메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 90, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 763-773

Occult infection with hepatitis C virus: Friend or foe

Author keywords

hepatitis C virus; occult infection; PCR

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; CORE PROTEIN; DNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE; GLYCOPROTEIN E1; GLYCOPROTEIN E2; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 4A; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 4B; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5A; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5B; RIBAVIRIN; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; VIRUS RNA;

EID: 84866353046     PISSN: 08189641     EISSN: 14401711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.20     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (13)

References (142)
  • 1
    • 0003171299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium
    • Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C.
    • Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, Belgium. J Viral Hepat 1999; 6: 35-47.
    • (1999) J Viral Hepat , vol.6 , pp. 35-47
  • 2
    • 0036829816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of chronic hepatitis C
    • Seeff LB. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36: S35-S46.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.36
    • Seeff, L.B.1
  • 3
    • 1842479859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C
    • Strader DB, Wright T, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004; 39: 1147-1171.
    • (2004) Hepatology , vol.39 , pp. 1147-1171
    • Strader, D.B.1    Wright, T.2    Thomas, D.L.3    Seeff, L.B.4
  • 4
    • 79952307519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The results of Phase III clinical trials with telaprevir and boceprevir presented at the Liver Meeting 2010: A new standard of care for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection, but with issues still pending
    • Pawlotsky JM. The results of Phase III clinical trials with telaprevir and boceprevir presented at the Liver Meeting 2010: A new standard of care for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection, but with issues still pending. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 746-754.
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , vol.140 , pp. 746-754
    • Pawlotsky, J.M.1
  • 6
    • 33745223509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the liver of healthy, anti HCV antibody positive, serum HCV RNA negative patients with normal alanine aminotransferase levels
    • Carreno V, Pardo M, Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Bartolome J, Castillo I. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the liver of healthy, anti HCV antibody positive, serum HCV RNA negative patients with normal alanine aminotransferase levels. J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 53-60.
    • (2006) J Infect Dis , vol.194 , pp. 53-60
    • Carreno, V.1    Pardo, M.2    Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M.3    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.4    Bartolome, J.5    Castillo, I.6
  • 8
    • 33751506707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidences of hepatitis C virus replication in hepatocytes and perpheral blood mononuclear cells from patients negative for viral RNA in serum
    • FalconAcosta-Rivero V, Shibayama N, Luna-Munoz M, Miranda-Sanchez J, de la Rosa MM, et al. Evidences of hepatitis C virus replication in hepatocytes and perpheral blood mononuclear cells from patients negative for viral RNA in serum. Am J Infect Dis 2005; 1: 34-42.
    • (2005) Am J Infect Dis , vol.1 , pp. 34-42
    • FalconAcosta-Rivero, V.1    Shibayama, N.2    Luna-Munoz, M.3    Miranda-Sanchez, J.4    De La Rosa, M.M.5
  • 10
    • 9144237413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients in whom the etiology of persistently abnormal results of liver function tests is unknown
    • Castillo I, Pardo M, Bartolome J, Ortiz-Movilla N, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Sd Lucas et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients in whom the etiology of persistently abnormal results of liver function tests is unknown. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 7-14.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.189 , pp. 7-14
    • Castillo, I.1    Pardo, M.2    Bartolome, J.3    Ortiz-Movilla, N.4    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.5    Sd Lucas6
  • 12
    • 0034604266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of hepatitis C virus viremia without detectable antibody to hepatitis C virus in a blood donor
    • Durand F, Beauplet A, Marcellin P. Evidence of hepatitis C virus viremia without detectable antibody to hepatitis C virus in a blood donor. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 74-75.
    • (2000) Ann Intern Med , vol.133 , pp. 74-75
    • Durand, F.1    Beauplet, A.2    Marcellin, P.3
  • 13
    • 0027181315 scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of chronic hepatitis C after withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy
    • Gruber A, Lundberg LG, Bjorkholm M. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis C after withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy. J Intern Med 1993; 234: 223-225.
    • (1993) J Intern Med , vol.234 , pp. 223-225
    • Gruber, A.1    Lundberg, L.G.2    Bjorkholm, M.3
  • 14
    • 24644506127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reemergence of hepatitis C virus after 8.5 years in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia: Evidence for an occult viral reservoir
    • Lee WM, Polson JE, Carney DS, Sahin B, Gale M. Reemergence of hepatitis C virus after 8.5 years in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia: Evidence for an occult viral reservoir. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 1088-1092.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.192 , pp. 1088-1092
    • Lee, W.M.1    Polson, J.E.2    Carney, D.S.3    Sahin, B.4    Gale, M.5
  • 15
    • 2342418962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of hepatitis C virus after chemotherapy for colon cancer
    • Melisko ME, Fox R, Venook A. Reactivation of hepatitis C virus after chemotherapy for colon cancer. Clin Oncol 2004; 16: 204-205.
    • (2004) Clin Oncol , vol.16 , pp. 204-205
    • Melisko, M.E.1    Fox, R.2    Venook, A.3
  • 16
    • 0022738924 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis agent to chimpanzees from patients of epidemic hepatitis
    • Abe K, Shikata T, Fujisawa K, Yamauchi M, Matsushita H, Suzuki H et al. Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis agent to chimpanzees from patients of epidemic hepatitis. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1986; 39: 119-127.
    • (1986) Jpn J Med Sci Biol , vol.39 , pp. 119-127
    • Abe, K.1    Shikata, T.2    Fujisawa, K.3    Yamauchi, M.4    Matsushita, H.5    Suzuki, H.6
  • 17
    • 0031925283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of hepatitis C virus-inoculated chimpanzees reveals unexpected clinical profiles
    • Bassett SE, Brasky KM, Lanford RE. Analysis of hepatitis C virus-inoculated chimpanzees reveals unexpected clinical profiles. J Virol 1998; 72: 2589-2599.
    • (1998) J Virol , vol.72 , pp. 2589-2599
    • Bassett, S.E.1    Brasky, K.M.2    Lanford, R.E.3
  • 18
  • 19
    • 0032408707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: Proposals for standardization
    • Robertson B, Myers G, Howard C, Brettin T, Bukh J, Gaschen B et al. Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: Proposals for standardization. Arch Virol 1998; 143: 2493-2503.
    • (1998) Arch Virol , vol.143 , pp. 2493-2503
    • Robertson, B.1    Myers, G.2    Howard, C.3    Brettin, T.4    Bukh, J.5    Gaschen, B.6
  • 20
    • 0033920795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication of hepatitis C virus
    • Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V. Replication of hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol 2000; 81: 1631-1648.
