Memory in early onset bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Similarities and differences

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

Volumn 40, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 1179-1192

  Udal, Anne H ^a   Øygarden, Bjørg ^a   Egeland, Jens ^b   Malt, Ulrik F ^c   Groholt, Berit ^d  

^a Sorlandet Hospital   (Norway)

^b Vestfold Mental Health Care Trust   (Norway)

^c OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Bipolar disorder; Memory; Neuropsychology; Questionnaire

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; ONSET AGE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADOLESCENT; AGE OF ONSET; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 84866683481     PISSN: 00910627     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9631-x     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Achenbach, T. (2010). ASEBA home. Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Anastopoulos, A. D., Smith, T. F., Garrett, M. E., Morrissey-Kane, E., Schatz, N. K., Sommer, J. L., et al. (2011). Self-regulation of emotion, functional impairment, and comorbidity among children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(7), 583-592.
4. Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Maglione, K., Doyle, A. E., Fried, R., Seidman, L. J., & Biederman, J. (2010). Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1909-1918.
5. Arts, B., Jabben, N., Krabbendam, L., & Van Os, J. (2008). Metaanalyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 38(6), 771-785.
6. Aycicegi-Dinn, A., Dervent-Ozbek, S., Yazgan, Y., Bicer, D. & Dinn, W. M. (2011). Neurocognitive correlates of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Turkish sample. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 3(1), 41-52.
7. Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.
8. Bearden, C. E., Glahn, D. C., Monkul, E. S., Barrett, J., Najt, P., Kaur, S., et al. (2006). Sources of declarative memory impairment in bipolar disorder: mnemonic processes and clinical features. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(1), 47-58.
9. Benazzi, F. (1999). Psychotic versus nonpsychotic bipolar outpatient depression. European Psychiatry, 14(8), 458-461.
10. Biederman, J., Klein, R. G., Pine, D. S., & Klein, D. F. (1998). Resolved: mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(10), 1091-1096.
11. Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F., et al. (2004). Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 72(5), 757-766.
12. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M. K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., et al. (2006). Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(2), 175-183.
13. Bonnin, C. M., Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., Pacchiarotti, I., Rosa, A. R., Franco, C., et al. (2010). Clinical and neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome in bipolar euthymic patients: a long-term, follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 121 (1-2), 156-160.
14. Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009). Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(1-2), 1-20.
15. Cahill, C. M., Walter, G., & Malhi, G. S. (2009). Neurocognition in bipolar disorder and juvenile bipolar disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(3), 221-230.
16. Carlson, G. A. (1998). Mania and ADHD: comorbidity or confusion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51(2), 177-187.
17. Carlson, G. A., & Meyer, S. E. (2006). Phenomenology and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: complexities and developmental issues. Development and Psychopathology, 18(4), 939-969.
18. Casey, B. J., Nigg, J. T., & Durston, S. (2007). New potential leads in the biology and treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Current Opinion in Neurology, 20(2), 119-124.
19. Chamberlain, S. R., Robbins, T. W., Winder-Rhodes, S., Muller, U., Sahakian, B. J., Blackwell, A. D., et al. (2011). Translational approaches to frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using a computerized neuropsychological battery. Biological Psychiatry, 69(12), 1192-1203.
20. Chang, J. S., Choi, S., Ha, K., Ha, T. H., Cho, H. S., Choi, J. E., et al. (2011). Differential pattern of semantic memory organization between bipolar I and II disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35(4):1053-8.
21. Correll, C. U., Kratochvil, C. J., & March, J. S. (2011). Developments in pediatric psychopharmacology: focus on stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72 (5), 655-670.
22. Crocker, N.,Vaurio, L., Riley, E. P.,&Mattson, S.N. (2011). Comparison of verbal learning and memory in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(6):1114-21.
23. Dickstein, D. P., Treland, J. E., Snow, J., McClure, E. B., Mehta, M. S., Towbin, K. E., et al. (2004). Neuropsychological performance in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 55(1), 32-39.
24. Doyle, A. E., Wilens, T. E., Kwon, A., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V., & Fried, R. (2005). Neuropsychological functioning in youth with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 58(7), 540-548.
25. Doyle, A. E., Wozniak, J., Wilens, T. E., Henin, A., Seidman, L. J., & Petty, C. (2009). Neurocognitive impairment in unaffected siblings of youth with bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39 (8), 1253-1263.
26. Duffy, A. (2010). The early natural history of bipolar disorder: what we have learned from longitudinal high-risk research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(8), 477-485.
