Evolution of vertebrate immunity

Current Biology

Volumn 22, Issue 17, 2012, Pages

  Boehm, Thomas ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND EPIGENETICS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; REVIEW; VERTEBRATE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; IMMUNE SYSTEM PHENOMENA; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; VERTEBRATES;

AGNATHA; INVERTEBRATA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84866159245     PISSN: 09609822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. F.M. Ausubel Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nat. Immunol. 6 2005 973 979 (Pubitemid 41486181)
2. J. Ghosh, C.M. Lun, A.J. Majeske, S. Sacchi, C.S. Schrankel, and L.C. Smith Invertebrate immune diversity Dev. Comp. Immunol. 35 2011 959 974
3. B. Lemaitre, and J. Hoffmann The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25 2007 697 743 (Pubitemid 46697922)
4. R.M. May How many species are there on Earth? Science 241 1988 1441 1449 (Pubitemid 19320384)
5. T. Boehm Quality control in self/nonself discrimination Cell 125 2006 845 858 (Pubitemid 44208883)
6. T. Boehm Design principles of adaptive immune systems Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11 2011 307 317
7. T. Boehm, N. McCurley, Y. Sutoh, M. Schorpp, M. Kasahara, and M.D. Cooper VLR-based adaptive immunity Annu. Rev. Immunol. 30 2012 203 220
8. M.F. Flajnik, and L. Du Pasquier Evolution of innate and adaptive immunity: can we draw a line? Trends Immunol. 25 2004 640 644 (Pubitemid 39457975)
9. M.F. Flajnik, and M. Kasahara Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures Nat. Rev. Genet. 11 2010 47 59
10. M. Hirano, S. Das, P. Guo, and M.D. Cooper The evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates Adv. Immunol. 109 2011 125 157
11. G.W. Litman, J.P. Rast, and S.D. Fugmann The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10 2010 543 553
12. Z. Pancer, and M.D. Cooper The evolution of adaptive immunity Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24 2006 497 518
13. K.-M. Choe, T. Werner, S. Stöven, D. Hultmark, and K.V. Anderson Requirement for a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) in Relish activation and antibacterial immune responses in Drosophila Science 296 2002 359 362 (Pubitemid 34303693)
14. P. Ligoxygakis, N. Pelte, J.A. Hoffmann, and J.-M. Reichhart Activation of Drosophila Toll during fungal infection by a blood serine protease Science 297 2002 114 116 (Pubitemid 34743106)
15. M. Rämet, P. Manfruelli, A. Pearson, B. Mathey-Prevot, and R.A. Ezekowitz Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli Nature 416 2002 644 648 (Pubitemid 34406766)
16. H. Steiner, D. Hultmark, A. Engström, H. Bennich, and H.G. Boman Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity Nature 292 1981 246 248 (Pubitemid 11001840)
17. F.L. Watson, R. Püttmann-Holgado, F. Thomas, D.L. Lamar, M. Hughes, M. Kondo, V.I. Rebel, and D. Schmucker Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily proteins in the immune system of insects Science 309 2005 1874 1878 (Pubitemid 41325101)
18. S.-M. Zhang, C.M. Adema, T.B. Kepler, and E.S. Loker Diversification of Ig superfamily genes in an invertebrate Science 305 2004 251 254 (Pubitemid 38886740)
19. Y. Moné, B. Gourbal, D. Duval, L. Du Pasquier, S. Kieffer-Jaquinod, and G. Mitta A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host/parasite model PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4 2010 e813
