Fertilization

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 757, Issue , 2013, Pages 321-350

  Marcello, Matthew R ^a,b,c   Singaravelu, Gunasekaran ^a,b   Singson, Andrew ^a,b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RUTGERS ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Egg activation; Eggshell; Fertilization; Major sperm protein (MSP); Oocyte to embryo transition; Polyspermy; PUFA derived signals; Sperm activation; Sperm migration; Spermiogenesis

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; PATERNAL EFFECT EPISTATIC EMBRYONIC LETHAL 1 PROTEIN; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PROTEIN SPE 38; PROTEIN SPE 41; PROTEIN SPE 42; PROTEIN SPE 9; RECEPTOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL FUSION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL PH; DEVELOPMENTAL GENE; EGG 1 GENE; EGG 2 GENE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EXOCYTOSIS; FERTILIZATION; GENE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE; PATERNAL EFFECT EPISTATIC EMBRYONIC LETHAL 1 GENE; POLYMERIZATION; POLYSPERMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; SPE 9 GENE; SPE GENE; SPERM; SPERMATOZOON MOTILITY;

EID: 84867488428     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4015-4_11     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Abbas M, Cain GD (1979) In vitro activation and behavior of the ameboid sperm of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). Cell Tissue Res 200(2):273-284
2. Al Rawi S, Louvet-Vallee S, Djeddi A, Sachse M, Culetto E, Hajjar C, Boyd L, Legouis R, Galy V (2011) Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission. Science 334(6059):1144-1147. doi: science.1211878 [pii] 10.1126/science.1211878
3. Alberti A, Michelet X, Djeddi A, Legouis R (2010) The autophagosomal protein LGG-2 acts synergistically with LGG-1 in dauer formation and longevity in C. elegans. Autophagy 6(5). doi:12252 [pii]
4. Albertson DG (1984) Formation of the first cleavage spindle in nematode embryos. Dev Biol 101(1):61-72. doi: 0012-1606(84)90117-9 [pii]
5. Albertson DG, Thomson JN (1993) Segregation of holocentric chromosomes at meiosis in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Chromosome Res 1(1):15-26
6. Baird SE, Yen WC (2000) Reproductive isolation in Caenorhabditis: terminal phenotypes of hybrid embryos. Evol Dev 2(1):9-15
7. Baird SE, Sutherlin ME, Emmons SW (1992) Reproductive isolation in Rhabditidae (Nematoda: Secernentea); mechanisms that isolate six species of three genera. Evolution 46(3):585-594
8. Baker AM, Roberts TM, Stewart M (2002) 2.6 A resolution crystal structure of helices of the motile major sperm protein (MSP) of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Mol Biol 319(2):491-499. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00294-2 S0022-2836(02)00294-2 [pii]
9. Baldi C, Viviano J, Ellis RE (2011) A bias caused by ectopic development produces sexually dimorphic sperm in nematodes. Curr Biol 21(16):1416-1420. doi: S0960-9822(11)00835-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.034
10. Balzar M, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, Rees-Bakker HA, Prins FA, Helfrich W, de Leij L, Riethmuller G, Alberti S, Warnaar SO, Fleuren GJ, Litvinov SV (2001) Epidermal growth factor-like repeats mediate lateral and reciprocal interactions of Ep-CAM molecules in homophilic adhesions. Mol Cell Biol 21(7):2570-2580. doi: 10.1128/MCB.21.7.2570-2580.2001
11. Batchelder EL, Hollopeter G, Campillo C, Mezanges X, Jorgensen EM, Nassoy P, Sens P, Plastino J (2011) Membrane tension regulates motility by controlling lamellipodium organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(28):11429-11434. doi: 1010481108 [pii] 10.1073/pnas.1010481108
12. Bembenek JN, Richie CT, Squirrell JM, Campbell JM, Eliceiri KW, Poteryaev D, Spang A, Golden A, White JG (2007) Cortical granule exocytosis in C. elegans is regulated by cell cycle components including separase. Development 134(21):3837-3848. doi: dev.011361 [pii] 10.1242/dev.011361
13. Bodding M (2007) TRP proteins and cancer. Cell Signal 19(3):617-624. doi: S0898-6568(06)00206-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.08.012
14. Bowerman B, Kurz T (2006) Degrade to create: developmental requirements for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis during early C. elegans embryogenesis. Development 133(5):773-784. doi: 133/5/773 [pii] 10.1242/dev.02276
15. Browning H, Strome S (1996) A sperm-supplied factor required for embryogenesis in C. elegans. Development 122(1):391-404