    • (2000) J Gen Virol , vol.81 , pp. 1631-1648
    • Bartenschlager, R.1    Lohmann, V.2
  • 21
    • 0028818269 scopus 로고
    • Lack of detection of negative-strand hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and other extrahepatic tissues by the highly strand-specific rTth reverse transcriptase PCR
    • Lanford R, Chavez D, Chisari F, Sureau C. Lack of detection of negative-strand hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and other extrahepatic tissues by the highly strand-specific rTth reverse transcriptase PCR. J Virol 1995; 69: 8079-8083.
    • (1995) J Virol , vol.69 , pp. 8079-8083
    • Lanford, R.1    Chavez, D.2    Chisari, F.3    Sureau, C.4
  • 22
    • 27144513392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of the hepatitis C virus replication complex
    • Quinkert D, Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V. Quantitative analysis of the hepatitis C virus replication complex. J Virol 2005; 79: 13594-13605.
    • (2005) J Virol , vol.79 , pp. 13594-13605
    • Quinkert, D.1    Bartenschlager, R.2    Lohmann, V.3
  • 23
    • 77952572492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How stable is the hepatitis C virus (HCV)? Environmental stability of HCV and its susceptibility to chemical biocides
    • Ciesek S, Friesland M, Steinmann J, Becker B, Wedemeyer H, Manns MP et al. How stable is the hepatitis C virus (HCV)? Environmental stability of HCV and its susceptibility to chemical biocides. J Infect Dis 2010; 201: 1859-1866.
    • (2010) J Infect Dis , vol.201 , pp. 1859-1866
    • Ciesek, S.1    Friesland, M.2    Steinmann, J.3    Becker, B.4    Wedemeyer, H.5    Manns, M.P.6
  • 24
    • 0031807791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus dynamics in vivo: Effect of ribavirin and interferon alfa on viral turnover
    • Zeuzem S, Schmidt J, Lee J, von Wagner M, Teuber G, Roth W. Hepatitis C virus dynamics in vivo: Effect of ribavirin and interferon alfa on viral turnover. Hepatology 1998; 28: 245-252.
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.28 , pp. 245-252
    • Zeuzem, S.1    Schmidt, J.2    Lee, J.3    Von Wagner, M.4    Teuber, G.5    Roth, W.6
  • 25
    • 34447265738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultracentrifugation of serum samples allows detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with occult hepatitis C
    • Bartolome J, Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Castillo I, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Quiroga JA, Palacios R et al. Ultracentrifugation of serum samples allows detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with occult hepatitis C. J Virol 2007; 81: 7710-7715.
    • (2007) J Virol , vol.81 , pp. 7710-7715
    • Bartolome, J.1    Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M.2    Castillo, I.3    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.4    Quiroga, J.A.5    Palacios, R.6
  • 26
    • 17644409098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus replicates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with occult hepatitis C virus infection
    • Castillo I, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Bartolome J, de Lucas S, Ortiz-Movilla N, Lopez-Alcorocho JM et al. Hepatitis C virus replicates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with occult hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 2005; 54: 682-685.
    • (2005) Gut , vol.54 , pp. 682-685
    • Castillo, I.1    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.2    Bartolome, J.3    De Lucas, S.4    Ortiz-Movilla, N.5    Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M.6
  • 27
    • 45149086647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult hepatitis C virus infection revisited with ultrasensitive real-time PCR assay
    • Halfon P, Bourliere M, Ouzan D, Sene D, Saadoun D, Khiri H et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection revisited with ultrasensitive real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 2106-2108.
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 2106-2108
    • Halfon, P.1    Bourliere, M.2    Ouzan, D.3    Sene, D.4    Saadoun, D.5    Khiri, H.6
  • 28
    • 0027935048 scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of in vitro infection of chimpanzee hepatocytes with hepatitis C virus using strand-specific RT/PCR
    • Lanford RE, Sureau C, Jacob JR, White R, Fuerst TR. Demonstration of in vitro infection of chimpanzee hepatocytes with hepatitis C virus using strand-specific RT/PCR. Virology 1994; 202: 606-614.
    • (1994) Virology , vol.202 , pp. 606-614
    • Lanford, R.E.1    Sureau, C.2    Jacob, J.R.3    White, R.4    Fuerst, T.R.5
  • 29
    • 0030700022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus negative strand RNA is not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and viral sequences are identical to those in serum: A case against extrahepatic replication
    • Laskus T, Radkowski M, Wang L, Cianciara J, Vargas H, Rakela J. Hepatitis C virus negative strand RNA is not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and viral sequences are identical to those in serum: A case against extrahepatic replication. J Gen Virol 1997; 78: 2747-2750.
    • (1997) J Gen Virol , vol.78 , pp. 2747-2750
    • Laskus, T.1    Radkowski, M.2    Wang, L.3    Cianciara, J.4    Vargas, H.5    Rakela, J.6
  • 30
    • 0036840157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of hepatitis C virus in human liver and serum samples by using LightCycler reverse transcriptase PCR
    • White PA, Pan Y, Freeman AJ, Marinos G, Ffrench RA, Lloyd AR et al. Quantification of hepatitis C virus in human liver and serum samples by using LightCycler reverse transcriptase PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4346-4348.
    • (2002) J Clin Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 4346-4348
    • White, P.A.1    Pan, Y.2    Freeman, A.J.3    Marinos, G.4    Ffrench, R.A.5    Lloyd, A.R.6
  • 33
    • 33745880701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrahepatic replication of HCV: Insights into clinical manifestations and biological consequences
    • Blackard JT, Kemmer N, Sherman KE. Extrahepatic replication of HCV: Insights into clinical manifestations and biological consequences. Hepatology 2006; 44: 15-22.
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.44 , pp. 15-22
    • Blackard, J.T.1    Kemmer, N.2    Sherman, K.E.3
  • 34
    • 40349100130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis
    • Saadoun D, Delluc A, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Treatment of hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20: 23-28.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.20 , pp. 23-28
    • Saadoun, D.1    Delluc, A.2    Piette, J.C.3    Cacoub, P.4
  • 35
    • 2342655833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of unique hepatitis C virus quasispecies in the central nervous system and comparative analysis of internal translational efficiency of brain, liver, and serum variants
    • Forton DM, Karayiannis P, Mahmud N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC. Identification of unique hepatitis C virus quasispecies in the central nervous system and comparative analysis of internal translational efficiency of brain, liver, and serum variants. J Virol 2004; 78: 5170-5183.