20. J. Ghosh, K.M. Buckley, S.V. Nair, D.A. Raftos, C. Miller, A.J. Majeske, T. Hibino, J.P. Rast, M. Roth, and L.C. Smith Sp185/333: a novel family of genes and proteins involved in the purple sea urchin immune response Dev. Comp. Immunol. 34 2010 235 245
21. J. Kurtz, and K. Franz Evidence for memory in invertebrate immunity Nature 425 2003 37 38 (Pubitemid 37101708)
22. J. Kurtz Specific memory within innate immune systems Trends Immunol. 26 2005 186 192 (Pubitemid 41556855)
23. T.J. Little, B. O'Connor, N. Colegrave, K. Watt, and A.F. Read Maternal transfer of strain-specific immunity in an invertebrate Curr. Biol. 13 2003 489 492 (Pubitemid 36345723)
24. B.M. Sadd, and P. Schmid-Hempel Insect immunity shows specificity in protection upon secondary pathogen exposure Curr. Biol. 16 2006 1206 1210 (Pubitemid 43867309)
25. J. Rodrigues, F.A. Brayner, L.C. Alves, R. Dixit, and C. Barillas-Mury Hemocyte differentiation mediates innate immune memory in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes Science 329 2010 1353 1355
26. M.G. Netea, J. Quintin, and J.W.M. van der Meer Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense Cell Host Microbe 9 2011 355 361
27. A.M. Silverstein The Clonal Selection Theory: what it really is and why modern challenges are misplaced Nat. Immunol. 3 2002 793 796
28. P. Janvier microRNAs revive old views about jawless vertebrate divergence and evolution Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 2010 19137 19138
29. E. Vivier, and B. Malissen Innate and adaptive immunity: specificities and signaling hierarchies revisited Nat. Immunol. 6 2005 17 21 (Pubitemid 40136691)
30. L.L. Lanier, and J.C. Sun Do the terms innate and adaptive immunity create conceptual barriers? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9 2009 302 303
31. V. Hartenstein Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22 2006 677 712
32. F. Nagawa, N. Kishishita, K. Shimizu, S. Hirose, M. Miyoshi, J. Nezu, T. Nishimura, H. Nishizumi, Y. Takahashi, and S. Hashimoto Antigen-receptor genes of the agnathan lamprey are assembled by a process involving copy choice Nat. Immunol. 8 2007 206 213 (Pubitemid 46152652)
33. I.B. Rogozin, L.M. Iyer, L. Liang, G.V. Glazko, V.G. Liston, Y.I. Pavlov, L. Aravind, and Z. Pancer Evolution and diversification of lamprey antigen receptors: evidence for involvement of an AID-APOBEC family cytosine deaminase Nat. Immunol. 8 2007 647 656 (Pubitemid 46785129)
34. P. Guo, M. Hirano, B.R. Herrin, J. Li, C. Yu, A. Sadlonova, and M.D. Cooper Dual nature of the adaptive immune system in lampreys Nature 459 2009 796 801
35. Z. Pancer, C.T. Amemiya, G.R.A. Ehrhardt, J. Ceitlin, G.L. Gartland, and M.D. Cooper Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey Nature 430 2004 174 180 (Pubitemid 38902420)
36. M.N. Alder, I.B. Rogozin, L.M. Iyer, G.V. Glazko, M.D. Cooper, and Z. Pancer Diversity and function of adaptive immune receptors in a jawless vertebrate Science 310 2005 1970 1973 (Pubitemid 43005993)
37. M.N. Alder, B.R. Herrin, A. Sadlonova, C.R. Stockard, W.E. Grizzle, L.A. Gartland, G.L. Gartland, J.A. Boydston, C.L. Turnbough Jr., and M.D. Cooper Antibody responses of variable lymphocyte receptors in the lamprey Nat. Immunol. 9 2008 319 327 (Pubitemid 351267329)
38. B.R. Herrin, M.N. Alder, K.H. Roux, C. Sina, G.R. Ehrhardt, J.A. Boydston, C.L. Turnbough Jr., and M.D. Cooper Structure and specificity of lamprey monoclonal antibodies Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 2008 2040 2045 (Pubitemid 351439461)