16. Bullock TL, Parthasarathy G, King KL, Kent HM, Roberts TM, Stewart M (1996a) New crystal forms of the motile major sperm protein (MSP) of Ascaris suum. J Struct Biol 116(3):432-437. doi: S1047-8477(96)90061-1 [pii] 10.1006/jsbi.1996.0061
17. Bullock TL, Roberts TM, Stewart M (1996b) 2.5 A resolution crystal structure of the motile major sperm protein (MSP) of Ascaris suum. J Mol Biol 263(2):284-296. doi: S0022-2836(96)90575-6 [pii] 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0575
18. Buttery SM, Ekman GC, Seavy M, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2003) Dissection of the Ascaris sperm motility machinery identi fi es key proteins involved in major sperm protein-based amoeboid locomotion. Mol Biol Cell 14(12):5082-5088. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E03-04-0246 E03-04-0246 [pii]
19. Chakrabarti R, Cheng L, Puri P, Soler D, Vijayaraghavan S (2007) Protein phosphatase PP1 gamma 2 in sperm morphogenesis and epididymal initiation of sperm motility. Asian J Androl 9(4):445-452. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007. 00307.x
20. Chatterjee I, Richmond A, Putiri E, Shakes DC, Singson A (2005) The Caenorhabditis elegans spe-38 gene encodes a novel four-pass integral membrane protein required for sperm function at fertilization. Development 132(12):2795-2808. doi: 132/12/2795 [pii] 10.1242/dev.01868
21. Cheng KC, Klancer R, Singson A, Seydoux G (2009) Regulation of MBK-2/DYRK by CDK-1 and the pseudophosphatases EGG-4 and EGG-5 during the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Cell 139(3):560-572. doi: S0092-8674(09)01187-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.047
22. Chu DS, Shakes DC (2012) Spermatogenesis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 757:171-203. (Chap. 7, this volume) Springer, New York
23. Chung MK, Jung SJ, Oh SB (2011) Role of TRP channels in pain sensation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 704:615-636. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3-33
24. Cowan CR, Hyman AA (2004) Centrosomes direct cell polarity independently of microtubule assembly in C. elegans embryos. Nature 431(7004):92-96. doi: 10.1038/nature02825 nature02825 [pii]
25. Dammermann A, Maddox PS, Desai A, Oegema K (2008) SAS-4 is recruited to a dynamic structure in newly forming centrioles that is stabilized by the gamma-tubulin-mediated addition of centriolar microtubules. J Cell Biol 180(4):771-785. doi: jcb.200709102 [pii] 10.1083/jcb.200709102
26. Davis ES, Wille L, Chestnut BA, Sadler PL, Shakes DC, Golden A (2002) Multiple subunits of the Caenorhabditis elegans anaphase-promoting complex are required for chromosome segregation during meiosis I. Genetics 160(2):805-813
27. Detwiler MR, Reuben M, Li X, Rogers E, Lin R (2001) Two zinc finger proteins, OMA-1 and OMA-2, are redundantly required for oocyte maturation in C. elegans. Dev Cell 1(2):187-199. doi:S1534-5807(01)00026-0 [pii]
28. Dietrich A, Chubanov V, Gudermann T (2010) Renal TRPathies. J Am Soc Nephrol 21(5):736-744. doi: ASN.2009090948 [pii] 10.1681/ASN.2009090948
29. Eder P, Molkentin JD (2011) TRPC channels as effectors of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 108(2):265-272. doi: 108/2/265 [pii] 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA. 110.225888
30. Edmonds JW, Prasain JK, Dorand D, Yang Y, Hoang HD, Vibbert J, Kubagawa HM, Miller MA (2010) Insulin/FOXO signaling regulates ovarian prostaglandins critical for reproduction. Dev Cell 19(6):858-871. doi: S1534-5807(10)00532-0 [pii] 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.11.005
31. Eppig JJ (1996) Coordination of nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation in eutherian mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 8(4):485-489
32. Fraire-Zamora JJ, Broitman-Maduro G, Maduro M, Cardullo RA (2011) Evidence for phosphorylation in the MSP cytoskeletal filaments of amoeboid spermatozoa. Int J Biochem Mol Biol 2(3):263-273
33. Furuta T, Tuck S, Kirchner J, Koch B, Auty R, Kitagawa R, Rose AM, Greenstein D (2000) EMB-30: an APC4 homologue required for metaphase-to-anaphase transitions during meiosis and mitosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 11(4):1401-1419
34. Geldziler B, Kadandale P, Singson A (2004) Molecular genetic approaches to studying fertilization in model systems. Reproduction 127(4):409-416. doi: 10.1530/rep. 1.00009 127/4/409 [pii]
