The involvement of noradrenaline in rapid eye movement sleep mentation

Frontiers in Neurology

Volumn DEC, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Gottesmann, Claude ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR   (France)

Author keywords

ADHD; Catecholamines; Dreaming; Endophenotype; Paradoxical sleep; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865851149     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16642295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00081     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Allison, T. (1968). Recovery cycles of primary evoked potentials in cats sensorimotor cortex. Experientia 24, 240-241.
2. Alsene, K. M., Rajbhandari, A. K., Bamaker, M. J., and Bakshi, V. P. (2011). Discrete forebrain neuronal networks supporting noradrener-gic regulation of sensorimotor gating. Neuropsychopharmacology 36, 1003-1014.
3. Aono, Y., Saigusa, T., Watanabe, S., Iwakami, T., Mizoguchi, N., Ikeda, H., Oshige, K., Tomiyama, K., Oi, Y., Ueda, K., Rausch, W. D., Wadding-ton, J. L., Ito, Y., Koshikawa, N., and Cools, A. R. (2007). Role of alpha adrenoceptors in the nucleus accumbens in the control of accum-bal noradrenaline efflux: a micro-dialysis study with freely moving rats. J. Neural Transm. 114, 1135-1142.
4. Arnsten, A. F. (2011). Catecholamine influences on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical networks. Biol. Psychiatry 69, e89-e99.
5. Arnsten, A. F., and Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through alpha2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: relevance to therapeutic effects in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Brain Funct. 1, 2.
6. Arnsten, A. F., and Jentsch, J. D. (1997). The alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, cirazoline, impairs spatial working memory in aged monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58, 55-59.
7. Arnsten,A. F., and Li, B. M. (2005). Neu-robiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on pre-frontal cortical functions. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 1377-1384.
8. Arnsten, A. F., Mathew, R., Ubriani, R., Taylor, J. R., and Li, B. M. (1999). Alpha-1noradrenergic receptor stimulation impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 26-31.
9. Arnsten, A. F., and Pliszka, S. R. (2011). Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical func tion: relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 99, 211-216.
10. Aston-Jones, G., and Bloom, F. E. (1981a). Activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J. Neurosci. 1, 876-886.
11. Aston-Jones, G., and Bloom, F. E. (1981b). Norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rat exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli. J. Neurosci. 1, 887-900.
12. Aston-Jones, G., and Gold, J. I. (2009). How we say no: norepi-nephrine, inferior frontal gyrus, and response inhibition. Biol. Psychiatry 65, 548-549.
13. Balkin, T. J., Braun, A. R., Wesen-sten, N. J., Jeffries, K., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G., and Her-scovitch, P. (2002). The process of awakening: a PET study of regional brain activity patterns mediating the re-establishment of alertness and consciousness. Brain 125, 2308-2319.
14. Behrendt, R. P., and Young, C. (2005). Hallucinations in schizophrenia, sensory impairment and brain disease: an unified model. Behav. Brain Sci. 27, 771-787.
15. Berger, R. (1961). Tonus of extrinsic laryngeal muscles during sleep and dreaming. Science 134, 840.
16. Berger, R. J., and Oswald, I. (1962). Eye movements during active and passive dreams. Science 137, 601.
17. Berlucchi, G. (1997). One or many arousal system? Reflections on some of Guiseppe Moruzzi's foresights and insights about intrinsic regulation of brain activity. Arch. Ital. Biol. 135, 5-14.
18. Berman, K. F., Doran, A. R., Pickar, D., and Weinberger, D. R. (1993). Is the mechanism of prefrontal hypo-function in depression the same as in schizophrenia? Regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation. Br. J. Psychiatry 162, 183-192.
19. Berridge, C. W., Page, M. E., Valentino, R. J., and Foote, S. L. (1993). Effects of locus coeruleus inactivation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus. Neu-roscience 55, 381-393.
20. Berridge, C. W., and Waterhouse, B. D. (2003). The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res. Rev. 42, 33-84.
21. Biederman, J., Melmed, R. D., McBur-nett, K., Donahue, J., and Lyne, A. (2008). Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectr. 13, 1047-1055.