39. N. Kishishita, T. Matsuno, Y. Takahashi, H. Takaba, H. Nishizumi, and F. Nagawa Regulation of antigen-receptor gene assembly in hagfish EMBO Rep. 11 2010 126 132
40. J. Kasamatsu, Y. Sutoh, K. Fugo, N. Otsuka, K. Iwabuchi, and M. Kasahara Identification of a third variable lymphocyte receptor in the lamprey Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 2010 14304 14308
41. D.G. Schatz V(D)J recombination Immunol. Rev. 200 2004 5 11 (Pubitemid 38998188)
42. M.M. Davis, and P.J. Bjorkman T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition Nature 334 1988 395 402
43. C. Vettermann, and M.S. Schlissel Allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin genes: models and mechanisms Immunol. Rev. 237 2010 22 42
44. M.S. Krangel Mechanics of T cell receptor gene rearrangement Curr. Opin. Immunol. 21 2009 133 139
45. W. Wood, and A. Jacinto Drosophila melanogaster embryonic haemocytes: masters of multitasking Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8 2007 542 551 (Pubitemid 46985382)
46. D.H. Raulet, R.E. Vance, and C.W. McMahon Regulation of the natural killer cell receptor repertoire Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19 2001 291 330 (Pubitemid 32368038)
47. J. Sprent, and C.D. Surh Normal T cell homeostasis: the conversion of naive cells into memory-phenotype cells Nat. Immunol. 12 2011 478 484
48. L.S. Treml, J.E. Crowley, and M.P. Cancro BLyS receptor signatures resolve homeostatically independent compartments among naive and antigen-experienced B cells Semin. Immunol. 18 2006 297 304 (Pubitemid 44382640)
49. + memory T cell survival Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23 2011 319 323
50. E. Vivier, D.H. Raulet, A. Moretta, M.A. Caligiuri, L. Zitvogel, L.L. Lanier, W.M. Yokoyama, and S. Ugolini Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells Science 331 2011 44 49
51. A.M. Heimberg, L.F. Sempere, V.N. Moy, P.C.J. Donoghue, and K.J. Peterson MicroRNAs and the advent of vertebrate morphological complexity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 2008 2946 2950 (Pubitemid 351727919)
52. R. Aburomia, O. Khaner, and A. Sidow Functional evolution in the ancestral lineage of vertebrates or when genomic complexity was wagging its morphological tail J. Struct. Funct. Genom. 3 2003 45 52 (Pubitemid 36460243)
53. J.L. Payne, A.G. Boyer, J.H. Brown, S. Finnegan, M. Kowalewski, R.A. Krause Jr., S.K. Lyons, C.R. McClain, D.W. McShea, and P.M. Novack-Gottshall Two-phase increase in the maximum size of life over 3.5 billion years reflects biological innovation and environmental opportunity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 2009 24 27
54. S.M. Hedrick The acquired immune system: a vantage from beneath Immunity 21 2004 607 615 (Pubitemid 39487886)
55. Y.K. Lee, and S.K. Mazmanian Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system? Science 330 2010 1768 1773
56. B. Hölldobler, and E.O. Wilson The Superorganism The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies 2008 W.W. Norton & Company New York
57. C.M. Rath, and P.C. Dorrestein The bacterial chemical repertoire mediates metabolic exchange within gut microbiomes Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 15 2012 147 154
58. A.L. Kau, P.P. Ahern, N.W. Griffin, A.L. Goodman, and J.I. Gordon Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system Nature 474 2011 327 336
59. L. Dethlefsen, M. McFall-Ngai, and D.A. Relman An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease Nature 449 2007 811 818 (Pubitemid 47598621)