35. Geldziler B, Marcello MR, Shakes DC, Singson A (2011) The genetics and cell biology fertilization. In: Rothman JL, Singson A (eds) Caenorhabditis elegans: molecular genetics and development, methods in cell biology, vol 106. Elsevier, Oxford
36. Golden A, Sadler PL, Wallenfang MR, Schumacher JM, Hamill DR, Bates G, Bowerman B, Seydoux G, Shakes DC (2000) Metaphase to anaphase (mat) transition-defective mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Biol 151(7):1469-1482
37. Grant B, Hirsh D (1999) Receptor-mediated endocytosis in the Caenorhabditis elegans oocyte. Mol Biol Cell 10(12):4311-4326
38. Grant RP, Buttery SM, Ekman GC, Roberts TM, Stewart M (2005) Structure of MFP2 and its function in enhancing MSP polymerization in Ascaris sperm amoeboid motility. J Mol Biol 347(3):583-595. doi: S0022-2836(05)00099-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.01.054
39. Guven-Ozkan T, Nishi Y, Robertson SM, Lin R (2008) Global transcriptional repression in C. elegans germline precursors by regulated sequestration of TAF-4. Cell 135(1):149-160. doi:S0092-8674(08)00960-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.cell.2008. 07.040
40. Haaf A, Butler PJ, Kent HM, Fearnley IM, Roberts TM, Neuhaus D, Stewart M (1996) The motile major sperm protein (MSP) from Ascaris suum is a symmetric dimer in solution. J Mol Biol 260(2):251-260. doi: S0022283696903964 [pii]
41. Hamill DR, Severson AF, Carter JC, Bowerman B (2002) Centrosome maturation and mitotic spindle assembly in C. elegans require SPD-5, a protein with multiple coiled-coil domains. Dev Cell 3(5):673-684. doi:S1534580702003271 [pii]
42. Han SM, Cottee PA, Miller MA (2010) Sperm and oocyte communication mechanisms controlling C. elegans fertility. Dev Dyn 239(5):1265-1281. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.22202
43. Harris MT, Lai K, Arnold K, Martinez HF, Specht CA, Fuhrman JA (2000) Chitin synthase in the fi larial parasite, Brugia malayi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111(2):351-362. doi: S0166685100003285 [pii]
44. Hill KL, L'Hernault SW (2001) Analyses of reproductive interactions that occur after heterospecific matings within the genus Caenorhabditis. Dev Biol 232(1):105-114. doi: 10.1006/dbio.2000.0136 S0012-1606(00)90136-2 [pii]
45. Hill DP, Shakes DC, Ward S, Strome S (1989) A sperm-supplied product essential for initiation of normal embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans is encoded by the paternal-effect embryoniclethal gene, spe-11. Dev Biol 136(1):154-166. doi: 0012-1606(89)90138-3 [pii]
46. Hirsh D, Oppenheim D, Klass M (1976) Development of the reproductive system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 49(1):200-219. doi: 0012-1606(76)90267-0 [pii]
47. Horner VL, Wolfner MF (2008) Transitioning from egg to embryo: triggers and mechanisms of egg activation. Dev Dyn 237(3):527-544. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.21454
48. Huang Z, Vijayaraghavan S (2004) Increased phosphorylation of a distinct subcellular pool of protein phosphatase, PP1gamma2, during epididymal sperm maturation. Biol Reprod 70(2):439-447. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.020024 biolreprod.103.020024 [pii]
49. Hwang HY, Horvitz HR (2002) The SQV-1 UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase and the SQV-7 nucleotide-sugar transporter may act in the Golgi apparatus to affect Caenorhabditis elegans vulval morphogenesis and embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(22):14218-14223. doi: 10.1073/pnas.172522199
50. Italiano JE Jr, Roberts TM, Stewart M, Fontana CA (1996) Reconstitution in vitro of the motile apparatus from the amoeboid sperm of Ascaris shows that filament assembly and bundling move membranes. Cell 84(1):105-114. doi: S0092-8674(00)80997-6 [pii]
51. Italiano JE Jr, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2001) How the assembly dynamics of the nematode major sperm protein generate amoeboid cell motility. Int Rev Cytol 202:1-34
52. Jenkins N, Saam JR, Mango SE (2006) CYK-4/GAP provides a localized cue to initiate anteroposterior polarity upon fertilization. Science 313(5791):1298-1301. doi: 1130291 [pii] 10.1126/science.1130291
53. Johnston WL, Krizus A, Dennis JW (2006) The eggshell is required for meiotic fi delity, polarbody extrusion and polarization of the C. elegans embryo. BMC Biol 4:35. doi: 1741-7007-4-35 [pii] 10.1186/1741-7007-4-35
54. Johnston WL, Krizus A, Dennis JW (2010) Eggshell chitin and chitin-interacting proteins prevent polyspermy in C. elegans. Curr Biol 20(21):1932-1937. doi: S0960-9822(10)01216-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.059