    • (2004) J Virol , vol.78 , pp. 5170-5183
    • Forton, D.M.1    Karayiannis, P.2    Mahmud, N.3    Taylor-Robinson, S.D.4    Thomas, H.C.5
  • 36
    • 0031902868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low level or absent in vivo replication of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis G virus/GB virus C in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • Mellor J, Haydon G, Blair C, Livingstone W, Simmonds P. Low level or absent in vivo replication of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis G virus/GB virus C in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Gen Virol 1998; 79: 705-714.
    • (1998) J Gen Virol , vol.79 , pp. 705-714
    • Mellor, J.1    Haydon, G.2    Blair, C.3    Livingstone, W.4    Simmonds, P.5
  • 37
    • 0030996906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surreptitious hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection detected in the majority of patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and negative HCV antibody tests
    • Schmidt WN, Wu P, Cederna J, Mitros FA, LaBrecque DR, Stapleton JT. Surreptitious hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection detected in the majority of patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and negative HCV antibody tests. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 27-33.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , pp. 27-33
    • Schmidt, W.N.1    Wu, P.2    Cederna, J.3    Mitros, F.A.4    LaBrecque, D.R.5    Stapleton, J.T.6
  • 38
    • 22244462678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from HCVmonoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected persons
    • Blackard JT, Smeaton L, Hiasa Y, Horiike N, Onji M, Jamieson DJ et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from HCVmonoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected persons. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 258-265.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.192 , pp. 258-265
    • Blackard, J.T.1    Smeaton, L.2    Hiasa, Y.3    Horiike, N.4    Onji, M.5    Jamieson, D.J.6
  • 39
    • 58149386478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cultureproduced hepatitis C virus does not infect peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • Marukian S, Jones CT, Andrus L, Evans MJ, Ritola KD, Charles ED et al. Cell cultureproduced hepatitis C virus does not infect peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hepatology 2008; 48: 1843-1850.
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.48 , pp. 1843-1850
    • Marukian, S.1    Jones, C.T.2    Andrus, L.3    Evans, M.J.4    Ritola, K.D.5    Charles, E.D.6
  • 41
    • 66149131434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus persisting after clinically apparent sustained virological response to antiviral therapy retains infectivity in vitro
    • MacParland SA, Pham TNQ, Guy CS, Michalak TI. Hepatitis C virus persisting after clinically apparent sustained virological response to antiviral therapy retains infectivity in vitro. Hepatology 2009; 49: 1431-1441.
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.49 , pp. 1431-1441
    • MacParland, S.A.1    Pham, T.N.Q.2    Guy, C.S.3    Michalak, T.I.4
  • 45
    • 0037562850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of viral replication in circulating dendritic cells during hepatitis C virus infection
    • Goutagny N, Fatmi A, Ledinghen VD, Penin F, Couzigou P, Inchauspe G et al. Evidence of viral replication in circulating dendritic cells during hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1951-1958.
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.187 , pp. 1951-1958
    • Goutagny, N.1    Fatmi, A.2    Ledinghen, V.D.3    Penin, F.4    Couzigou, P.5    Inchauspe, G.6
  • 47
    • 18544371483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for viral persistence in patients who test positive for anti hepatitis C virus antibodies and have normal alanine aminotransferase levels
    • Radkowski M, Horban A, Gallegos-Orozco JF, Pawelczyk A, Jablonska J, Wilkinson J et al. Evidence for viral persistence in patients who test positive for anti hepatitis C virus antibodies and have normal alanine aminotransferase levels. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1730-1733.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.191 , pp. 1730-1733
    • Radkowski, M.1    Horban, A.2    Gallegos-Orozco, J.F.3    Pawelczyk, A.4    Jablonska, J.5    Wilkinson, J.6
  • 50
    • 0034089003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus in lymphoid cells of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Evidence of active replication in monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
    • Laskus T, Radkowski M, Piasek A, Nowicki M, Horban A, Cianciara J et al. Hepatitis C virus in lymphoid cells of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Evidence of active replication in monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 442-448.
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.181 , pp. 442-448
    • Laskus, T.1    Radkowski, M.2    Piasek, A.3    Nowicki, M.4    Horban, A.5    Cianciara, J.6
  • 51
    • 0032529690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus quasispecies in patients infected with HIV-1: Correlation with extrahepatic viral replication
    • Laskus T, Radkowski M, Wang L-F, Jang SJ, Vargas H, Rakela J. Hepatitis C virus quasispecies in patients infected with HIV-1: Correlation with extrahepatic viral replication. Virology 1998; 248: 164-171.
    • (1998) Virology , vol.248 , pp. 164-171
    • Laskus, T.1    Radkowski, M.2    Wang, L.-F.3    Jang, S.J.4    Vargas, H.5    Rakela, J.6
  • 53
    • 0031749658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What strategy should be used for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in clinical laboratories?
    • Pawlotsky J-M, Lonjon I, Hezode C, Raynard B, Darthuy F, Remire J et al. What strategy should be used for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in clinical laboratories? Hepatology 1998; 27: 1700-1702.
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.27 , pp. 1700-1702
    • Pawlotsky, J.-M.1    Lonjon, I.2    Hezode, C.3    Raynard, B.4    Darthuy, F.5    Remire, J.6
  • 54
    • 0035076670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity and specificity of third-generation hepatitis C virus antibody detection assays: An analysis of the literature
    • Colin C, Lanoir D, Touzet S, Meyaud-Kraemer L, Bailly F, Trepo C et al. Sensitivity and specificity of third-generation hepatitis C virus antibody detection assays: An analysis of the literature. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8: 87-95.
    • (2001) J Viral Hepat , vol.8 , pp. 87-95
    • Colin, C.1    Lanoir, D.2    Touzet, S.3    Meyaud-Kraemer, L.4    Bailly, F.5    Trepo, C.6
  • 56
    • 19244369511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: Relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects
    • Cerino A, Bissolati M, Cividini A, Nicosia A, Esumi M, Hayashi N et al. Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: Relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects. J Med Virol 1997; 51: 1-5.
    • (1997) J Med Virol , vol.51 , pp. 1-5
    • Cerino, A.1    Bissolati, M.2    Cividini, A.3    Nicosia, A.4    Esumi, M.5    Hayashi, N.6
  • 57
    • 33845565035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen-antibody detection assay does not improve diagnosis for seronegative individuals with occult HCV infection
    • Quiroga JA, Castillo I, Pardo M, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Carreno V. Combined hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen-antibody detection assay does not improve diagnosis for seronegative individuals with occult HCV infection. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 4559-4560.