60. M. Arumugam, J. Raes, E. Pelletier, D. Le Paslier, T. Yamada, D.R. Mende, G.R. Fernandes, J. Tap, T. Bruls, and J.-M. Batto Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome Nature 473 2011 174 180
61. I. Jarchum, and E.G. Pamer Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the commensal microbiota Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23 2011 353 360
62. S. Kawamoto, T.H. Tran, M. Maruya, K. Suzuki, Y. Doi, Y. Tsutsui, L.M. Kato, and S. Fagarasan The inhibitory receptor PD-1 regulates IgA selection and bacterial composition in the gut Science 336 2012 485 489
63. S. Hapfelmeier, M.A.E. Lawson, E. Slack, J.K. Kirundi, M. Stoel, M. Heikenwalder, J. Cahenzli, Y. Velykoredko, M.L. Balmer, and K. Endt Reversible microbial colonization of germ-free mice reveals the dynamics of IgA immune responses Science 328 2010 1705 1709
64. N.J. Mantis, N. Rol, and B. Corthésy Secretory IgA's complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut Mucosal Immunol. 4 2011 603 611
65. J. Chow, H. Tang, and S.K. Mazmanian Pathobionts of the gastrointestinal microbiota and inflammatory disease Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23 2011 473 480
66. S. Fagarasan, M. Muramatsu, K. Suzuki, H. Nagaoka, H. Hiai, and T. Honjo Critical roles of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in the homeostasis of gut flora Science 298 2002 1424 1427 (Pubitemid 35346143)
67. F.-E. Johansen, M. Pekna, I.N. Norderhaug, B. Haneberg, M.A. Hietala, P. Krajci, C. Betsholtz, and P. Brandtzaeg Absence of epithelial immunoglobulin A transport, with increased mucosal leakiness, in polymeric immunoglobulin receptor/secretory component-deficient mice J. Exp. Med. 190 1999 915 922
68. L.C. Sait, M. Galic, J.D. Price, K.R. Simpfendorfer, D.A. Diavatopoulos, T.K. Uren, P.H. Janssen, O.L. Wijburg, and R.A. Strugnell Secretory antibodies reduce systemic antibody responses against the gastrointestinal commensal flora Int. Immunol. 19 2007 257 265 (Pubitemid 46344690)
69. M. Wei, R. Shinkura, Y. Doi, M. Maruya, S. Fagarasan, and T. Honjo Mice carrying a knock-in mutation of Aicda resulting in a defect in somatic hypermutation have impaired gut homeostasis and compromised mucosal defense Nat. Immunol. 12 2011 264 270
70. D.B. Sutherland, and S. Fagarasan IgA synthesis: a form of functional immune adaptation extending beyond gut Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2012 10.1016/j.coi.2012.1003.1005
71. Y.-A. Zhang, I. Salinas, J. Li, D. Parra, S. Bjork, Z. Xu, S.E. LaPatra, J. Bartholomew, and J.O. Sunyer IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity Nat. Immunol. 11 2010 827 835
72. J.L. Portis, and J.E. Coe IgM the secretory immunoglobulin of reptiles and amphibians Nature 258 1975 547 548
73. P. Brandtzaeg, I. Fjellanger, and S.T. Gjeruldsen Immunoglobulin M: local synthesis and selective secretion in patients with immunoglobulin A deficiency Science 160 1968 789 791
74. T. Boehm, N. Iwanami, and I. Hess Evolution of the immune system in the lower vertebrates Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 13 2012 in press
75. C. Soza-Ried, I. Hess, N. Netuschil, M. Schorpp, and T. Boehm Essential role of c-myb in definitive hematopoiesis is evolutionarily conserved Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 2010 17304 17308