55. Kadandale P, Stewart-Michaelis A, Gordon S, Rubin J, Klancer R, Schweinsberg P, Grant BD, Singson A (2005) The egg surface LDL receptor repeat-containing proteins EGG-1 and EGG-2 are required for fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 15(24):2222-2229. doi: S0960-9822(05)01296-0 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2005.10.043
56. Kaitna S, Mendoza M, Jantsch-Plunger V, Glotzer M (2000) Incenp and an aurora-like kinase form a complex essential for chromosome segregation and ef ficient completion of cytokinesis. Curr Biol 10(19):1172-1181. doi: S0960-9822(00)00721-1 [pii]
57. Kim S, Spike CA, Greenstein D (2012) Control of oocyte growth and meiotic maturation in C. elegans. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 757:277-320. (Chap. 10, this volume) Springer, New York
58. Kimble J, Hirsh D (1979) The postembryonic cell lineages of the hermaphrodite and male gonads in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 70(2):396-417. doi: 0012-1606(79)90035-6 [pii]
59. King KL, Essig J, Roberts TM, Moerland TS (1994) Regulation of the Ascaris major sperm protein (MSP) cytoskeleton by intracellular pH. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 27(3):193-205. doi: 10.1002/cm.970270302
60. Kiontke K, Fitch DH (2005) The phylogenetic relationships of Caenorhabditis and other rhabditids. WormBook:1-11. doi: 10.1895/wormbook.1.11.1
61. Kiselyov K, Soyombo A, Muallem S (2007) TRPpathies. J Physiol 578(Pt 3):641-653. doi: jphysiol.2006.119024 [pii] 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.119024
62. Klass M, Wolf N, Hirsh D (1976) Development of the male reproductive system and sexual transformation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 52(1):1-18. doi: 0012-1606(76)90002-6 [pii]
63. Kosinski M, McDonald K, Schwartz J, Yamamoto I, Greenstein D (2005) C. elegans sperm bud vesicles to deliver a meiotic maturation signal to distant oocytes. Development 132(15):3357-3369. doi: dev.01916 [pii] 10.1242/dev.01916
64. Kroft TL, Gleason EJ, L'Hernault SW (2005) The spe-42 gene is required for sperm-egg interactions during C. elegans fertilization and encodes a sperm-specific transmembrane protein. Dev Biol 286(1):169-181. doi: S0012-1606(05)00476-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.07.020
65. Kubagawa HM, Watts JL, Corrigan C, Edmonds JW, Sztul E, Browse J, Miller MA (2006) Oocyte signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids control sperm recruitment in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 8(10):1143-1148. doi: ncb1476 [pii] 10.1038/ncb1476
66. LaMunyon CW, Ward S (1998) Larger sperm outcompete smaller sperm in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Biol Sci 265(1409):1997-2002. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0531
67. LeClaire LL 3rd, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2003) A 48 kDa integral membrane phosphoprotein orchestrates the cytoskeletal dynamics that generate amoeboid cell motility in Ascaris sperm. J Cell Sci 116(Pt 13):2655-2663. doi: 10.1242/jcs.00469 jcs.00469 [pii]
68. Lee MH, Schedl T (2001) Identi fication of in vivo mRNA targets of GLD-1, a maxi-KH motif containing protein required for C. elegans germ cell development. Genes Dev 15(18):2408-2420. doi: 10.1101/gad.915901
69. L'Hernault SW (2006) Spermatogenesis. WormBook:1-14. doi: 10.1895/wormbook.1.85.1
70. L'Hernault SW, Roberts TM (1995) Cell biology of nematode sperm. In: Caenorhabditis elegans: modern biological analysis of an organism, vol 48. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 273-301
71. L'Hernault SW, Shakes DC, Ward S (1988) Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 120(2):435-452
72. Liu J, Maller JL (2005) Calcium elevation at fertilization coordinates phosphorylation of XErp1/Emi2 by Plx1 and CaMK II to release metaphase arrest by cytostatic factor. Curr Biol 15(16):1458-1468. doi: S0960-9822(05)00774-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.030
73. Lu C, Mains PE (2007) The C. elegans anaphase promoting complex and MBK-2/DYRK kinase act redundantly with CUL-3/MEL-26 ubiquitin ligase to degrade MEI-1 microtubule-severing activity after meiosis. Dev Biol 302(2):438-447. doi: S0012-1606(06)01269-3 [pii] 10.1016/j. ydbio.2006.09.053
74. Madl JE, Herman RK (1979) Polyploids and sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 93(2):393-402