27. DuPaul, G. J. (1998). ADHD rating scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford Press.
28. Egeland, J., Johansen, S. N., & Ueland, T. (2009). Differentiating between ADHD sub-types on CCPT measures of sustained attention and vigilance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(4), 347-354.
29. Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., Su, J., & Tsuang, M. T. (2004). Three potential susceptibility loci shown by a genome-wide scan for regions influencing the age at onset of mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 625-630.
30. Gazzaniga, M. S. I., R. B.; Mangun, G. R. (Ed.). (2009). Cognitive neuroscience: the biology of the mind, 3rd Edition. New York, NY: W. W. Nortoan & Company.
31. Geller, B., Tillman, R., Bolhofner, K., & Zimerman, B. (2008). Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(10), 1125-1133.
32. Glahn, D. C., Bearden, C. E., Caetano, S., Fonseca, M., Najt, P., Hunter, K., et al. (2005). Declarative memory impairment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder, 7(6), 546-554.
33. Halperin, J. M., Matier, K., Bedi, G., Sharma, V., & Newcorn, J. H. (1992). Specificity of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity to the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 190-196.
34. Hazell, P. L., Carr, V., Lewin, T. J., & Sly, K. (2003). Manic symptoms in young males with ADHD predict functioning but not diagnosis after 6 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(5), 552-560.
35. Henin, A., Mick, E., Biederman, J., Fried, R., Wozniak, J., Faraone, S. V., et al. (2007). Can bipolar disorder-specific neuropsychological impairments in children be identified? Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(2), 210-220.
36. Hlastala, S. A., & McClellan, J. (2005). Phenomenology and diagnostic stability of youths with atypical psychotic symptoms. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15(3), 497-509.
37. Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6(2), 65-70.
38. Joseph, M. F., Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., & Soares, J. C. (2008). A quantitative and qualitative review of neurocognitive performance in pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18(6), 595-605.
39. Kaplan, B. J., Dewey, D., Crawford, S. G., & Fisher, G. C. (1998). Deficits in long-term memory are not characteristic of ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20(4), 518-528.
40. Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980-988.
41. Kent, L., & Craddock, N. (2003). Is there a relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder? Journal of Affective Disorders, 73(3), 211-221.
42. Kibby, M. Y., & Cohen, M. J. (2008). Memory functioning in children with reading disabilities and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a clinical investigation of their working memory and longterm memory functioning. Child Neuropsychology, 14(6), 525-546.
43. Kim, Y. S., Cheon, K. A., Kim, B. N., Chang, S. A., Yoo, H. J., Kim, J. W., et al. (2004). The reliability and validity of Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean version (K-SADS-PL-K). Yonsei Medical Journal, 45(1), 81-89.
44. Kowatch, R. A., Youngstrom, E. A., Danielyan, A., & Findling, R. L. (2005). Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disorder, 7(6), 483-496.
45. Kravariti, E., Reichenberg, A., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Morgan, C., Zanelli, J. W., et al. (2009). Selective deficits in semantic verbal fluency in patients with a first affective episode with psychotic symptoms and a positive history of mania. Bipolar Disorder, 11 (3), 323-329.
46. Kurtz, M. M., & Gerraty, R. T. (2009). A meta-analytic investigation of neurocognitive deficits in bipolar illness: profile and effects of clinical state. Neuropsychology, 23(5), 551-562.
47. Leboyer, M., & Kupfer, D. J. (2010). Bipolar disorder: new perspectives in health care and prevention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(12), 1689-1695.
48. Leverich, G. S., Post, R. M., Keck, P. E., Jr., Altshuler, L. L., Frye, M. A., Kupka, R. W., et al. (2007). The poor prognosis of childhoodonset bipolar disorder. Journal of Pediatrics, 150(5), 485-490.
49. Levy, B., & Weiss, R. D. (2010). Neurocognitive impairment and psychosis in bipolar I disorder during early remission from an acute episode of mood disturbance. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(2), 201-206.
50. Lewandowski, K. E., Cohen, B. M., & Ongur, D. (2011). Evolution of neuropsychological dysfunction during the course of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 225-241.
51. Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Salamero, M., Daban, C., Balanza-Martinez, V., et al. (2008). Neurocognitive impairment in bipolar patients with and without history of psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(2), 233-239.
52. Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Torrent, C., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Goikolea, J. M., & Salamero, M. (2007). Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: the role of clinical and cognitive factors. Bipolar Disorder, 9(1-2), 103-113.
53. Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377-384.
54. Mattis, S., Papolos, D., Luck, D., Cockerham, M., & Thode, H. C., Jr. (2011). Neuropsychological factors differentiating treated children with pediatric bipolar disorder from those with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 74-84.