22. Bonjean, M., Baker, T., Lemieux, M., Timofeev, I., Sejnowski, T. J., and Bazhenov, M. (2011). Corticothal-amic feedback controls sleep spindle duration in vivo. J. Neurosci. 31, 9124-9134.
23. Bosinelli, M. (1995). Mind and consciousness during sleep. Brain Res. 69, 195-201.
24. Bouret, S., Duvel, A., Onat, S., and Sara, S. J. (2003). Phasic activation of locus coeruleus neurons by the central nucleus of the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 23, 3491-3497.
25. Bouret, S., and Sara, S. J. (2005). Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradren-aline function. Trends Neurosci. 28, 574-582.
26. Brake, W. G., Flores, G., Francis, D., Meaney, M. J., Srivas-tava, L. K., and Gratton, A. (2000). Enhanced nucleus accum-bens dopamine and plasma corticos-terone stress responses in adult rats with neonatal excitotoxic lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuro-science 96, 687-695.
27. Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesensten, N. J., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Selbie, S., Belenky, G., and Her-scovitch, P. (1997). Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle: an 150 PET study. Brain 120, 1173-1197.
28. Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesensten, N. J., Gwardry, f., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G., and Herscovitch, P. (1998). Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep. Science 279, 91-95.
29. Buffalari, D. M., and Grace,A. A. (2007). Noradrenergic modulation of baso-lateral amygdala neuronal activity: opposing influences of alpha-2 and beta receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 27, 12358-12366.
30. Burgess, G. C., Depue, B. E., Ruzic, L., Willcutt, E. G., Du, Y. P., and Banich, M. T. (2010). Attentional control activation relates to working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 632-640.
31. Buschbaum, M. S., Ingvar, D. H., Kessler, R., Waters, R. N., Cappelletti, J., Van Kammen, D. P., King, A. C., Johnson, J. L., Manning, R. G., Flynn, R. W., Bunney, W. E. J., and Sokoloff, L. (1982). Cerebral glucography with positron tomography, use in normal subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 251-259.
32. Cadilhac, J., Passouant-Fontaine, T., and Passouant, P. (1961). Modifications de l'activité de l'hippocampe suivant les divers stades du sommeil spon-tané chez le Chat. Rev. Neurol. 105, 171-176.
33. Callaway, C. W., and Henriksen, S. I. (1992). Neuronal firing in the nucleus accumbens is associated with the level of cortical arousal. Neuroscience 51, 547-553.
34. Cantero, J. L., Atienza, M., Madsen, J. R., and Stickgold, R. (2004). Gamma EEG dynamics in neocortex and hippocampus during human wake-fulness and sleep. Neuroimage 22, 1271-1280.
35. Carboni, E., and Silvagni, A. (2004). Dopamine reuptake by norepineph-rine neurons: exception or rule? Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 16, 121-128.
36. Castro-Alamancos, M. A., and Calcagnotto, M. E. (2001). High-pass filtering of corticothalamic activity by neuromodulators released in the thalamus during arousal: in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 85, 1489-1497.
37. Cavallero, C. (2003). "REM sleep = dreaming: the never-ending story," in Sleep and Dreaming. Scientific Advances and Reconsideration, eds E. Pace-Schott, M. Solms, M. Blagrove, and S. Harnard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 127-128.
38. Cavallero, C. P. Cicogna, V., Natale, M., and Occhionero, A. Z. (1992). Slow wave sleep dreaming. Sleep 15, 562-566.
39. Cecchi, M., Khoshbouei, H., and Morilak, D. A. (2002). Modula-tory effects of norepinephrine, acting on alpha 1 receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala, on behavioral and neuroendocrine response to acute immobilization stress. Neuropharmacology 43, 1139-1147.
40. Cespuglio, R., Houdouin, F., Oulerich, M., El Mansari, M., and Jouvet, M. (1992). Axonal and somato-dendritic modalities of serotonin release: their involvement in sleep regulation, triggering and maintenance. J. Sleep Res. 1, 150-156.
41. Chen, F. J., and Sara, S. J. (2007). Locus coeruleus activation by foot shock or electrical stimulation inhibits amygdala neurons. Neuroscience 144, 472-481.