76. M. Schorpp, M. Bialecki, D. Diekhoff, B. Walderich, J. Odenthal, H.-M. Maischein, and A.G. Zapata Tübingen 2000 Screen Consortium, Freiburg Screening Group T. Boehm Conserved functions of Ikaros in vertebrate lymphocyte development: genetic evidence for distinct larval and adult phases of T cell development and two lineages of B cells in zebrafish J. Immunol. 177 2006 2463 2476 (Pubitemid 44201006)
77. L.J. Dishaw, T. Ota, M.G. Mueller, J.P. Cannon, R.N. Haire, N.R. Gwatney, R.T. Litman, and G.W. Litman The basis for haplotype complexity in VCBPs, an immune-type receptor in amphioxus Immunogenetics 62 2010 623 631
78. L.J. Dishaw, S. Giacomelli, D. Melillo, I. Zucchetti, R.N. Haire, L. Natale, N.A. Russo, R. De Santis, G.W. Litman, and M.R. Pinto A role for variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) in host gut-bacteria interactions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 2011 16747 16752
79. M.S. Donia, W.F. Fricke, F. Partensky, J. Cox, S.I. Elshahawi, J.R. White, A.M. Phillippy, M.C. Schatz, J. Piel, and M.G. Haygood Complex microbiome underlying secondary and primary metabolism in the tunicate- Prochloron symbiosis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 2011 E1423 1432
80. J. Bordet Sur l'agglutination et la dissolution des globules rouges par le serum d'animaux Ann. Inst. Pasteur 12 1898 688 695
81. T. Boehm, I. Hess, and J.B. Swann Evolution of lymphoid tissues Trends Immunol. 33 2012 in press
82. L. Klein, M. Hinterberger, G. Wirnsberger, and B. Kyewski Antigen presentation in the thymus for positive selection and central tolerance induction Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9 2009 833 844
83. L.A. Pobezinsky, G.S. Angelov, X. Tai, S. Jeurling, F. Van Laethem, L. Feigenbaum, J.H. Park, and A. Singer Clonal deletion and the fate of autoreactive thymocytes that survive negative selection Nat. Immunol. 2012 10.1038/ni.2292
84. T. Boehm Co-evolution of a primordial peptide-presentation system and cellular immunity Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 2006 79 84 (Pubitemid 43279755)
85. R. Kostmann Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; agranulocytosis infantilis hereditaria Acta Paediatr. 45 Suppl 105 1956 1 78
86. O.C. Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Pediatrics 9 1952 722 728
87. E. Glanzmann, and P. Rinikier Essentielle Lymphocytophtise. Ein neues Krankheitsbild aus der Saeuglingspathologie Ann. Paediatr. 175 1950 1 32
88. J.-L. Casanova, and L. Abel Primary immunodeficiencies: a field in its infancy Science 317 2007 617 619 (Pubitemid 47229951)
89. R.H. Buckley Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22 2004 625 655 (Pubitemid 38680436)
90. P. Björses, J. Aaltonen, N. Horelli-Kuitunen, M.L. Yaspo, and L. Peltonen Gene defect behind APECED: a new clue to autoimmunity Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 1998 1547 1553 (Pubitemid 28464031)
91. A. Puel, S. Cypowyj, J. Bustamante, J.F. Wright, L. Liu, H.K. Lim, M. Migaud, L. Israel, M. Chrabieh, and M. Audry Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity Science 332 2011 65 68
92. P.H. Krammer, I. Behrmann, P. Daniel, J. Dhein, and K.M. Debatin Regulation of apoptosis in the immune system Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6 1994 279 289 (Pubitemid 24106826)
93. S. Nagata Fas and Fas ligand: a death factor and its receptor Adv. Immunol. 57 1994 129 144
94. C.L. Bennett, J. Christie, F. Ramsdell, M.E. Brunkow, P.J. Ferguson, L. Whitesell, T.E. Kelly, F.T. Saulsbury, P.F. Chance, and H.D. Ochs The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3 Nat. Genet. 27 2001 20 21 (Pubitemid 32044513)
