen, P.F. Bin Ismail, I. (1998) A retrospective multicenter evaluation of single tooth implant experience at three centers in the United Kingdom. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 79 : 410 414. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years, no detailed report on abutments/ reconstructions.
186. Mengel, R., Schröder, T. Flores-de-Jacoby, L. (2001) Osseointegrated implants in patients treated for generalized chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis: 3- and 5-year results of a prospective long-term study. Journal of Periodontology 72 : 977 989. Exclusion criteria: mixed fixed and removable reconstructions.
187. Mericske-Stern, R., Grütter, L., Rösch, R. Mericske, E. (2001) Clinical evaluation and prosthetic complications of single tooth replacements by non-submerged implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 12 : 309 318. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
188. Morris, H.F. Ochi, S. (2000) Influence of two different approaches to reporting implant survival outcomes for five different prosthodontic applications. Annals of Periodontology 5 : 90 100. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
189. Muftu, A. Chapman, R.J. (1998) Replacing posterior teeth with freestanding implants: four-year prosthodontic results of a prospective study. Journal of the American Dental Association 129 : 1097 1102. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments.
190. Naert, I., Koutsikakis, G., Duyck, J., Quirynen, M., Jacobs, R. van Steenberghe, D. (2000) Biologic outcome of single-implant restorations as tooth replacements: a long-term follow-up study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 2 : 209 218. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
191. Naert, I., Koutsikakis, G., Duyck, J., Quirynen, M., Jacobs, R. van Steenberghe, D. (2002) Biologic outcome of implant-supported restorations in the treatment of partial edentulism. Part 1: a longitudinal clinical evaluation. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13 : 381 389. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments. (Pubitemid 41719952)
192. Naert, I., Koutsikakis, G., Quirynen, M., Duyck, J., van Steenberghe, D. Jacobs, R. (2002) Biologic outcome of implant-supported restorations in the treatment of partial edentulism. Part 2: a longitudinal radiographic study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13 : 390 395. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments. (Pubitemid 41719953)
193. Naert, I., Quirynen, M., van Steenberghe, D. Darius, P. (1992) A six-year prosthodontic study of 509 consecutively inserted implants for the treatment of partial edentulism. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 67 : 236 245. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
194. Naert, I., Quirynen, M., van Steenberghe, D. Darius, P. (1992) A study of 589 consecutive implants supporting complete fixed prostheses. Part ii: prosthetic aspects. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 68 : 949 956. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
195. Naert, I.E., Duyck, J.A., Hosny, M.M. van Steenberghe, D. (2001) Freestanding and tooth-implant connected prostheses in the treatment of partially edentulous patients. Part I: an up to 15-years clinical evaluation. Clinical Oral Implants Research 12 : 237 244. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments. (Pubitemid 33723226)
196. Nedir, R., Bischof, M., Szmukler-Moncler, S., Belser, U.C. Samson, J. (2006) Prosthetic complications with dental implants: from an up-to-8-year experience in private practice. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21 : 919 928. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
197. Nevins, M. Langer, B. (1993) The successful application of osseointegrated implants to the posterior jaw: a long-term retrospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 8 : 428 432. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
198. Nickenig, H.J., Schäfer, C. Spiekermann, H. (2006) Survival and complication rates of combined tooth-implant-supported fixed partial dentures. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17 : 506 511. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs.
199. Nickenig, H.J., Spiekermann, H., Wichmann, M., Andreas, S.K. Eitner, S. (2008) Survival and complication rates of combined tooth-implant-supported fixed and removable partial dentures. International Journal of Prosthodontics 21 : 131 137. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs.
200. Noack, N., Willer, J. Hoffmann, J. (1999) Long-term results after placement of dental implants: longitudinal study of 1,964 implants over 16 years. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 748 755. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
201. Norton, M.R. (1997) The Astra Tech single-tooth implant system: a report on 27 consecutively placed and restored implants. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 17 : 575 583. Exclusion criteria: for a magnitude of abutments mean follow-up <3 years, no detailed information on abutments with >3 years of follow-up.
202. Norton, M.R. (2006) Multiple single-tooth implant restorations in the posterior jaws: maintenance of marginal bone levels with reference to the implant-abutment microgap. International Journal Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21 : 777 784. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
203. Olsson, M., Gunne, J., Åstrand, P. Borg, K. (1995) Bridges supported by free-standing implants versus bridges supported by tooth and implant. A five-year prospective study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 6 : 114 121. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
204. Ormianer, Z. Palti, A. (2006) Long-term clinical evaluation of tapered multi-threaded implants: results and influences of potential risk factors. Journal of Oral Implantology 32 : 300 307. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
205. Ormianer, Z. Schiroli, G. (2006) Maxillary single-tooth replacement utilizing a novel ceramic restorative system: results to 30 months. Journal of Oral Implantology 32 : 190 199. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
206. Örtorp, A. Jemt, T. (1999) Clinical experiences of implant-supported prostheses with laser-welded titanium frameworks in the partially edentulous jaw: a 5-year follow-up study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 1 : 84 91. Exclusion criteria: lack of abutment survival and complication data.