    • (2006) J Clin Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 4559-4560
    • Quiroga, J.A.1    Castillo, I.2    Pardo, M.3    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.4    Carreno, V.5
  • 58
    • 0036829817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and interpretation of virological tests for hepatitis C
    • Pawlotsky J-M. Use and interpretation of virological tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36: S65-S73.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.36
    • Pawlotsky, J.-M.1
  • 59
    • 58149299825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of serologically silent occult hepatitis C virus infection by detecting immunoglobulin G antibody to a dominant HCV core peptide epitope
    • Quiroga JA, Castillo I, Llorente S, Bartolome J, Barril G, Carreno V. Identification of serologically silent occult hepatitis C virus infection by detecting immunoglobulin G antibody to a dominant HCV core peptide epitope. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 256-263.
    • (2009) J Hepatol , vol.50 , pp. 256-263
    • Quiroga, J.A.1    Castillo, I.2    Llorente, S.3    Bartolome, J.4    Barril, G.5    Carreno, V.6
  • 60
    • 0025203171 scopus 로고
    • Non-A, non-B hepatitis specific antibodies directed at host-derived epitope: Implication for an autoimmune process
    • Mishiro S, Hoshi Y, Yoshikawa A, Gotanda T, Tsuda F, Takeda K et al. Non-A, non-B hepatitis specific antibodies directed at host-derived epitope: Implication for an autoimmune process. Lancet 1990; 336: 1400-1403.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 1400-1403
    • Mishiro, S.1    Hoshi, Y.2    Yoshikawa, A.3    Gotanda, T.4    Tsuda, F.5    Takeda, K.6
  • 61
    • 35548946687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to the GOR autoepitope are present in patients with occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection despite lack of HCV-specific antibodies
    • Quiroga JA, Castillo I, Bartolome J, Carreno V. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to the GOR autoepitope are present in patients with occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection despite lack of HCV-specific antibodies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14: 1302-1306.
    • (2007) Clin Vaccine Immunol , vol.14 , pp. 1302-1306
    • Quiroga, J.A.1    Castillo, I.2    Bartolome, J.3    Carreno, V.4
  • 62
    • 0006348842 scopus 로고
    • On the doctrine of original antigenic sin
    • Francis Jr T. On the Doctrine of Original Antigenic Sin. Proc Am Philos Soc 1960; 104: 572-578.
    • (1960) Proc Am Philos Soc , vol.104 , pp. 572-578
    • Francis Jr., T.1
  • 63
    • 58149291684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-HCV core antibody: A potential new marker of occult and otherwise serologically silent HCV infection
    • Michalak TI, Pham TN. Anti-HCV core antibody: A potential new marker of occult and otherwise serologically silent HCV infection. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 244-246.
    • (2009) J Hepatol , vol.50 , pp. 244-246
    • Michalak, T.I.1    Pham, T.N.2
  • 65
    • 0036905425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus infection in renal failure patients in the absence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies
    • Hanuka N, Sikuler E, Tovbin D, Mostoslavsky M, Hausman M, Orgel M et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in renal failure patients in the absence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies. J Viral Hepat 2002; 9: 141-145.
    • (2002) J Viral Hepat , vol.9 , pp. 141-145
    • Hanuka, N.1    Sikuler, E.2    Tovbin, D.3    Mostoslavsky, M.4    Hausman, M.5    Orgel, M.6
  • 67
    • 0033616491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility and efficacy of routine PCR screening of blood donations for hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV-1 in a blood-bank setting
    • Roth WK, Weber M, Seifried E. Feasibility and efficacy of routine PCR screening of blood donations for hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and HIV-1 in a blood-bank setting. Lancet 1999; 353: 359-363.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 359-363
    • Roth, W.K.1    Weber, M.2    Seifried, E.3
  • 68
    • 0035086453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine HCV PCR screening of blood donations to identify early HCV infection in blood donors lacking antibodies to HCV
    • Hitzler WE, Runkel S. Routine HCV PCR screening of blood donations to identify early HCV infection in blood donors lacking antibodies to HCV. Transfusion (Paris) 2001; 41: 333-337.
    • (2001) Transfusion (Paris) , vol.41 , pp. 333-337
    • Hitzler, W.E.1    Runkel, S.2
  • 69
    • 0033792738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing of individual blood donations for HCV RNA reduces the residual risk of transfusiontransmitted HCV infection
    • Legler TJ, Riggert J, Simson G, Wolf C, Humpe A, Munzel U et al. Testing of individual blood donations for HCV RNA reduces the residual risk of transfusiontransmitted HCV infection. Transfusion (Paris) 2000; 40: 1192-1197.
    • (2000) Transfusion (Paris) , vol.40 , pp. 1192-1197
    • Legler, T.J.1    Riggert, J.2    Simson, G.3    Wolf, C.4    Humpe, A.5    Munzel, U.6
  • 70
    • 0038012858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Follow-up of six blood donors highlights the complementary role and limitations of hepatitis C virus antibody and nucleic acid amplification tests
    • Hyland C, Seed CR, Kiely P, Parker S, Cowley N, Bolton W. Follow-up of six blood donors highlights the complementary role and limitations of hepatitis C virus antibody and nucleic acid amplification tests. Vox Sang 2003; 85: 1-8.
    • (2003) Vox Sang , vol.85 , pp. 1-8
    • Hyland, C.1    Seed, C.R.2    Kiely, P.3    Parker, S.4    Cowley, N.5    Bolton, W.6
  • 71
    • 3142554013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged hepatitis C virus seroconversion in a blood donor, detected by HCV antigen test in parallel with HCV RNA
    • Alvarez M, Planelles D, Vila E, Montoro J, Franco E. Prolonged hepatitis C virus seroconversion in a blood donor, detected by HCV antigen test in parallel with HCV RNA. Vox Sang 2004; 86: 266-267.
    • (2004) Vox Sang , vol.86 , pp. 266-267
    • Alvarez, M.1    Planelles, D.2    Vila, E.3    Montoro, J.4    Franco, E.5
  • 74
    • 2442663864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearance of hepatitis C viremia associated with cellular immunity in the absence of seroconversion in the hepatitis C incidence and transmission in prisons study cohort
    • Post JJ, Pan Y, Freeman AJ, Harvey CE, White PA, Palladinetti P et al. Clearance of hepatitis C viremia associated with cellular immunity in the absence of seroconversion in the hepatitis C incidence and transmission in prisons study cohort. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1846-1855.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.189 , pp. 1846-1855
    • Post, J.J.1    Pan, Y.2    Freeman, A.J.3    Harvey, C.E.4    White, P.A.5    Palladinetti, P.6
  • 75
    • 0141758299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to low infective doses of HCV induces cellular immune responses without consistently detectable viremia or seroconversion in chimpanzees
    • Shata MT, Tricoche N, Perkus M, Tom D, Brotman B, McCormack P et al. Exposure to low infective doses of HCV induces cellular immune responses without consistently detectable viremia or seroconversion in chimpanzees. Virology 2003; 314: 601-616.