95. J. Manry, G. Laval, E. Patin, S. Fornarino, Y. Itan, M. Fumagalli, M. Sironi, M. Tichit, C. Bouchier, and J.-L. Casanova Evolutionary genetic dissection of human interferons J. Exp. Med. 208 2011 2747 2759
96. S. Fornarino, G. Laval, L.B. Barreiro, J. Manry, E. Vasseur, and L. Quintana-Murci Evolution of the TIR domain-containing adaptors in humans: swinging between constraint and adaptation Mol. Biol. Evol. 28 2011 3087 3097
97. M. Koyanagi, J.A. Kerns, L. Chung, Y. Zhang, S. Brown, T. Moldoveanu, H.S. Malik, and M. Bix Diversifying selection and functional analysis of interleukin-4 suggests antagonism-driven evolution at receptor-binding interfaces BMC Evol. Biol. 10 2010 223
98. K.J. Metzger, and M.A. Thomas Evidence of positive selection at codon sites localized in extracellular domains of mammalian CC motif chemokine receptor proteins BMC Evol. Biol. 10 2010 139
99. B. Beutler, X. Du, and Y. Xia Precis on forward genetics in mice Nat. Immunol. 8 2007 659 664 (Pubitemid 46965338)
100. M.C. Cook, C.G. Vinuesa, and C.C. Goodnow ENU-mutagenesis: insight into immune function and pathology Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18 2006 627 633 (Pubitemid 44322036)
101. N.S. Trede, T. Ota, H. Kawasaki, B.H. Paw, T. Katz, B. Demarest, S. Hutchinson, Y. Zhou, C. Hersey, and A. Zapata Zebrafish mutants with disrupted early T-cell and thymus development identified in early pressure screen Dev. Dyn. 237 2008 2575 2584
102. L. Du Pasquier Ontogeny of the immune response in cold-blooded vertebrates Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 61 1973 37 88
103. N.M. Le Douarin, and F.V. Jotereau Tracing of cells of the avian thymus through embryonic life in interspecific chimeras J. Exp. Med. 142 1975 17 40
104. M.D. Cooper, R.D. Peterson, and R.A. Good Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken Nature 205 1965 143 146
105. C.A. Reynaud, B. Bertocci, A. Dahan, and J.C. Weill Formation of the chicken B-cell repertoire: ontogenesis, regulation of Ig gene rearrangement, and diversification by gene conversion Adv. Immunol. 57 1994 353 378
106. J. Kaufman, S. Milne, T.W.F. Göbel, B.A. Walker, J.P. Jacob, C. Auffray, R. Zoorob, and S. Beck The chicken B locus is a minimal essential major histocompatibility complex Nature 401 1999 923 925
107. J. Robert, and N. Cohen The genus Xenopus as a multispecies model for evolutionary and comparative immunobiology of the 21st century Dev. Comp. Immunol. 35 2011 916 923
108. R.B. Caldwell, P. Fiedler, U. Schoetz, and J.M. Buerstedde Gene function analysis using the chicken B-cell line DT40 Methods Mol. Biol. 408 2007 193 210
109. I. Hess, and T. Boehm Intravital imaging of thymopoiesis reveals dynamic lympho-epithelial interactions Immunity 36 2012 298 309
110. C. Cui, E.L. Benard, Z. Kanwal, O.W. Stockhammer, M. van der Vaart, A. Zakrzewska, H.P. Spaink, and A.H. Meijer Infectious disease modeling and innate immune function in zebrafish embryos Methods Cell Biol. 105 2011 273 308
111. B. Star, A.J. Nederbragt, S. Jentoft, U. Grimholt, M. Malmstrom, T.F. Gregers, T.B. Rounge, J. Paulsen, M.H. Solbakken, and A. Sharma The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system Nature 477 2011 207 210
112. K. Chen, W. Xu, M. Wilson, B. He, N.W. Miller, E. Bengtén, E.-S. Edholm, P.A. Santini, P. Rath, and A. Chiu Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils Nat. Immunol. 10 2009 889 898
113. T.R. McKitrick, and A.W. De Tomaso Molecular mechanisms of allorecognition in a basal chordate Semin. Immunol. 22 2010 34 38