207. Örtorp, A. Jemt, T. (2004) Clinical experiences of computer numeric control-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: a 5-year prospective study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 6 : 199 209. Exclusion criteria: edentulous patients supporting fixed prostheses.
208. Oxby, G., Bengtsson, J., Busch, S., Hedkvist, L., Lindqvist, J. Moberg, P. (2004) An alternative method for the fabrication of customised abutments for single tooth replacements. A clinical follow-up after 18 months. Swedish Dental Journal 28 : 21 27. Exclusion criteria: description of a customised abutment fabrication method.
209. Özkan, Y., Özcan, M., Akoglu, B., Ucankale, M. Kulak-Özkan, Y. (2007) Three-year treatment outcomes with three brands of implants placed in the posterior maxilla and mandible of partially edentulous patients. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97 : 78 84. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
210. Palmer, R., Palmer, P. Howe, L. (1999) Complications and maintenance. British Dental Journal 187 : 653 658. Exclusion criteria: descriptive article.
211. Palmer, R.M., Howe, L.C. Palmer, P.J. (2005) A prospective 3-year study of fixed bridges linking Astra Tech ST implants to natural teeth. Clinical Oral Implants Research 16 : 302 307. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs.
212. Palmer, R.M., Palmer, P.J. Smith, B.J. (2000) A 5-year prospective study of Astra single tooth implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11 : 179 182. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
213. Parein, A.M., Eckert, S.E., Wollan, P.C. Keller, E.E. (1997) Implant reconstruction in the posterior mandible: a long-term retrospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 78 : 34 42. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
214. Polack, M.A. Mahn, D.H. (2008) The use of a customized prefabricated zirconia abutment and zirconia crown in the restoration of an immediately provisionalized implant in the esthetic zone. The Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 29 : 358 362. Exclusion criteria: report of a single case.
215. Polizzi, G., Grunder, U., Goene, R., Hatano, N., Henry, P., Jackson, W.J., Kawamura, K., Renouard, F., Rosenberg, R., Triplett, G., Werbitt, M. Lithner, B. (2000) Immediate and delayed implant placement into extraction sockets: a 5-year report. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 2 : 93 99. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
216. Prestipino, V. Ingber, A. (1993) Esthetic high strength implant abutments. Part I. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 5 : 29 36. Exclusion criteria: description of a specific abutment.
217. Prestipino, V. Ingber, A. (1993) Esthetic high strength implant abutments. Part II. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 8 : 255 262. Exclusion criteria: description of a specific abutment.
218. Priest, G. (1999) Single-tooth implants and their role in preserving remaining teeth: a 10-year survival study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 181 188. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
219. Pylant, T., Triplett, R.G., Key, M.C. Brunsvold, M.A. (1992) A retrospective evaluation of endosseous titanium implants in the partially edentulous patient. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 7 : 195 202. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
220. Quirynen, M., Naert, I., van Steenberghe, D., Dekeyser, C. Callens, A. (1992) Periodontal aspects of osseointegrated fixtures supporting a partial bridge. An up to 6-years retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 19 : 118 126. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
221. Rasmusson, L., Roos, J. Bystedt, H. (2005) A 10-year follow-up study of titanium dioxide-blasted implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 7 : 36 42. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
222. Renouard, F., Arnoux, J.P. Sarment, D.P. (1999) Five-mm-diameter implants without a smooth surface collar: report on 98 consecutive placements. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14 : 101 107. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
223. Rodriguez, A.M., Orenstein, I.H., Morris, H.F. Ochi, S. (2000) Survival of various implant-supported prosthesis designs following 36 months of clinical function. Annals of Periodontology 5 : 101 108. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
224. Romeo, E., Lops, D., Amorfini, L., Chiapasco, M., Ghisolfi, M. Vogel, G. (2006) Clinical and radiographic evaluation of small-diameter (3.3 mm) implants followed for 1-7 years: a longitudinal study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17 : 139 148. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
225. Saadoun, A.P. Le Gall, M.G. (1996) An 8-year compilation of clinical results obtained with Steri-Oss endosseous implants. Compendium 17 : 669 684. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
226. Sadoun, M. Perelmuter, S. (1997) Alumina-zirconia machinable abutments for implant-supported single-tooth anterior crowns. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 9 : 1047 1053 quiz 1054. Exclusion criteria: description of a specific abutment, no follow-up.
