메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 919-930

Shared neurocognitive dysfunctions in young offspring at extreme risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in eastern quebec multigenerational families

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Cognition; Developmental precursor; Genetics; High risk; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CANADA; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHOOL CHILD;

EID: 69249112973     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn058     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (70)

References (72)
  • 2
    • 20444495242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inheritance of intermediate phenotypes for schizophrenia
    • Cannon TD. The inheritance of intermediate phenotypes for schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18:135-140.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Psychiatry , vol.18 , pp. 135-140
    • Cannon, T.D.1
  • 3
    • 33845870419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deconstructing schizophrenia: An overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder
    • Braff DL, Freedman R, Schork NJ, Gottesman I. Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:21-32.
    • (2007) Schizophr Bull , vol.33 , pp. 21-32
    • Braff, D.L.1    Freedman, R.2    Schork, N.J.3    Gottesman, I.4
  • 4
    • 30344481921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: A meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes
    • Snitz BE, Macdonald AW, 3rd, Carter CS. Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:179-194.
    • (2006) Schizophr Bull , vol.32 , pp. 179-194
    • Snitz, B.E.1    Macdonald 3rd, A.W.2    Carter, C.S.3
  • 6
    • 21044437513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tests of executive functions in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis
    • Szoke A, Schurhoff F, Mathieu F, Meary A, Ionescu S, Leboyer M. Tests of executive functions in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2005;35:771-782.
    • (2005) Psychol Med , vol.35 , pp. 771-782
    • Szoke, A.1    Schurhoff, F.2    Mathieu, F.3    Meary, A.4    Ionescu, S.5    Leboyer, M.6
  • 7
    • 0028261613 scopus 로고
    • Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia
    • Cornblatt BA, Keilp JG. Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1994; 20:31-46.
    • (1994) Schizophr Bull , vol.20 , pp. 31-46
    • Cornblatt, B.A.1    Keilp, J.G.2
  • 8
    • 0034059094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained attention deficits as markers of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia
    • Chen WJ, Faraone SV. Sustained attention deficits as markers of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000;97:52-57.
    • (2000) Am J Med Genet , vol.97 , pp. 52-57
    • Chen, W.J.1    Faraone, S.V.2
  • 9
    • 0027081880 scopus 로고
    • On familial factors in the attentional deficit in schizophrenia: A review and report of two new subject samples
    • Mirsky AF, Lochhead SJ, Jones BP, Kugelmass S, Walsh D, Kendler KS. On familial factors in the attentional deficit in schizophrenia: a review and report of two new subject samples. J Psychiatr Res. 1992;26:383-404.
    • (1992) J Psychiatr Res , vol.26 , pp. 383-404
    • Mirsky, A.F.1    Lochhead, S.J.2    Jones, B.P.3    Kugelmass, S.4    Walsh, D.5    Kendler, K.S.6
  • 10
    • 0028884187 scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients
    • Park S, Holzman PS, Goldman-Rakic PS. Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:821-828.
    • (1995) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 821-828
    • Park, S.1    Holzman, P.S.2    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.3
  • 11
    • 0033961936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: Evidence from the digit span task
    • Conklin HM, Curtis CE, Katsanis J, Iacono WG. Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: evidence from the digit span task. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:275-277.
    • (2000) Am J Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 275-277
    • Conklin, H.M.1    Curtis, C.E.2    Katsanis, J.3    Iacono, W.G.4
  • 12
    • 0029042834 scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: A diagnostic efficiency analysis
    • Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Pepple JR, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT. Neuropsychological functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: a diagnostic efficiency analysis. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104:286-304.
    • (1995) J Abnorm Psychol , vol.104 , pp. 286-304
    • Faraone, S.V.1    Seidman, L.J.2    Kremen, W.S.3    Pepple, J.R.4    Lyons, M.J.5    Tsuang, M.T.6
  • 13
    • 0035025139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia and affective psychoses and their first-degree relatives
    • Gilvarry CM, Russell A, Jones P, Sham PC, Hemsley D, Murray RM. Verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia and affective psychoses and their first-degree relatives. Psychol Med. 2001;31:695-704.
    • (2001) Psychol Med , vol.31 , pp. 695-704
    • Gilvarry, C.M.1    Russell, A.2    Jones, P.3    Sham, P.C.4    Hemsley, D.5    Murray, R.M.6
  • 14
    • 0343007392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic verbal fluency deficit as a familial trait marker in schizophrenia
    • Chen YLR, Eric YH, Chen FM. Semantic verbal fluency deficit as a familial trait marker in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2000;95:133-148.