55. Maziade, M., Rouleau, N., Gingras, N., Boutin, P., Paradis, M. E., & Jomphe, V. (2009). Shared neurocognitive dysfunctions in young offspring at extreme risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in eastern quebec multigenerational families. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(5), 919-930.
56. McClellan, J., McCurry, C., Speltz, M. L., & Jones, K. (2002). Symptom factors in early-onset psychotic disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(7), 791-798.
57. McClellan, J., Prezbindowski, A., Breiger, D., & McCurry, C. (2004). Neuropsychological functioning in early onset psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 68(1), 21-26.
58. McClure, E. B., Treland, J. E., Snow, J., Dickstein, D. P., Towbin, K. E., Charney, D. S., et al. (2005). Memory and learning in pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(5), 461-469.
59. McInnes, A., Humphries, T., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2003). Listening comprehension and working memory are impaired in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder irrespective of language impairment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(4), 427-443.
60. Meyer, S. E., Carlson, G. A., Wiggs, E. A., Martinez, P. E., Ronsaville, D. S., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2004). A prospective study of the association among impaired executive functioning, childhood attentional problems, and the development of bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 461-476.
61. Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2009). Family and genetic association studies of bipolar disorder in children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(2), 441-453.
62. Miller, M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2010). Does childhood executive function predict adolescent functional outcomes in girls with ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(3), 315-326.
63. Nelder, J. A., & Wedderburn, R. W. M. (1972). Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) (Blackwell Publishing), 3(135), 370-384.
64. Nieto, R. G., & Castellanos, F. X. (2011). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with early onset schizophrenia and pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology, 40(2), 266-280.
65. Novik, T. S. (2000). Child behavior checklist item scores in Norwegian children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9(1), 54-60.
66. Oie, M., Sunde, K., & Rund, B. R. (1999). Contrasts in memory functions between adolescents with schizophrenia or ADHD. Neuropsychologia, 37(12), 1351-1358.
67. Olvera, R. L., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Pliszka, S. R., & O'Donnell, L. (2005). Neuropsychological deficits in adolescents with conduct disorder and comorbid bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Bipolar Disorder, 7(1), 57-67.
68. Pavuluri, M. N., Herbener, E. S., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Psychotic symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80(1), 19-28.
69. Pavuluri, M. N., O'Connor, M. M., Harral, E. M., Moss, M., & Sweeney, J. A. (2006). Impact of neurocognitive function on academic difficulties in pediatric bipolar disorder: a clinical translation. Biological Psychiatry, 60(9), 951-956.
70. Pavuluri, M. N., Passarotti, A. M., Mohammed, T., Carbray, J. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2010). Enhanced working and verbal memory after lamotrigine treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder, 12(2), 213-220.
71. Pavuluri, M. N., Schenkel, L. S., Aryal, S., Harral, E. M., Hill, S. K., Herbener, E. S., & Sweeney, J. A. (2006). Neurocognitive function in unmedicated manic and medicated euthymic pediatric bipolar patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(2), 286-293.
72. Pavuluri, M. N., West, A., Hill, S. K., Jindal, K., & Sweeney, J. A. (2009). Neurocognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder: 3-year follow-up shows cognitive development lagging behind healthy youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 299-307.
73. Quackenbush, D., Kutcher, S., Robertson, H. A., Boulos, C., & Chaban, P. (1996). Premorbid and postmorbid school functioning in bipolar adolescents: description and suggested academic interventions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 41(1), 16-22.
74. Rasmussen, P., & Gillberg, C. (2000). Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1424-1431.
75. Reddy, Y. C., Girimaji, S., & Srinath, S. (1997). Clinical profile of mania in children and adolescents from the Indian subcontinent. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(8), 841-846.
76. Reimherr, J. P., & McClellan, J. M. (2004). Diagnostic challenges in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 6), 5-11.
77. Rende, R., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M. K., & Valeri, S. (2006). Psychotic symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder and family history of psychiatric illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1-2), 127-131.
78. Robertson, H. A., Kutcher, S. P., & Lagace, D. C. (2003). No evidence of attentional deficits in stabilized bipolar youth relative to unipolar and control comparators. Bipolar Disorder, 5(5), 330-339.
79. Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Garrard, P., Bozeat, S., McClelland, J. L., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2004). Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: a neuropsychological and computational investigation. Psychological Review, 111(1), 205-235.