    • (2003) Virology , vol.314 , pp. 601-616
    • Shata, M.T.1    Tricoche, N.2    Perkus, M.3    Tom, D.4    Brotman, B.5    McCormack, P.6
  • 76
    • 0033839753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of longterm outcomes of community-acquired hepatitis C infection in a cohort with sera stored from 1971 to 1975
    • Rodger AJ, Roberts S, Lanigan A, Bowden S, Brown T, Crofts N. Assessment of longterm outcomes of community-acquired hepatitis C infection in a cohort with sera stored from 1971 to 1975. Hepatology 2000; 32: 582-587.
    • (2000) Hepatology , Issue.32 , pp. 582-587
    • Rodger, A.J.1    Roberts, S.2    Lanigan, A.3    Bowden, S.4    Brown, T.5    Crofts, N.6
  • 77
    • 0034030136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular immune responses persist and humoral responses decrease two decades after recovery from a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C
    • Takaki A, Wiese M, Maertens G, Depla E, Seifert U, Liebetrau A et al. Cellular immune responses persist and humoral responses decrease two decades after recovery from a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C. Nat Med 2000; 6: 578-582.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 578-582
    • Takaki, A.1    Wiese, M.2    Maertens, G.3    Depla, E.4    Seifert, U.5    Liebetrau, A.6
  • 78
    • 0030904821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early antibody response against hypervariable region 1 is associated with acute self-limiting infections of hepatitis C virus
    • Zibert A, Meisel H, Kraas W, Schulz A, Jung G, Roggendorf M. Early antibody response against hypervariable region 1 is associated with acute self-limiting infections of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1245-1249.
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 1245-1249
    • Zibert, A.1    Meisel, H.2    Kraas, W.3    Schulz, A.4    Jung, G.5    Roggendorf, M.6
  • 79
    • 0027214876 scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus markers in patients with acute post-transfusion hepatitis treated with interferon alfa-2b
    • Genesca J, Esteban JI, Quer J, Viladomiu LL, Gonzalez A, Esteban R et al. Hepatitis C virus markers in patients with acute post-transfusion hepatitis treated with interferon alfa-2b. Gut 1993; 34: S62-S63.
    • (1993) Gut , vol.34
    • Genesca, J.1    Esteban, J.I.2    Quer, J.3    Viladomiu, L.L.4    Gonzalez, A.5    Esteban, R.6
  • 80
    • 0027978301 scopus 로고
    • A twelve year natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialyzed patients
    • Simon N, Courouce AM, Lemarrec N, Trepo C, Ducamp S. A twelve year natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 504-511.
    • (1994) Kidney Int , vol.46 , pp. 504-511
    • Simon, N.1    Courouce, A.M.2    Lemarrec, N.3    Trepo, C.4    Ducamp, S.5
  • 82
    • 17744395299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term mortality and morbidity of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: A national heart, lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study
    • Seeff LB, Hollinger FB, Alter HJ, Wright EC, Cain CM, Buskell ZJ et al. Long-term mortality and morbidity of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study. Hepatology 2001; 33: 455-463.
    • (2001) Hepatology , vol.33 , pp. 455-463
    • Seeff, L.B.1    Hollinger, F.B.2    Alter, H.J.3    Wright, E.C.4    Cain, C.M.5    Buskell, Z.J.6
  • 83
    • 0036094158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular diagnosis of viral hepatitis
    • Pawlotsky J-M. Molecular diagnosis of viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1554-1568.
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.122 , pp. 1554-1568
    • Pawlotsky, J.-M.1
  • 84
    • 0034608201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed viral infection identified using Heteroduplex Mobility Analysis (HMA)
    • White PA, Li Z, Zhai X, Marinos G, Rawlinson WD. Mixed viral infection identified using Heteroduplex Mobility Analysis (HMA). Virology 2000; 271: 382-389.
    • (2000) Virology , vol.271 , pp. 382-389
    • White, P.A.1    Li, Z.2    Zhai, X.3    Marinos, G.4    Rawlinson, W.D.5
  • 85
    • 0026418667 scopus 로고
    • Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
    • Compton J. Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Nature 1991; 350: 91-92.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.350 , pp. 91-92
    • Compton, J.1
  • 87
    • 0032954992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of the first international standard for nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays for HCV RNA
    • Saldanha J, Lelie N, Heath A. Establishment of the first international standard for nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays for HCV RNA. Vox Sang 1999; 76: 149-158.
    • (1999) Vox Sang , vol.76 , pp. 149-158
    • Saldanha, J.1    Lelie, N.2    Heath, A.3
  • 88
    • 3843087381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance characteristics of a quantitative TaqMan hepatitis C virus RNA analyte-specific reagent
    • Barbeau JM, Goforth J, Caliendo AM, Nolte FS. Performance characteristics of a quantitative TaqMan hepatitis C virus RNA analyte-specific reagent. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3739-3746.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 3739-3746
    • Barbeau, J.M.1    Goforth, J.2    Caliendo, A.M.3    Nolte, F.S.4
  • 89
    • 72149131752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical performances of two real-time PCR assays and bDNA/TMA to early monitor treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C
    • Martinot-Peignoux M, Khiri H, Leclere L, Maylin S, Marcellin P, Halfon P. Clinical performances of two real-time PCR assays and bDNA/TMA to early monitor treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Virol 2009; 46: 216-221.
    • (2009) J Clin Virol , vol.46 , pp. 216-221
    • Martinot-Peignoux, M.1    Khiri, H.2    Leclere, L.3    Maylin, S.4    Marcellin, P.5    Halfon, P.6
  • 90
    • 33751393677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De novo infection and propagation of wild-type Hepatitis C virus in human T lymphocytes in vitro
    • MacParland SA, Pham TNQ, Gujar SA, Michalak TI. De novo infection and propagation of wild-type Hepatitis C virus in human T lymphocytes in vitro. J Gen Virol 2006; 87: 3577-3586.