75. Maeda I, Kohara Y, Yamamoto M, Sugimoto A (2001) Large-scale analysis of gene function in Caenorhabditis elegans by high-throughput RNAi. Curr Biol 11(3):171-176. doi: S0960-9822(01) 00052-5 [pii]
76. Marcello MR, Singson A (2010) Fertilization and the oocyte-to-embryo transition in C. elegans. BMB Rep 43(6):389-399
77. Maruyama R, Velarde NV, Klancer R, Gordon S, Kadandale P, Parry JM, Hang JS, Rubin J, Stewart-Michaelis A, Schweinsberg P, Grant BD, Piano F, Sugimoto A, Singson A (2007) EGG-3 regulates cell-surface and cortex rearrangements during egg activation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 17(18):1555-1560. doi: S0960-9822(07)01787-3 [pii]10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.011
78. Masui Y, Clarke HJ (1979) Oocyte maturation. Int Rev Cytol 57:185-282
79. McCarter J, Bartlett B, Dang T, Schedl T (1999) On the control of oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 205(1):111-128. doi: S0012-1606(98)99109-6 [pii] 10.1006/dbio.1998.9109
80. McNally KL, McNally FJ (2005) Fertilization initiates the transition from anaphase I to metaphase II during female meiosis in C. elegans. Dev Biol 282(1):218-230. doi: S0012-1606(05)00177-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.009
81. Mensah KA, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM (2010) RANKL induces heterogeneous DC-STAMP(lo) and DC-STAMP(hi) osteoclast precursors of which the DC-STAMP(lo) precursors are the master fusogens. J Cell Physiol 223(1):76-83. doi: 10.1002/jcp. 22012
82. Miao L, Vanderlinde O, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2003) Retraction in amoeboid cell motility powered by cytoskeletal dynamics. Science 302(5649):1405-1407. doi: 10.1126/science.1089129302/5649/1405 [pii]
83. Miller MA, Nguyen VQ, Lee MH, Kosinski M, Schedl T, Caprioli RM, Greenstein D (2001) A sperm cytoskeletal protein that signals oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation. Science 291(5511):2144-2147. doi: 10.1126/science. 1057586 291/5511/2144 [pii]
84. Miyamoto T (2006) The dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein DC-STAMP is essential for osteoclast fusion and osteoclast bone-resorbing activity. Mod Rheumatol 16(6):341-342. doi: 10.1007/s10165-006-0524-0
85. Mizushima N (2007) Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev 21(22):2861-2873. doi: 21/22/2861 [pii] 10.1101/gad.1599207
86. Morsci NS, Haas LA, Barr MM (2011) Sperm status regulates sexual attraction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. doi: genetics.111.133603 [pii] 10.1534/genetics.111.133603
87. Nakatogawa H, Suzuki K, Kamada Y, Ohsumi Y (2009) Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: lessons from yeast. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(7):458-467. doi: nrm2708 [pii] 10.1038/nrm2708
88. Nigon V, Dougherty EC (1949) Reproductive patterns and attempts at reciprocal crossing of Rhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900, and Rhabditis briggsae Dougherty and Nigon, 1949 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae). J Exp Zool 112(3):485-503
89. Nishi Y, Rogers E, Robertson SM, Lin R (2008) Polo kinases regulate C. elegans embryonic polarity via binding to DYRK2-primed MEX-5 and MEX-6. Development 135(4):687-697. doi: dev.013425 [pii] 10.1242/dev.013425
90. Nishimura H, L'Hernault SW (2010) Spermatogenesis-defective (spe) mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provide clues to solve the puzzle of male germline functions during reproduction. Dev Dyn 239(5):1502-1514. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.22271
91. Nykjaer A, Willnow TE (2002) The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family: a cellular Swiss army knife? Trends Cell Biol 12(6):273-280. doi: S0962892402022821 [pii]
92. O'Connell KF, Maxwell KN, White JG (2000) The spd-2 gene is required for polarization of the anteroposterior axis and formation of the sperm asters in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. Dev Biol 222(1):55-70. doi: S0012-1606(00)99714-8 [pii] 10.1006/dbio.2000.9714
93. Olson SK, Bishop JR, Yates JR, Oegema K, Esko JD (2006) Identi fication of novel chondroitin proteoglycans in Caenorhabditis elegans: embryonic cell division depends on CPG-1 and CPG-2. J Cell Biol 173(6):985-994. doi: jcb.200603003 [pii] 10.1083/jcb.200603003
94. Oppedisano L, Haines G, Hrabchak C, Fimia G, Elliott R, Sassone-Corsi P, Varmuza S (2002) The rate of aneuploidy is altered in spermatids from infertile mice. Hum Reprod 17(3):710-717