227. Schaffner, H.M., Behneke, N., Müller, F. Scheller, H. (2004) Klinische Untersuchungen zur Versorgung mit ProceraAllCeram-Kronen auf natürlichen Zähnen und Implantaten. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 59 : 17 22. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
228. Schmitt, A. Zarb, G.A. (1993) The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants for single-tooth replacement. International Journal of Prosthodontics 6 : 197 202. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
229. Schnitman, P.A., Wöhrle, P.S., Rubenstein, J.E., DaSilva, J.D. Wang, N.H. (1997) Ten-year results for Brånemark implants immediately loaded with fixed prostheses at implant placement. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 12 : 495 503. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
230. Scholander, S. (1999) A retrospective evaluation of 259 single-tooth replacements by the use of Brånemark implants. International Journal of Prosthodontics 12 : 483 491. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
231. Schwartz-Arad, D., Samet, N. Samet, N. (1999) Single tooth replacement of missing molars: a retrospective study of 78 implants. Journal of Periodontology 70 : 449 454. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
232. Sethi, A., Kaus, T. Sochor, P. (2000) The use of angulated abutments in implant dentistry: five-year clinical results of an ongoing prospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 15 : 801 810. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
233. Sethi, A., Kaus, T., Sochor, P., Axmann-Krcmar, D. Chanavaz, M. (2002) Evolution of the concept of angulated abutments in implant dentistry: 14-year clinical data. Implant Dentistry 11 : 41 51. Exclusion criteria: insufficient outcome data on abutments.
234. Singer, A. Serfaty, V. (1996) Cement-retained implant-supported fixed partial dentures: a 6-month to 3-year follow-up. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 : 645 649. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
235. Small, P.N., Tarnow, D.P. Cho, S.C. (2001) Gingival recession around wide-diameter versus standard-diameter implants: a 3- to 5-year longitudinal prospective study. Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry 13 : 143 146. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
236. Smedberg, J.I., Johansson, P., Ekenback, D. Wannfors, D. (2001) Implants and sinus-inlay graft in a 1-stage procedure in severely atrophied maxillae: prosthodontic aspects in a 3-year follow-up study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16 : 668 674. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
237. Snauwaert, K., Duyck, J., van Steenberghe, D., Quirynen, M. Naert, I. (2000) Time dependent failure rate and marginal bone loss of implant supported prostheses: a 15-year follow-up study. Clinical Oral Investigations 4 : 13 20. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
238. Steenberghe van, D., Klinge, B., Lindén, U., Quirynen, M., Herrmann, I. Garpland, C. (1993) Periodontal indices around natural and titanium abutments: a longitudinal multicenter study. Journal of Periodontology 64 : 538 541. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
239. Steenberghe van, D., Lekholm, U., Bolender, C., Folmer, T., Henry, P., Herrmann, I., Higuchi, K., Laney, W., Linden, U. Åstrand, P. (1990) Applicability of osseointegrated oral implants in the rehabilitation of partial edentulism: a prospective multicenter study on 558 fixtures. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 5 : 272 281. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
240. Steveling, H., Roos, J. Rasmusson, L. (2001) Maxillary implants loaded at 3 months after insertion: results with Astra Tech implants after up to 5 years. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 3 : 120 124. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
241. Strietzel, F.P. Reichart, P.A. (2007) Oral rehabilitation using Camlog screw-cylinder implants with a particle-blasted and acid-etched microstructured surface. Results from a prospective study with special consideration of short implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18 : 591 600. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
242. Stultz, E.R., Lofland, R., Sendax, V.I. Hornbuckle, C. (1993) A multicenter 5-year retrospective survival analysis of 6200 Integral implants. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 14 : 478, 480, 482, passim. Exclusion criteria: no abutment survival data.
243. Tangerud, T., Gronningsaeter, A.G. Taylor, A. (2002) Fixed partial dentures supported by natural teeth and Brånemark system implants: a 3-year report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17 : 212 219. Exclusion criteria: combined tooth-implant supported FPDs.
244. Tawil, G., Aboujaoude, N. Younan, R. (2006) Influence of prosthetic parameters on the survival and complication rates of short implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21 : 275 282. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
245. Tawil, G. Younan, R. (2003) Clinical evaluation of short, machined-surface implants followed for 12 to 92 months. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18 : 894 901. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
246. Thierer, T., Davliakos, J.P., Keith, J.D. Jr., Sanders, J.J., Tarnow, D.P. Rivers, J.A. (2008) Five-year prospective clinical evaluation of highly crystalline HA MP-1-coated dental implants. Journal of Oral Implantology 34 : 39 46. Exclusion criteria: insufficient informations/data on abutments.