    • (2006) J Gen Virol , vol.87 , pp. 3577-3586
    • MacParland, S.A.1    Pham, T.N.Q.2    Gujar, S.A.3    Michalak, T.I.4
  • 91
    • 0002516464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strand-specific rTth RT-PCR for the analysis of HCV replication. In
    • Lau YN (ed).
    • Lanford R, Chavez D. Strand-specific rTth RT-PCR for the analysis of HCV replication. In: Lau YN (ed). Hepatitis C Protocols. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 1998: 471-481.
    • (1998) Hepatitis C Protocols. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ , pp. 471-481
    • Lanford, R.1    Chavez, D.2
  • 92
    • 0021813995 scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerases from the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB-8
    • Ruttimann C, Cotoras M, Zaldia J, Vicuna R. DNA polymerases from the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB-8. Eur J Biochem 1985; 149: 41-46.
    • (1985) Eur J Biochem , vol.149 , pp. 41-46
    • Ruttimann, C.1    Cotoras, M.2    Zaldia, J.3    Vicuna, R.4
  • 93
    • 10744228049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New real-time reverse transcriptase-initiated PCR assay with single-copy sensitivity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma
    • Palmer S, Wiegand AP, Maldarelli F, Bazmi H, Mican JM, Polis M et al. New real-time reverse transcriptase-initiated PCR assay with single-copy sensitivity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4531-4536.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 4531-4536
    • Palmer, S.1    Wiegand, A.P.2    Maldarelli, F.3    Bazmi, H.4    Mican, J.M.5    Polis, M.6
  • 95
    • 0032403457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of CD28 costimulation on HIV production by CD4 cells
    • Barker E, Bossart K, Levy J. Differential effects of CD28 costimulation on HIV production by CD4 cells. J Immunol 1998; 161: 6223-6227.
    • (1998) J Immunol , vol.161 , pp. 6223-6227
    • Barker, E.1    Bossart, K.2    Levy, J.3
  • 96
    • 0032730107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ hybridization - theory and practice
    • Kadkol SS, Gage WR, Pasternack GR. In situ hybridization - theory and practice. Mol Diagn 1999; 4: 169-183.
    • (1999) Mol Diagn , vol.4 , pp. 169-183
    • Kadkol, S.S.1    Gage, W.R.2    Pasternack, G.R.3
  • 97
    • 79251564080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sporadic reappearance of minute amounts of hepatitis C virus RNA after successful therapy stimulates cellular immune responses
    • e671
    • Veerapu NS, Raghuraman S, Liang TJ, Heller T, Rehermann B. Sporadic reappearance of minute amounts of hepatitis C virus RNA after successful therapy stimulates cellular immune responses. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 676-685. e671.
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , Issue.140 , pp. 676-685
    • Veerapu, N.S.1    Raghuraman, S.2    Liang, T.J.3    Heller, T.4    Rehermann, B.5
  • 98
    • 0031904712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of widespread hepatocyte infection in chronic hepatitis C
    • Agnello V, Abel G, Knight GB, Muchmore E. Detection of widespread hepatocyte infection in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998; 28: 573-584.
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.28 , pp. 573-584
    • Agnello, V.1    Abel, G.2    Knight, G.B.3    Muchmore, E.4
  • 100
    • 0028919926 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic hepatitis C virus RNA as a predictor of a long-term response to interferon-alpha therapy
    • Shindo M, Arai K, Sokawa Y, Okuno T. Hepatic hepatitis C virus RNA as a predictor of a long-term response to interferon-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 586-591.
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.122 , pp. 586-591
    • Shindo, M.1    Arai, K.2    Sokawa, Y.3    Okuno, T.4
  • 103
    • 15644380122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-Term histologic improvement and loss of detectable intrahepatic HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C and sustained response to interferon-alpha therapy
    • Marcellin P, Boyer N, Gervais A, Martinot M, Pouteau M, Castelnau C et al. Long-Term histologic improvement and loss of detectable intrahepatic HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C and sustained response to interferon-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 875-881.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.127 , pp. 875-881
    • Marcellin, P.1    Boyer, N.2    Gervais, A.3    Martinot, M.4    Pouteau, M.5    Castelnau, C.6
  • 104
    • 0031830965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of hepatic HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C demonstrating long-term sustained response to interferon-alpha therapy
    • Larghi A, Tagger A, Crosignani A, Ribero ML, Bruno S, Portera G et al. Clinical significance of hepatic HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C demonstrating long-term sustained response to interferon-alpha therapy. J Med Virol 1998; 55: 7-11.
    • (1998) J Med Virol , vol.55 , pp. 7-11
    • Larghi, A.1    Tagger, A.2    Crosignani, A.3    Ribero, M.L.4    Bruno, S.5    Portera, G.6
  • 107
    • 0037302607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term histological improvement and clearance of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus RNA following sustained response to interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C virus recurrence
    • Bizollon T, Ahmed SNS, Radenne S, Chevallier M, Chevallier P, Parvaz P et al. Long term histological improvement and clearance of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus RNA following sustained response to interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C virus recurrence. Gut 2003; 52: 283-287.
    • (2003) Gut , vol.52 , pp. 283-287
    • Bizollon, T.1    Ahmed, S.N.S.2    Radenne, S.3    Chevallier, M.4    Chevallier, P.5    Parvaz, P.6
  • 108
    • 4644224871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term clinical and virological outcomes of chronic hepatitis C after successful interferon therapy
    • Tsuda N, Yuki N, Mochizuki K, Nagaoka T, Yamashiro M, Omura M et al. Long-term clinical and virological outcomes of chronic hepatitis C after successful interferon therapy. J Med Virol 2004; 74: 406-413.
    • (2004) J Med Virol , vol.74 , pp. 406-413
    • Tsuda, N.1    Yuki, N.2    Mochizuki, K.3    Nagaoka, T.4    Yamashiro, M.5    Omura, M.6
  • 109
    • 33644874799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term evolution of serum and liver viral markers in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C and sustained response
    • Moreno M, Perez-Alvarez R, Rodrigo L, Perez-Lupez R, Suarez-Leiva P. Long-term evolution of serum and liver viral markers in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C and sustained response. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13: 28-33.
    • (2006) J Viral Hepat , vol.13 , pp. 28-33
    • Moreno, M.1    Perez-Alvarez, R.2    Rodrigo, L.3    Perez-Lupez, R.4    Suarez-Leiva, P.5
  • 111
    • 33845866122 scopus 로고
    • Ueber den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose
    • Koch R. Ueber den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1893; 14: 319-338.