    • (2000) Psychiatry Res , vol.95 , pp. 133-148
    • Chen, Y.L.R.1    Eric, Y.H.2    Chen, F.M.3
  • 15
    • 0033710927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fonctions exécutives et mnésiques d'un groupe d'apparentés de premier degré de patients schizophréniques.
    • Laurent A, d'Amato T, Naegele B, et al. Fonctions exécutives et mnésiques d'un groupe d'apparentés de premier degré de patients schizophréniques. L'Encéphale. 2000;26:67-74.
    • (2000) L'Encéphale , vol.26 , pp. 67-74
    • Laurent, A.1    d'Amato, T.2    Naegele, B.3
  • 16
    • 0034670607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and their non psychotic first-degree relatives
    • Laurent A, Biloa-Tang M, Bougerol T, et al. Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and their non psychotic first-degree relatives. Schizophr Res. 2000;46:269-283.
    • (2000) Schizophr Res , vol.46 , pp. 269-283
    • Laurent, A.1    Biloa-Tang, M.2    Bougerol, T.3
  • 18
    • 0034931852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A neurocognitive approach
    • Keri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach. Psychol Med. 2001;31:915-922.
    • (2001) Psychol Med , vol.31 , pp. 915-922
    • Keri, S.1    Kelemen, O.2    Benedek, G.3    Janka, Z.4
  • 19
    • 33744539205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: A systematic review of cross-sectional evidence
    • Robinson LJ, Ferrier IN. Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of cross-sectional evidence. Bipolar disord. 2006;8:103-116.
    • (2006) Bipolar disord , vol.8 , pp. 103-116
    • Robinson, L.J.1    Ferrier, I.N.2
  • 20
    • 10744224795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
    • Zalla T, Joyce C, Szöke A, et al. Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2004;121:207-217.
    • (2004) Psychiatry Res , vol.121 , pp. 207-217
    • Zalla, T.1    Joyce, C.2    Szöke, A.3
  • 22
    • 18644372822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological impairments in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives
    • McIntosh AM, Harrison LK, Forrester K, Lawrie SM, Johnstone EC. Neuropsychological impairments in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:378-385.
    • (2005) Br J Psychiatry , vol.186 , pp. 378-385
    • McIntosh, A.M.1    Harrison, L.K.2    Forrester, K.3    Lawrie, S.M.4    Johnstone, E.C.5
  • 23
    • 32844474158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Maudsley Family Study: Premorbid and current general intellectual function levels in familial bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia
    • Toulopoulou T, Quraishi S, McDonald C, Murray RM. The Maudsley Family Study: premorbid and current general intellectual function levels in familial bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006;28: 243-259.
    • (2006) J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.28 , pp. 243-259
    • Toulopoulou, T.1    Quraishi, S.2    McDonald, C.3    Murray, R.M.4
  • 24
    • 34250716021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
    • Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Meyer SM, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:179-186.
    • (2007) Biol Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 179-186
    • Schretlen, D.J.1    Cascella, N.G.2    Meyer, S.M.3
  • 25
    • 0025334135 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive inflexibility and pre-frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania
    • Morice R. Cognitive inflexibility and pre-frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;157:50-54.
    • (1990) Br J Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 50-54
    • Morice, R.1
  • 26
    • 0027275302 scopus 로고
    • Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test battery
    • Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Greenberg RD, et al. Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test battery. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1355-1362.
    • (1993) Am J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 1355-1362
    • Goldberg, T.E.1    Gold, J.M.2    Greenberg, R.D.3
  • 27
    • 0030809091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance on tests sensitive to impaired executive ability in schizophrenia, mania and well controls: Acute and subacute phases
    • McGrath J, Scheldt S, Welham J, Clair A. Performance on tests sensitive to impaired executive ability in schizophrenia, mania and well controls: acute and subacute phases. Schizophr Res. 1997;26:127-137.
    • (1997) Schizophr Res , vol.26 , pp. 127-137
    • McGrath, J.1    Scheldt, S.2    Welham, J.3    Clair, A.4
  • 28
    • 0029898172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients
    • Albus M, Hubmann W, Ehrenberg C, et al. Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;246: 249-255.
    • (1996) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.246 , pp. 249-255
    • Albus, M.1    Hubmann, W.2    Ehrenberg, C.3
  • 29
    • 0029838442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasts in neuropsychological test profile between patients with first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective disorders
    • Albus M, Hubmann W, Wahlheim C, Sobizack N, Franz U, Mohr F. Contrasts in neuropsychological test profile between patients with first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94:87-93.