247. Tinschert, J., Tokmakidis, K., Latzke, P., Natt, G. Spiekermann, H. (2007) Zirkonoxid in der Implantologie- Grundlagen und aktuelle Aspekte. Implantologie 15 : 371 381. Exclusion criteria: descriptive article, no data.
248. Tolman, D.E. Laney, W.R. (1992) Tissue-integrated prosthesis complications. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 7 : 477 484. Exclusion criteria: fully edentulous patients supporting overdentures.
249. Turkyilmaz, I. (2006) A 3-year prospective clinical and radiologic analysis of early loaded maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns. International Journal of Prosthodontics 19 : 389 390. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
250. Turkyilmaz, I., Avci, M., Kuran, S. Ozbek, E.N. (2007) A 4-year prospective clinical and radiological study of maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns using early and delayed loading protocols. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 9 : 222 227. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
251. Vafiadis, D. (2008) Predictable Implant Abutment Selection. Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry 20 : 224. Exclusion criteria: editorial commentary.
252. Vigolo, P., Givani, A., Majzoub, Z. Cordioli, G. (2004) Cemented versus screw-retained implant-supported single-tooth crowns: a 4-year prospective clinical study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19 : 260 265. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
253. Walther, W., Klemke, J., Wörle, M. Heners, M. (1996) Implant-supported single-tooth replacements: risk of implant and prosthesis failure. Journal of Oral Implantology 22 : 236 239. Exclusion criteria: blade implants, insufficient data.
254. Walton, J.N. MacEntee, M.I. (1994) Problems with prostheses on implants: a retrospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 71 : 283 288. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
255. Watkin, A. Kerstein, R.B. (2008) Improving darkened anterior peri-implant tissue color with zirconia custom implant abutments. The Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 29 : 238 240, 242. Exclusion criteria: report of 2 cases, no follow-up.
256. Watson, C.J., Tinsley, D., Ogden, A.R., Russell, J.L., Mulay, S. Davison, E.M. (1999) A 3 to 4 year study of single tooth hydroxylapatite coated endosseous dental implants. British Dental Journal 187 : 90 94. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
257. Watson, C.J., Tinsley, D. Sharma, S. (2000) Implant complications and failures: the single-tooth restoration. Dental Update 27 : 35 38, 40, 42. Exclusion criteria: no follow-up.
258. Weber, H.P., Crohin, C.C. Fiorellini, J.P. (2000) A 5-year prospective clinical and radiographic study of non-submerged dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11 : 144 153. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
259. Weber, H.P., Kim, D.M., Ng, M.W., Hwang, J.W. Fiorellini, J.P. (2006) Peri-implant soft-tissue health surrounding cement- and screw-retained implant restorations: a multi-center, 3-year prospective study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17 : 375 379. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
260. Wedgwood, D., Jennings, K.J., Critchlow, H.A., Watkinson, A.C., Shepherd, J.P., Frame, J.W., Laird, W.R. Quayle, A.A. (1992) Experience with ITI osseointegrated implants at five centres in the UK. The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 30 : 377 381. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
261. Weibrich, G., Buch, R.S., Wegener, J. Wagner, W. (2001) Five-year prospective follow-up report of the Astra Tech standard dental implant in clinical treatment. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16 : 557 562. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
262. Wennerberg, A. Jemt, T. (1999) Complications in partially edentulous implant patients: a 5-year retrospective follow-up study of 133 patients supplied with unilateral maxillary prostheses. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 1 : 49 55. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
263. Wennerberg, A., Sennerby, L., Kultje, C. Lekholm, U. (2003) Some soft tissue characteristics at implant abutments with different surface topography. A study in humans. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 30 : 88 94. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up <3 years.
264. Wheeler, S.L. (1996) Eight-year clinical retrospective study of titanium plasma-sprayed and hydroxyapatite-coated cylinder implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 : 340 350. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
265. Yildirim, M., Edelhoff, D., Hanisch, O. Spiekermann, H. (2000) Ceramic abutments - a new era in achieving optimal esthetics in implant dentistry. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 20 : 81 91. Exclusion criteria: descriptive article, no follow-up.
266. Yoshida, K., Takamatsu, Y., Adachi, Y., Kishi, M., Sekine, H. Shigematsu, T. (1996) Functioning survival rate of fixtures and superstructures of osseointegrated implants: ten years of progress in Tokyo Dental College Hospital (second report). The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 37 : 55 62. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
267. Zarb, G.A. Schmitt, A. (1989) The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants: the Toronto study. Part II. The prosthetic results. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 64 : 53 61. Exclusion criteria: edentulous patients supporting fixed prostheses.