80. Rossell, S. L. (2006). Category fluency performance in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: The influence of affective categories. Schizophrenia Research, 82(2-3), 135-138.
81. Rucklidge, J. J. (2006). Impact of ADHD on the neurocognitive functioning of adolescents with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60(9), 921-928.
82. Sala, R., Axelson, D., & Birmaher, B. (2009). Phenomenology, longitudinal course, and outcome of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(2), 273-289. vii.
83. Sanchez-Morla, E. M., Barabash, A., Martinez-Vizcaino, V., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Balanza-Martinez, V., Cabranes-Diaz, J. A., et al. (2009). Comparative study of neurocognitive function in euthymic bipolar patients and stabilized schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research, 169(3), 220-228.
84. Savitz, J., van der Merwe, L., Stein, D. J., Solms, M., & Ramesar, R. (2009). Neuropsychological status of bipolar I disorder: impact of psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(3), 243-251.
85. Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2001). Learning disabilities and executive dysfunction in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology., 15(4), 544-556.
86. Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Weber, W., Hatch, M., & Faraone, S. V. (1998). Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 44(4), 260-268.
87. Simonsen, C., Sundet, K., Vaskinn, A., Birkenaes, A. B., Engh, J. A., & Faerden, A. (2011). Neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders depends on history of psychosis rather than diagnostic group. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(1), 73-83.
88. Skirrow, C., McLoughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2009). Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics, 9(4), 489-503.
89. Sobanski, E., Banaschewski, T., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J., Chen, W., & Franke, B. (2010). Emotional lability in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): clinical correlates and familial prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 51(8), 915-923.
90. Spatola, C. A., Fagnani, C., Pesenti-Gritti, P., Ogliari, A., Stazi, M. A., & Battaglia, M. (2007). A general population twin study of the CBCL/6-18 DSM-oriented scales. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(5), 619-627.
91. Sumiyoshi, C., Matsui, M., Sumiyoshi, T., Yamashita, I., Sumiyoshi, S., & Kurachi, M. (2001). Semantic structure in schizophrenia as assessed by the category fluency test: effect of verbal intelligence and age of onset. Psychiatry Research, 105(3), 187-199.
92. Sumiyoshi, C., Sumiyoshi, T., Nohara, S., Yamashita, I., Matsui, M., Kurachi, M., & Niwa, S. (2005). Disorganization of semantic memory underlies alogia in schizophrenia: an analysis of verbal fluency performance in Japanese subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1), 91-100.
93. Szomlaiski, N., Dyrborg, J., Rasmussen, H., Schumann, T., Koch, S. V., & Bilenberg, N. (2009). Validity and clinical feasibility of the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS) A Danish Nationwide Multicenter Study. Acta Paediatrica, 98(2), 397-402.
94. Talley, J. L. (1993). Children's auditory verbal learning test-2. Proffesional manual. In I. Psychological Assessment Resources (Ed.). Odessa, Florida.
95. Thorell, L. B. (2007). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48(11), 1061-1070.
96. Tillman, R., Geller, B., Klages, T., Corrigan, M., Bolhofner, K., & Zimerman, B. (2008). Psychotic phenomena in 257 young children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder: delusions and hallucinations (benign and pathological). Bipolar Disorder, 10(1), 45-55.
97. Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E., Torrente, F., Roca, M., Strejilevich, S. A., Cetkovich, M., et al. (2010). Neuropsychological functioning in adult bipolar disorder and ADHD patients: A comparative study. Psychiatry Research, 186(2-3):261-6.
98. Torres, I. J., Defreitas, C. M., Defreitas, V. G., Bond, D. J., Kunz, M., Honer, W. G., et al. (2010). Relationship between cognitive functioning and 6-month clinical and functional outcome in patients with first manic episode bipolar I disorder. Psychological Medicine, 41(5):971-82.
99. Udal, A. H., Malt, U. F., Lovdahl, H., Gjaerum, B., Pripp, A. H., & Groholt, B. (2009). Motor function may differentiate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from early onset bipolar disorder. Behavioral and brain functions, 5, 47.
100. Walshaw, P. D., Alloy, L. B., & Sabb, F. W. (2010). Executive function in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: in search of distinct phenotypic profiles. Neuropsychology Review, 20(1), 103-120.
101. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Edition (WISC-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation
102. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adul t Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
103. WHO. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva:World Health Organization.
104. Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336-1346.
105. Woo, B. S., & Rey, J. M. (2005). The validity of the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(5), 344-353.
106. Youngstrom, E. A., Arnold, L. E., & Frazier, T. W. (2010). Bipolar and ADHD comorbidity: both artifact and outgrowth of shared mechanisms. Clinical psychology: a publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 17(4):350-359.