114. S. Misbah, T. Kuijpers, J. van der Heijden, B. Grimbacher, D. Guzman, and J. Orange Bringing immunoglobulin knowledge up to date: how should we treat today? Clin. Exp. Immunol. 166 2011 16 25
115. I. Aksentijevich, and D.L. Kastner Genetics of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: past successes, future challenges Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7 2011 469 478
116. D.L. Kastner, I. Aksentijevich, and R. Goldbach-Mansky Autoinflammatory disease reloaded: a clinical perspective Cell 140 2010 784 790
117. T. Strowig, J. Henao-Mejia, E. Elinav, and R. Flavell Inflammasomes in health and disease Nature 481 2012 278 286
118. P.C. Taylor, and M. Feldmann Anti-TNF biologic agents: still the therapy of choice for rheumatoid arthritis Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 5 2009 578 582
119. L. Kappos, D. Li, P.A. Calabresi, P. O'Connor, A. Bar-Or, F. Barkhof, M. Yin, D. Leppert, R. Glanzman, and J. Tinbergen Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial Lancet 378 2011 1779 1787
120. B.D. Cheson, and J.P. Leonard Monoclonal antibody therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma N. Engl. J. Med. 359 2008 613 626
121. T.S. Mui, M. Kapp, H. Einsele, and G.U. Grigoleit T-cell therapy for cytomegalovirus infection Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 15 2010 744 750
122. A. Fischer, S. Hacein-Bey-Abina, and M. Cavazzana-Calvo Gene therapy for primary adaptive immune deficiencies J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127 2011 1356 1359
123. F.D. Urnov, J.C. Miller, Y.-L. Lee, C.M. Beausejour, J.M. Rock, S. Augustus, A.C. Jamieson, M.H. Porteus, P.D. Gregory, and M.C. Holmes Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases Nature 435 2005 646 651 (Pubitemid 40825505)
124. J.C. Miller, S. Tan, G. Qiao, K.A. Barlow, J. Wang, D.F. Xia, X. Meng, D.E. Paschon, E. Leung, and S.J. Hinkley A TALE nuclease architecture for efficient genome editing Nat. Biotechnol. 29 2011 143 148
125. W.J. Kaiser, J.W. Upton, A.B. Long, D. Livingston-Rosanoff, L.P. Daley-Bauer, R. Hakem, T. Caspary, and E.S. Mocarski RIP3 mediates the embryonic lethality of caspase-8-deficient mice Nature 471 2011 368 372
126. C. Castillejo-López, A.M. Delgado-Vega, J. Wojcik, S.V. Kozyrev, E. Thavathiru, Y.-Y. Wu, E. Sánchez, D. Pöllmann, J.R. López-Egido, and S. Fineschi Genetic and physical interaction of the B-cell systemic lupus erythematosus-associated genes BANK1 and BLK Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71 2012 136 142
127. F. Gaspal, D. Withers, M. Saini, V. Bekiaris, F.M. McConnell, A. White, M. Khan, H. Yagita, L.S.K. Walker, and G. Anderson Abrogation of CD30 and OX40 signals prevents autoimmune disease in FoxP3-deficient mice J. Exp. Med. 208 2011 1579 1584
128. S. Rigaud, E. Lopez-Granados, S. Sibéril, G. Gloire, N. Lambert, C. Lenoir, C. Synaeve, M. Stacey, L. Fugger, and J.-L. Stephan Human X-linked variable immunodeficiency caused by a hypomorphic mutation in XIAP in association with a rare polymorphism in CD40LG Blood 118 2011 252 261
129. L. Calderón, and T. Boehm Synergistic, context-dependent and hierarchical functions of epithelial components in thymic microenvironments Cell 149 2012 159 172
130. Q. Zhang, C.M. Zmasek, L.J. Dishaw, M.G. Mueller, Y. Ye, G.W. Litman, and A. Godzik Novel genes dramatically alter regulatory network topology in amphioxus Genome Biol. 9 2008 R123
131. K.M. Maslowski, and C.R. Mackay Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses Nat. Immunol. 12 2011 5 9