268. Zarb, G.A. Schmitt, A. (1989) The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants: the Toronto study. Part III: Problems and complications encountered. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 64 : 185 194. Exclusion criteria: edentulous patients supporting fixed and removable prostheses.
269. Zarb, G.A. Schmitt, A. (1993) The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants in anterior partially edentulous patients. International Journal of Prosthodontics 6 : 180 188. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
270. Zarb, G.A. Schmitt, A. (1993) The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants in posterior partially edentulous patients. International Journal of Prosthodontics 6 : 189 196. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
271. Zarb, J.P. Zarb, G.A. (2002) Implant prosthodontic management of anterior partial edentulism: long-term follow-up of a prospective study. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 68 : 92 96. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information/data on abutments.
272. Zarone, F., Sorrentino, R., Vaccaro, F., Russo, S. De Simone, G. (2005) Retrospective clinical evaluation of 86 Procera AllCeram anterior single crowns on natural an implant-supported abutments. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 7 (Suppl. 1) : S95 S103. Exclusion criteria: insufficient information on abutments and lack of survival data.
273. Zinsli, B., Sägesser, T., Mericske, E. Mericske-Stern, R. (2004) Clinical evaluation of small-diameter ITI implants: a prospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19 : 92 99. Exclusion criteria: mixed removable and fixed reconstructions, no detailed data for fixed reconstructions.
274. Basten, C.H.-J., Nicholls, J.I., Daly, C.H. Taggart, R. (1996) Load fatigue performance of two implant-abutment combinations. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11 : 522 528. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
275. Brodbeck, U. (2003) The ZiReal post: a new ceramic implant abutment. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 15 : 10 24. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
276. Canullo, L., Morgia, P. Marinotti, F. (2007) Preliminary laboratory evaluation of biocomponent customized zirconia abutments. International Journal of Prosthodontics 20 : 486 488. Exclusion criteria: insufficient data on stability of abutments.
277. Khraisat, A. (2005) Stability of implant-abutment interface with a hexagon-mediated butt joint: failure mode and bending resistance. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 7 : 221 228. Exclusion criteria: same setting but different load application like in already the included study (Khraisat et al. 2004, Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research).
278. Khraisat, A., Stegaroiu, R., Nomura, S. Miyakawa, O. (2002) Fatigue resistance of two implant/abutment joint designs. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 88 : 604 610. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
279. Papavasiliou, G., Tripodakis, A.P.D., Kamposiora, P., Strub, J.R. Bayne, S.C. (1996) Finite element analysis of ceramic abutment-restoration combinations for osseointegrated implants. International Journal of Prosthodontics 9 : 254 260. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
280. Perriard, J., Wiskott, W.A., Mellal, A., Scherrer, S.S., Botsis, J. Belser, U.C. (2002) Fatigue resistance of ITI implant-abutment connectors - a comparison of the standard cone with a novel internally keyed design. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13 : 542 549. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
281. Quaresma, S.E.T., Cury, P.R., Sendyk, W.R. Sandyk, C. (2008) A finite element analysis of two different dental implants: stress distribution in the prosthesis, abutment, implant, and supporting bone. Journal of Oral Implantology 34 : 1 6. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
282. Quek, H.C., Tan, K.B. Nicholls, J.I. (2008) Load fatigue performance of four implant-abutment interface designs: effect of torque level and implant system. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23 : 253 262. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
283. Rossen van, I.P., Braak, L.H., de Putter, C. de Groot, K. (1990) Stress-absorbing elements in dental implants. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 64 : 198 205. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
284. Tan, K.B. Nicholls, J.I. (2001) Implant-abutment screw joint preload of 7 hex-top abutment systems. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16 : 367 377. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
285. Vigolo, P., Fonzi, F., Majzoub, Z. Cordioli, G. (2005) An in vitro evaluation of ZiReal abutments with hexagonal connection: in original state and following abutment preparation. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20 : 108 114. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.
286. Vult von Steyern, P., Kokubo, Y. Nilner, K. (2005) Use of abutment-teeth vs. dental implants to support all-ceramic fixed partial dentures. An in-vitro study on fracture strength. Swedish Dental Journal 29 : 53 60. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments, only analysis of FPD stability.
287. Yüzügüllü, B. Avci, M. (2008) The implant-abutment interface of alumina and zirconia abutments. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 10 : 113 121. Exclusion criteria: no data on stability of abutments.