    • (1893) Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) , vol.14 , pp. 319-338
    • Koch, R.1
  • 112
    • 0037308441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody against HCV-E2 to evaluate antiviral therapy and reinfection of liver grafts in hepatitis C viral infection
    • Verslype C, Nevens F, Sinelli N, Clarysse C, Pirenne J, Depla E et al. Hepatic immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody against HCV-E2 to evaluate antiviral therapy and reinfection of liver grafts in hepatitis C viral infection. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 208-214.
    • (2003) J Hepatol , vol.38 , pp. 208-214
    • Verslype, C.1    Nevens, F.2    Sinelli, N.3    Clarysse, C.4    Pirenne, J.5    Depla, E.6
  • 114
    • 77953974754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult HCV Infection: An Unexpected Finding in a Population Unselected for Hepatic Disease
    • De Marco L, Gillio-Tos A, Fiano V, Ronco G, Krogh V, Palli D et al. Occult HCV Infection: An Unexpected Finding in a Population Unselected for Hepatic Disease. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: E8128.
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4
    • De Marco, L.1    Gillio-Tos, A.2    Fiano, V.3    Ronco, G.4    Krogh, V.5    Palli, D.6
  • 115
    • 33750744499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular immune responses associated with occult hepatitis C virus infection of the liver
    • Quiroga JA, Llorente S, Castillo I, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Pardo M, Carreno V. Cellular immune responses associated with occult hepatitis C virus infection of the liver. J Virol 2006; 80: 10972-10979.
    • (2006) J Virol , vol.80 , pp. 10972-10979
    • Quiroga, J.A.1    Llorente, S.2    Castillo, I.3    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.4    Pardo, M.5    Carreno, V.6
  • 116
    • 33746792336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus-specific T-cell responses associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) persistence in the liver after apparent recovery from HCV infection
    • Quiroga JA, Llorente S, Castillo I, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Pardo M et al. Virus-specific T-cell responses associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) persistence in the liver after apparent recovery from HCV infection. J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1190-1197.
    • (2006) J Med Virol , vol.78 , pp. 1190-1197
    • Quiroga, J.A.1    Llorente, S.2    Castillo, I.3    Rodriguez-Inigo, E.4    Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M.5    Pardo, M.6
  • 117
    • 68749086303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis C and persistent occult hepatitis C virus infection are characterized by distinct immune cell cytokine expression profiles
    • Pham TN, Mercer SE, Michalak TI. Chronic hepatitis C and persistent occult hepatitis C virus infection are characterized by distinct immune cell cytokine expression profiles. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16: 547-556.
    • (2009) J Viral Hepat , vol.16 , pp. 547-556
    • Pham, T.N.1    Mercer, S.E.2    Michalak, T.I.3
  • 118
    • 4444365523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of production of virus-specific interferon-gamma among seronegative hepatitis C-resistant subjects reporting injection drug use
    • Freeman AJ, Ffrench RA, Post JJ, Harvey CE, Gilmour SJ, White PA et al. Prevalence of production of virus-specific interferon-gamma among seronegative hepatitis C-resistant subjects reporting injection drug use. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1093-1097.
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.190 , pp. 1093-1097
    • Freeman, A.J.1    Ffrench, R.A.2    Post, J.J.3    Harvey, C.E.4    Gilmour, S.J.5    White, P.A.6
  • 120
    • 67649985950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus infection in the family setting of patients with occult hepatitis C
    • Castillo I, Bartolome J, Quiroga JA, Barril G, Carreno V. Hepatitis C virus infection in the family setting of patients with occult hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1198-1203.
    • (2009) J Med Virol , vol.81 , pp. 1198-1203
    • Castillo, I.1    Bartolome, J.2    Quiroga, J.A.3    Barril, G.4    Carreno, V.5
  • 121
    • 7644243507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular immune responses in seronegative sexual contacts of acute hepatitis C patients
    • Kamal SM, Amin A, Madwar M, Graham CS, He Q, Al Tawil A et al. Cellular immune responses in seronegative sexual contacts of acute hepatitis C patients. J Virol 2004; 78: 12252-12258.
    • (2004) J Virol , vol.78 , pp. 12252-12258
    • Kamal, S.M.1    Amin, A.2    Madwar, M.3    Graham, C.S.4    He, Q.5    Al Tawil, A.6
  • 122
    • 63049130453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunological determinants of the outcomes from primary hepatitis C infection
    • Post J, Ratnarajah S, Lloyd A. Immunological determinants of the outcomes from primary hepatitis C infection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66: 733-756.
    • (2009) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.66 , pp. 733-756
    • Post, J.1    Ratnarajah, S.2    Lloyd, A.3
  • 123
    • 0036902332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications
    • Hu K-Q. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications. J Viral Hepat 2002; 9: 243-257.
    • (2002) J Viral Hepat , vol.9 , pp. 243-257
    • Hu, K.-Q.1
  • 124
    • 36249026297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: Experimental findings and clinical implications
    • Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI. Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: Experimental findings and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 5682-5686.
    • (2007) World J Gastroenterol , vol.13 , pp. 5682-5686
    • Mulrooney-Cousins, P.M.1    Michalak, T.I.2
  • 125
    • 33845328017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of an occult hepatitis B virus escape mutant in an anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative lymphoma patient
    • Awerkiew S, Daumer M, Reiser M, Wend UC, Pfister H, Kaiser R et al. Reactivation of an occult hepatitis B virus escape mutant in an anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative lymphoma patient. J Clin Virol 2007; 38: 83-86.
    • (2007) J Clin Virol , vol.38 , pp. 83-86
    • Awerkiew, S.1    Daumer, M.2    Reiser, M.3    Wend, U.C.4    Pfister, H.5    Kaiser, R.6
  • 126
    • 0036699051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B virus following cytotoxic chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia: Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis
    • Kojima H, Abei M, Takei N, Mukai Y, Hasegawa Y, Iijima T et al. Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B virus following cytotoxic chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia: Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Eur J Haematol 2002; 69: 101-104.
    • (2002) Eur J Haematol , vol.69 , pp. 101-104
    • Kojima, H.1    Abei, M.2    Takei, N.3    Mukai, Y.4    Hasegawa, Y.5    Iijima, T.6
  • 127
    • 78651507642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-plus-steroid combination chemotherapy
    • Kusumoto S, Tanaka Y, Ueda R, Mizokami M. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-plus-steroid combination chemotherapy. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 9-16.