95. Pang KM, Ishidate T, Nakamura K, Shirayama M, Trzepacz C, Schubert CM, Priess JR, Mello CC (2004) The minibrain kinase homolog, mbk-2, is required for spindle positioning and asymmetric cell division in early C. elegans embryos. Dev Biol 265(1):127-139. doi: S0012160603005761 [pii]
96. Parry JM, Singson A (2011) EGG molecules couple the oocyte-to-embryo transition with cell cycle progression. Results Probl Cell Differ 53:135-151. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0-7
97. Parry JM, Velarde NV, Lefkovith AJ, Zegarek MH, Hang JS, Ohm J, Klancer R, Maruyama R, Druzhinina MK, Grant BD, Piano F, Singson A (2009) EGG-4 and EGG-5 link events of the oocyte-to-embryo transition with meiotic progression in C. elegans. Curr Biol 19(20):1752-1757. doi: S0960-9822(09)01692-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.015
98. Pelletier L, O'Toole E, Schwager A, Hyman AA, Muller-Reichert T (2006) Centriole assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 444(7119):619-623. doi: nature05318 [pii] 10.1038/nature05318
99. Pellettieri J, Reinke V, Kim SK, Seydoux G (2003) Coordinate activation of maternal protein degradation during the egg-to-embryo transition in C. elegans. Dev Cell 5(3):451-462. doi:S1534580703002314 [pii]
100. Portereiko MF, Mango SE (2001) Early morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx. Dev Biol 233(2):482-494. doi: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0235 S0012-1606(01)90235-0 [pii]
101. Portereiko MF, Saam J, Mango SE (2004) ZEN-4/MKLP1 is required to polarize the foregut epithelium. Curr Biol 14(11):932-941. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.052 S0960982204003872 [pii]
102. Putiri E, Zannoni S, Kadandale P, Singson A (2004) Functional domains and temperature-sensitive mutations in SPE-9, an EGF repeat-containing protein required for fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 272(2):448-459. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.05.014 S0012160604003586 [pii]
103. Quintin S, Mains PE, Zinke A, Hyman AA (2003) The mbk-2 kinase is required for inactivation of MEI-1/katanin in the one-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. EMBO Rep 4(12):1175-1181. doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400029 7400029 [pii]
104. Rappleye CA, Paredez AR, Smith CW, McDonald KL, Aroian RV (1999) The coronin-like protein POD-1 is required for anterior-posterior axis formation and cellular architecture in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev 13(21):2838-2851
105. Rauh NR, Schmidt A, Bormann J, Nigg EA, Mayer TU (2005) Calcium triggers exit from meiosis II by targeting the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for degradation. Nature 437(7061):1048-1052. doi: nature04093 [pii] 10.1038/nature04093
106. Roberts TM, Stewart M (2000) Acting like actin. The dynamics of the nematode major sperm protein (msp) cytoskeleton indicate a push-pull mechanism for amoeboid cell motility. J Cell Biol 149(1):7-12
107. Roberts TM, Streitmatter G (1984) Membrane-substrate contact under the spermatozoon of Caenorhabditis elegans, a crawling cell that lacks filamentous actin. J Cell Sci 69:117-126
108. Roberts TM, Ward S (1982) Centripetal fl ow of pseudopodial surface components could propel the amoeboid movement of Caenorhabditis elegans spermatozoa. J Cell Biol 92(1):132-138
109. Robertson S, Lin R (2012) The oocyte-to-embryo transition. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 757:351-372. (Chap. 12, this volume) Springer, New York
110. Samuel AD, Murthy VN, Hengartner MO (2001) Calcium dynamics during fertilization in C. elegans. BMC Dev Biol 1:8
111. Sato M, Sato K (2011) Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos. Science. doi: science.1210333 [pii] 10.1126/science.1210333
112. Sato M, Grant BD, Harada A, Sato K (2008) Rab11 is required for synchronous secretion of chondroitin proteoglycans after fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Cell Sci 121(Pt 19):3177-3186. doi: jcs.034678 [pii]10.1242/jcs.034678
113. Schubert CM, Lin R, de Vries CJ, Plasterk RH, Priess JR (2000) MEX-5 and MEX-6 function to establish soma/germline asymmetry in early C. elegans embryos. Mol Cell 5(4):671-682. doi:S1097-2765(00)80246-4 [pii]
114. Seidel HS, Rockman MV, Kruglyak L (2008) Widespread genetic incompatibility in C. elegans maintained by balancing selection. Science 319(5863):589-594. doi: 1151107 [pii] 10.1126/science.1151107