    • (1996) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.94 , pp. 87-93
    • Albus, M.1    Hubmann, W.2    Wahlheim, C.3    Sobizack, N.4    Franz, U.5    Mohr, F.6
  • 30
    • 0031588709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attentional vulnerability indicators in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
    • Addington J, Addington D. Attentional vulnerability indicators in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res. 1997;23:197-204.
    • (1997) Schizophr Res , vol.23 , pp. 197-204
    • Addington, J.1    Addington, D.2
  • 31
    • 0037391929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: Evidence from high-risk studies
    • Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Lönnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res. 2003; 60:239-258.
    • (2003) Schizophr Res , vol.60 , pp. 239-258
    • Niemi, L.T.1    Suvisaari, J.M.2    Tuulio-Henriksson, A.3    Lönnqvist, J.K.4
  • 32
    • 33750084367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precursors and prodromata of schizophrenia: Findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study and their literature context
    • Owens DG, Johnstone EC. Precursors and prodromata of schizophrenia: findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study and their literature context. Psychol Med. 2006;36:1501-1514.
    • (2006) Psychol Med , vol.36 , pp. 1501-1514
    • Owens, D.G.1    Johnstone, E.C.2
  • 33
    • 0034058161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobehavioral deficits in offspring of schizophrenic parents: Liability indicators and predictors of illness
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Neurobehavioral deficits in offspring of schizophrenic parents: liability indicators and predictors of illness. Am J Med Genet. 2000;97:65-71.
    • (2000) Am J Med Genet , vol.97 , pp. 65-71
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.1
  • 34
    • 0032883685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: Preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS)
    • Byrne M, Hodges A, Grant E, Owens DC, Johnstone EC. Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS). Psychol Med. 1999;29:1161-1173.
    • (1999) Psychol Med , vol.29 , pp. 1161-1173
    • Byrne, M.1    Hodges, A.2    Grant, E.3    Owens, D.C.4    Johnstone, E.C.5
  • 35
    • 0035682236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents
    • DelBello MP, Geller B. Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar disord. 2001;3: 325-334.
    • (2001) Bipolar disord , vol.3 , pp. 325-334
    • DelBello, M.P.1    Geller, B.2
  • 36
    • 33750052270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent children of mothers with a history of bipolar or major depressive disorders
    • Klimes-Dougan B, Ronsaville D, Wiggs EA, Martinez PE. Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent children of mothers with a history of bipolar or major depressive disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:957-965.
    • (2006) Biol Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 957-965
    • Klimes-Dougan, B.1    Ronsaville, D.2    Wiggs, E.A.3    Martinez, P.E.4
  • 37
    • 0033866340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia
    • Cannon TD, Huttunen MO, Lonnqvist J, et al. The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. 2000;67:369-382.
    • (2000) Am J Hum Genet , vol.67 , pp. 369-382
    • Cannon, T.D.1    Huttunen, M.O.2    Lonnqvist, J.3
  • 38
    • 0034661249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychologic functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: The effect of genetic loading
    • Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Toomey R, Pepple JR, Tsuang MT. Neuropsychologic functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: the effect of genetic loading. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:120-126.
    • (2000) Biol Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 120-126
    • Faraone, S.V.1    Seidman, L.J.2    Kremen, W.S.3    Toomey, R.4    Pepple, J.R.5    Tsuang, M.T.6
  • 39
    • 0242317419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial loading associates with impairment in visual span among healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients
    • Tuulio-Henriksson A, Arajärvi R, Partonen T, et al. Familial loading associates with impairment in visual span among healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:623-628.
    • (2003) Biol Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 623-628
    • Tuulio-Henriksson, A.1    Arajärvi, R.2    Partonen, T.3
  • 40
    • 0033860980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychoses: The New-York High-Risk Project
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Rock D, Roberts SA, et al. Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychoses: the New-York High-Risk Project. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1416-1422.
    • (2000) Am J Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 1416-1422
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.1    Rock, D.2    Roberts, S.A.3
  • 41
    • 20844457467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shared and specific susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A dense genome scan in Eastern Quebec families
    • Maziade M, Roy M-A, Chagnon Y, et al. Shared and specific susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a dense genome scan in Eastern Quebec families. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:486-499.
    • (2005) Mol Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 486-499
    • Maziade, M.1    Roy, M.-A.2    Chagnon, Y.3
  • 42
    • 0029096330 scopus 로고
    • Negative, psychoticism, and the disorganized dimensions in patients with familial schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: Continuity and discontinuity between the major psychoses
    • Maziade M, Roy M-A, Martinez M, et al. Negative, psychoticism, and the disorganized dimensions in patients with familial schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: continuity and discontinuity between the major psychoses. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1458-1463.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 1458-1463
    • Maziade, M.1    Roy, M.-A.2    Martinez, M.3
  • 43
    • 69249092335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mérette C, Roy M-A, Bureau A, et al. Replication of linkage with bipolar disorder on chromosome 16p in the Eastern Quebec population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. In press.