    • (2011) J Gastroenterol , vol.46 , pp. 9-16
    • Kusumoto, S.1    Tanaka, Y.2    Ueda, R.3    Mizokami, M.4
  • 128
    • 0035136712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo infectivity and pathogenicity of the lymphoid cell-derivied woodchuck hepatitis virus
    • Lew Y, Michalak TI. In vitro and in vivo infectivity and pathogenicity of the lymphoid cell-derivied woodchuck hepatitis virus. J Virol 2001; 75: 1770-1782.
    • (2001) J Virol , vol.75 , pp. 1770-1782
    • Lew, Y.1    Michalak, T.I.2
  • 129
    • 60149090028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells
    • Ploss A, Evans MJ, Gaysinskaya VA, Panis M, You H, de Jong YP et al. Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells. Nature 2009; 457: 882-886.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.457 , pp. 882-886
    • Ploss, A.1    Evans, M.J.2    Gaysinskaya, V.A.3    Panis, M.4    You, H.5    De Jong, Y.P.6
  • 130
    • 84856732297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 cholesterol absorption receptor as a new hepatitis C virus entry factor
    • Sainz Jr B, Barretto N, Martin DN, Hiraga N, Imamura M, Hussain S et al. Identification of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 cholesterol absorption receptor as a new hepatitis C virus entry factor. Nat Med 2012; 18: 281-285.
    • (2012) Nat Med , vol.18 , pp. 281-285
    • Sainz Jr., B.1    Barretto, N.2    Martin, D.N.3    Hiraga, N.4    Imamura, M.5    Hussain, S.6
  • 131
    • 79955692689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EGFR and EphA2 are host factors for hepatitis C virus entry and possible targets for antiviral therapy
    • Lupberger J, Zeisel MB, Xiao F, Thumann C, Fofana I, Zona L et al. EGFR and EphA2 are host factors for hepatitis C virus entry and possible targets for antiviral therapy. Nat Med 2011; 17: 589-595.
    • (2011) Nat Med , Issue.17 , pp. 589-595
    • Lupberger, J.1    Zeisel, M.B.2    Xiao, F.3    Thumann, C.4    Fofana, I.5    Zona, L.6
  • 132
    • 75649085314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD81 expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes before and after treatment with interferon and ribavirin in HIV/HCV coinfected patients
    • Micheloud D, Gonzalez-Nicolas J, Berenguer J, Lorente R, Miralles P, Lopez J et al. CD81 expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes before and after treatment with interferon and ribavirin in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. HIV Med 2009; 11: 161-169.
    • (2009) HIV Med , vol.11 , pp. 161-169
    • Micheloud, D.1    Gonzalez-Nicolas, J.2    Berenguer, J.3    Lorente, R.4    Miralles, P.5    Lopez, J.6
  • 133
    • 69249155663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms and regulatory function of CpG signaling via scavenger receptor B1 in primary B cells
    • Zhu P, Liu X, Treml L, Cancro M, Freedman B. Mechanisms and regulatory function of CpG signaling via scavenger receptor B1 in primary B cells. J Biol Chem2009; 284: 22878-22887.
    • J Biol Chem2009 , vol.284 , pp. 22878-22887
    • Zhu, P.1    Liu, X.2    Treml, L.3    Cancro, M.4    Freedman, B.5
  • 134
    • 79955669799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression profiling of the ephrin (EFN) and Eph receptor (EPH) family of genes in atherosclerosis-related human cells
    • Sakamoto A, Sugamoto Y, Tokunaga Y, Yoshimuta T, Hayashi K, Konno T et al. Expression profiling of the ephrin (EFN) and Eph receptor (EPH) family of genes in atherosclerosis-related human cells. J Int Med Res 2011; 39: 522-527.
    • (2011) J Int Med Res , vol.39 , pp. 522-527
    • Sakamoto, A.1    Sugamoto, Y.2    Tokunaga, Y.3    Yoshimuta, T.4    Hayashi, K.5    Konno, T.6
  • 136
    • 12644289313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees by hyperimmune serum against the hypervariable region 1 of the envelope 2 protein
    • Farci P, Shimoda A, Wong D, Cabezon T, De Gioannis D, Strazzera A et al. Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees by hyperimmune serum against the hypervariable region 1 of the envelope 2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 15394-15399.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 15394-15399
    • Farci, P.1    Shimoda, A.2    Wong, D.3    Cabezon, T.4    De Gioannis, D.5    Strazzera, A.6
  • 137
    • 0028140138 scopus 로고
    • Neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus and the emergence of neutralization escape mutant viruses
    • Shimizu YK, Hijikata M, Iwamoto A, Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H. Neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus and the emergence of neutralization escape mutant viruses. J Virol 1994; 68: 1494-1500.
    • (1994) J Virol , vol.68 , pp. 1494-1500
    • Shimizu, Y.K.1    Hijikata, M.2    Iwamoto, A.3    Alter, H.J.4    Purcell, R.H.5    Yoshikura, H.6
  • 138
    • 23044500773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy
    • Everson GT, Trotter J, Forman L, Kugelmas M, Halprin A, Fey B et al. Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2005; 42: 255-262.
    • (2005) Hepatology , vol.42 , pp. 255-262
    • Everson, G.T.1    Trotter, J.2    Forman, L.3    Kugelmas, M.4    Halprin, A.5    Fey, B.6
  • 139
    • 10744234013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral therapy of patients with decompensated cirrhosis to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation
    • Forns X, Garcia-Retortillo M, Serrano T, Feliu A, Suarez F, de la Mata M et al. Antiviral therapy of patients with decompensated cirrhosis to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 389-396.
    • (2003) J Hepatol , vol.39 , pp. 389-396
    • Forns, X.1    Garcia-Retortillo, M.2    Serrano, T.3    Feliu, A.4    Suarez, F.5    De La Mata, M.6
  • 140
    • 78049496042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequent multiple hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users in a prison setting
    • Pham ST, Bull RA, Bennett JM, Rawlinson WD, Dore GJ, Lloyd AR et al. Frequent multiple hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users in a prison setting. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1564-1572.
    • (2010) Hepatology , vol.52 , pp. 1564-1572
    • Pham, S.T.1    Bull, R.A.2    Bennett, J.M.3    Rawlinson, W.D.4    Dore, G.J.5    Lloyd, A.R.6
  • 141
    • 37049006722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus and lymphoma
    • Viswanatha DS, Dogan A. Hepatitis C virus and lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60: 1378-1383.
    • (2007) J Clin Pathol , vol.60 , pp. 1378-1383
    • Viswanatha, D.S.1    Dogan, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.