115. Seidel HS, Ailion M, Li J, van Oudenaarden A, Rockman MV, Kruglyak L (2011) A novel spermdelivered toxin causes late-stage embryo lethality and transmission ratio distortion in C. elegans. PLoS Biol 9(7):e1001115. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001115 PBIOLOGY-D-10-00587 [pii]
116. Shakes DC, Ward S (1989) Initiation of spermiogenesis in C. elegans: a pharmacological and genetic analysis. Dev Biol 134(1):189-200. doi:0012-1606(89)90088-2 [pii]
117. Shakes DC, Allen AK, Albert KM, Golden A (2011) emb-1 encodes the APC16 subunit of the Caenorhabditis elegans anaphase-promoting complex. Genetics 189(2):549-560. doi: genetics.111.131714 [pii] 10.1534/genetics.111.131714
118. Shimabukuro K, Noda N, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2011) Reconstitution of amoeboid motility in vitro identi fi es a motor-independent mechanism for cell body retraction. Curr Biol. doi: S0960-9822(11)00953-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.047
119. Singaravelu G, Singson A (2011) New insights into the mechanism of fertilization in nematodes. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 289:211-238. doi: B9780123860392000067 [pii] 10.1016/B978-0-12-386039-2.00006-7
120. Singaravelu G, Chatterjee I, Rahimi S, Druzhinina MK, Kang L, Xu XZ, Singson A (2012) The sperm surface localization of the TRP-3/SPE-41 Ca(2+)-permeable channel depends on SPE-38 function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 365(2):376-383
121. Singson A (2001) Every sperm is sacred: fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 230(2):101-109. doi: 10.1006/dbio.2000.0118 S0012-1606(00)90118-0 [pii]
122. Singson A, Mercer KB, L'Hernault SW (1998) The C. elegans spe-9 gene encodes a sperm transmembrane protein that contains EGF-like repeats and is required for fertilization. Cell 93(1):71-79. doi:S0092-8674(00)81147-2 [pii]
123. Singson A, Hang JS, Parry JM (2008) Genes required for the common miracle of fertilization in Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Dev Biol 52(5-6):647-656. doi: 072512as [pii] 10.1387/ijdb.072512as
124. Siomos MF, Badrinath A, Pasierbek P, Livingstone D, White J, Glotzer M, Nasmyth K (2001) Separase is required for chromosome segregation during meiosis I in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 11(23):1825-1835. doi: S0960-9822(01)00588-7 [pii]
125. Smith H (2006) Sperm motility and MSP. WormBook:1-8. doi: 10.1895/wormbook.1.68.1
126. Soler DC, Kadunganattil S, Ramdas S, Myers K, Roca J, Slaughter T, Pilder SH, Vijayaraghavan S (2009) Expression of transgenic PPP1CC2 in the testis of Ppp 1 cc-null mice rescues spermatid viability and spermiation but does not restore normal sperm tail ultrastructure, sperm motility, or fertility. Biol Reprod 81(2):343-352. doi: biolreprod.109.076398 [pii] 10.1095/biolreprod.109. 076398
127. Stanfield GM, Villeneuve AM (2006) Regulation of sperm activation by SWM-1 is required for reproductive success of C. elegans males. Curr Biol 16(3):252-263. doi: S0960-9822(06)01024-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.041
128. Stitzel ML, Seydoux G (2007) Regulation of the oocyte-to-zygote transition. Science 316(5823):407-408. doi: 316/5823/407 [pii] 10.1126/science.1138236
129. Stitzel ML, Pellettieri J, Seydoux G (2006) The C. elegans DYRK kinase MBK-2 marks oocyte proteins for degradation in response to meiotic maturation. Curr Biol 16(1):56-62. doi: S0960-9822(05)01473-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2005.11. 063
130. Stitzel ML, Cheng KC, Seydoux G (2007) Regulation of MBK-2/Dyrk kinase by dynamic cortical anchoring during the oocyte-to-zygote transition. Curr Biol 17(18):1545-1554. doi: S0960-9822(07)01905-7 [pii] 10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.049
131. Sudhaus W, Kiontke K (2007) Comparison of the cryptic nematode species Caenorhabditis brenneri sp. n. and C. remanei (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with stem species pattern of the C aenorhabditis Elegans group. Zootaxa 1456:45-62
132. Sudhaus S, Fricke B, Schneider S, Stachon A, Klein H, von During M, Hasenbring M (2007) [The cortisol awakening response in patients with acute and chronic low back pain. Relations with psychological risk factors of pain chronicity]. Schmerz 21(3):202-204, 206-211. doi: 10.1007/s00482-006-0521-4
133. Tunquist BJ, Schwab MS, Chen LG, Maller JL (2002) The spindle checkpoint kinase bub1 and cyclin e/cdk2 both contribute to the establishment of meiotic metaphase arrest by cytostatic factor. Curr Biol 12(12):1027-1033. doi: S0960982202008941 [pii]