    • Mérette C, Roy M-A, Bureau A, et al. Replication of linkage with bipolar disorder on chromosome 16p in the Eastern Quebec population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. In press.
  • 44
    • 38049176992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnoses in offspring from Eastern Québec multigenerational families densely affected by schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
    • Maziade M, Gingras N, Rouleau N, et al. Clinical diagnoses in offspring from Eastern Québec multigenerational families densely affected by schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;117:118-126.
    • (2008) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.117 , pp. 118-126
    • Maziade, M.1    Gingras, N.2    Rouleau, N.3
  • 45
    • 0030719965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and methodological factors related to reliability of the best-estimate diagnostic procedure
    • Roy M-A, Lanctôt G,Mérette C, et al. Clinical and methodological factors related to reliability of the best-estimate diagnostic procedure. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1726-1733.
    • (1997) Am J Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 1726-1733
    • Roy, M.-A.1    Lanctôt, G.2    Mérette, C.3
  • 46
    • 0026457304 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of bestestimate diagnosis in genetic linkage studies of major psychoses: Results from the Québec pedigree studies
    • Maziade M, Roy MA, Fournier J-P, et al. Reliability of bestestimate diagnosis in genetic linkage studies of major psychoses: results from the Québec pedigree studies. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1674-1686.
    • (1992) Am J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 1674-1686
    • Maziade, M.1    Roy, M.A.2    Fournier, J.-P.3
  • 47
    • 0016970988 scopus 로고
    • The global assessment scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbances
    • Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The global assessment scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbances. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33: 766-771.
    • (1976) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 766-771
    • Endicott, J.1    Spitzer, R.L.2    Fleiss, J.L.3    Cohen, J.4
  • 48
    • 0030954243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data
    • Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36: 980-988.
    • (1997) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.36 , pp. 980-988
    • Kaufman, J.1    Birmaher, B.2    Brent, D.3
  • 49
    • 0026769858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) I: history, rationale and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49: 624-629.
    • Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) I: history, rationale and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49: 624-629.
  • 54
    • 0003572689 scopus 로고
    • Tampa, FL: Phychological Assessment Resources;
    • Golden C. Stroop Color and Word Test. Tampa, FL: Phychological Assessment Resources; 1976.
    • (1976) Stroop Color and Word Test
    • Golden, C.1
  • 61
    • 0013537591 scopus 로고
    • Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources;
    • Tiffin J. Purdue Pegboard Test. Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1948.
    • (1948) Purdue Pegboard Test
    • Tiffin, J.1
  • 62
  • 64
    • 34247101652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilevel models
    • Armitage P, Colton T, eds, Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd;
    • Goldstein H. Multilevel models. In: Armitage P, Colton T, eds. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 1998:2725-2731.
    • (1998) Encyclopedia of Biostatistics , pp. 2725-2731
    • Goldstein, H.1
  • 65
    • 33646007635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of schizophrenia: Review of studies
    • Olsen KA, Rosenbaum B. Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of schizophrenia: review of studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006;113:247-272.
    • (2006) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.113 , pp. 247-272
    • Olsen, K.A.1    Rosenbaum, B.2
  • 66
    • 0031903740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence
    • Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:426-445.
    • (1998) Neuropsychology , vol.12 , pp. 426-445
    • Heinrichs, R.W.1    Zakzanis, K.K.2
  • 68
    • 33645454744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Differences and overlaps
    • Maier W, Zobel A, Wagner M. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: differences and overlaps. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006;19: 165-170.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 165-170
    • Maier, W.1    Zobel, A.2    Wagner, M.3
  • 69
    • 0242385651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for shared susceptibility in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
    • Berrettini W. Evidence for shared susceptibility in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2003;123C: 59-64.
    • (2003) Am J Med Genet , vol.123 C , pp. 59-64
    • Berrettini, W.1
  • 70
    • 4944240955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
    • Murray RM, Sham P, Van Os J, Zanelli J, Cannon M, McDonald C. A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res. 2004;71:405-416.
    • (2004) Schizophr Res , vol.71 , pp. 405-416
    • Murray, R.M.1    Sham, P.2    Van Os, J.3    Zanelli, J.4    Cannon, M.5    McDonald, C.6
  • 72
    • 0020624154 scopus 로고
    • A children's global assessment scale (CGAS)
    • Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, et al. A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40: 1228-1231.
    • (1983) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 1228-1231
    • Shaffer, D.1    Gould, M.S.2    Brasic, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.