134. Tsukamoto S, Kuma A, Murakami M, Kishi C, Yamamoto A, Mizushima N (2008) Autophagy is essential for preimplantation development of mouse embryos. Science 321(5885):117-120. doi: 321/5885/117 [pii] 10.1126/science.1154822
135. Varkey JP, Jansma PL, Minniti AN, Ward S (1993) The Caenorhabditis elegans spe-6 gene is required for major sperm protein assembly and shows second site non-complementation with an unlinked de ficiency. Genetics 133(1):79-86
136. Varmuza S, Jurisicova A, Okano K, Hudson J, Boekelheide K, Shipp EB (1999) Spermiogenesis is impaired in mice bearing a targeted mutation in the protein phosphatase 1cgamma gene. Dev Biol 205(1):98-110. doi: S0012-1606(98)99100-X [pii] 10.1006/dbio.1998.9100
137. Veronico P, Gray LJ, Jones JT, Bazzicalupo P, Arbucci S, Cortese MR, Di Vito M, De Giorgi C (2001) Nematode chitin synthases: gene structure, expression and function in Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne artiellia. Mol Genet Genomics 266(1):28-34
138. Wallenfang MR, Seydoux G (2000) Polarization of the anterior-posterior axis of C. elegans is a microtubule-directed process. Nature 408(6808):89-92. doi: 10.1038/35040562
139. Wang T, Jiao Y, Montell C (2005) Dissecting independent channel and scaffolding roles of the Drosophila transient receptor potential channel. J Cell Biol 171(4):685-694. doi: jcb.200508030 [pii] 10.1083/jcb.200508030
140. Ward S, Carrel JS (1979) Fertilization and sperm competition in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 73(2):304-321
141. Ward S, Hogan E, Nelson GA (1983) The initiation of spermiogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 98(1):70-79. doi: 0012-1606(83)90336-6 [pii]
142. Watts JL, Browse J (2002) Genetic dissection of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(9):5854-5859. doi: 10.1073/pnas.092064799 092064799 [pii]
143. Wessel GM, Brooks JM, Green E, Haley S, Voronina E, Wong J, Zaydfudim V, Conner S (2001) The biology of cortical granules. Int Rev Cytol 209:117-206
144. Wilson LD, Sackett JM, Mieczkowski BD, Richie AL, Thoemke K, Rumbley JN, Kroft TL (2011) Fertilization in C. elegans requires an intact C-terminal RING finger in sperm protein SPE-42. BMC Dev Biol 11:10. doi: 1471-213X-11-10 [pii] 10.1186/1471-213X-11-10
145. Wu JC, Go AC, Samson M, Cintra T, Mirsoian S, Wu TF, Jow MM, Routman EJ, Chu DS (2011) PP1 phosphatases regulate multiple stages of sperm development and motility in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. doi: genetics.111.135376 [pii] 10.1534/genetics.111.135376
146. Xie Z, Klionsky DJ (2007) Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations. Nat Cell Biol 9(10):1102-1109. doi: ncb1007-1102 [pii] 10.1038/ncb1007-1102
147. Xu XZ, Sternberg PW (2003) A C. elegans sperm TRP protein required for sperm-egg interactions during fertilization. Cell 114(3):285-297. doi:S0092867403005658 [pii]
148. Yamamoto I, Kosinski ME, Greenstein D (2006) Start me up: cell signaling and the journey from oocyte to embryo in C. elegans. Dev Dyn 235(3):571-585. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20662
149. Yi K, Buttery SM, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2007) A Ser/Thr kinase required for membrane-associated assembly of the major sperm protein motility apparatus in the amoeboid sperm of Ascaris. Mol Biol Cell 18(5):1816-1825. doi: E06-08-0741 [pii] 10.1091/mbc.E06-08-0741
150. Yi K, Wang X, Emmett MR, Marshall AG, Stewart M, Roberts TM (2009) Dephosphorylation of major sperm protein (MSP) fi ber protein 3 by protein phosphatase 2A during cell body retraction in the MSP-based amoeboid motility of Ascaris sperm. Mol Biol Cell 20(14):3200-3208. doi: E09-03-0240 [pii] 10.1091/mbc.E09-03-0240
151. Zanetti S, Puoti A (2012) Sex determination in the C. elegans germline. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 757:41-69. (Chap. 3, this volume) Springer, New York
152. Zannoni S, L'Hernault SW, Singson AW (2003) Dynamic localization of SPE-9 in sperm: a protein required for sperm-oocyte interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Dev Biol 3:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-213X-3-10 1471-213X-3-10 [pii]
153. Zhang Y, Foster JM, Nelson LS, Ma D, Carlow CK (2005) The chitin synthase genes chs-1 and chs-2 are essential for C. elegans development and responsible for chitin deposition in the eggshell and pharynx, respectively. Dev Biol 285(2):330-339. doi: S0012-1606(05)00443-4 [pii]10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.037