42. Chiodo, L. A., Acheson, A. L., Zigmond, M. J., and Stricker, E. M. (1983). Subtotal destruction of central nora-drenergic projections increases the firing rate of locus coeruleus cells. Brain Res. 264, 123-126.
43. Corsi-Cabrera, M., Miro, E., del Rio Por-tilla, Y., Perez-Garci, E., Villanueva, Y., and Guevera, M. (2003). Rapid eye movement sleep dreaming is characterized by uncoupled EEG activity netween frontal abd perceptual cortical regions. Brain Cogn. 51, 337-345.
44. Dagnino, N., Favale, E., Loeb, C., Manfredi, M., and Seitun, A. (1969). Presynaptic and postsynap-tic changes in specific thalamic nuclei during deep sleep. Arch. Ital. Biol. 107, 668-684.
45. Delfs, J. M., Zhu, Y., Druhan, J. P., and Aston-Jones, G. S. (1998). Origin of noradrenergic afferents to the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens: anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing studies in the rat. Brain Res. 806, 127-140.
46. Dement, W., and Kleitman, N. (1957). Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming. Elec-troencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 9, 673-690.
47. Dement, W., and Wolpert, E. A. (1958). The relation of eye movements, body motility, and external stimuli to dream content. J. Exp. Psychol. 55, 543-553.
48. Dement, W. C. (1958). The occurrence of low voltage fast electroencephalogram patterns during behavioral sleep in the cat. Electroen-cephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10, 291-296.
49. Dement, W. C. (1965). Dreams and dreaming. Int. J. Neurol. 5, 168-186.
50. Descarries, L., Watkins, K. C., and Lapierre, Y. (1977). Noradrener-gic axon terminals in the cerebral cortex of rats III. Topometric ultra-structural analysis. Brain Res. 133, 197-222.
51. Devilbiss, D. M., Page, M., and Water-house, B. D. (2006). Locus coeruleus regulates sensory encoding by neurons and networks in waking animals. J. Neurosci. 26, 9860-9872.
52. Devilbiss, D. M., and Waterhouse, B. D. (2004). The effects of tonic locus coeruleus output on sensory-evoked responses of ventral posterior medial thalamus and barrel field cortical neurons in the awake rat. J. Neurosci. 24, 10773-10785.
53. Domhoff, G. W. (2007). "Realistic stimulation and bizarreness in dream content: past findings and suggestions for future research,"in The New Science of Dreaming, Vol. 2, eds D. Barrett and P. McNamara (Westport: Praeger), 1-27.
54. Euston, D. R., Tatsuno, M., and McNaughton, B. L. (2007). Fast-forward playback of recent memory sequences in prefrontal cortex during sleep. Science 318, 1147-1150.
55. Evarts, E. V. (1964). Temporal patterns of discharge of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 27, 152-171.
56. Fenik, V., Marchenko, V., Janssen, P., davies, R. O., and Kubin, L. (2002). A5 cells are silenced when REM sleep-like signs are elicited by pon-tine carbachol. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 1448-1456.
57. Ferry, B., and McGaugh, J. L. (2008). Involvement of basolateral amygdala alpha adrenoreceptors in modulating consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory. Learn. Mem. 15, 238-243.
58. Ferry, B., Roozendaal, B., and McGaugh, J. L. (1999). Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic influences on memory storage are mediated by an interaction between beta- and alpha1-adrenoreceptors. J. Neurosci. 19, 5119-5123.
59. Fletcher, P. C., McKenna, P. J., Frith, C. D., Grasby, P. M., Friston, K. J., and Dolan, R. J. (1998). Brain activation in schizophrenia during a graded memory task studied with functional neuroimaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55, 1001-1008.
60. Floresco, S. B., Yang, C. R., Phillips, A. G., and Blaha, C. D. (1998). Basolateral amygdala stimulation evokes gluta-mate receptor-dependent dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of the anesthetized rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1241-1251.
61. Foote, S. L., Freedman, R., and Oliver, A. P. (1975). Effects of putative neuro-transmitters on neuronal activity on monkey auditory cortex. Brain Res. 86, 229-242.
62. Foulkes, W. D. (1962). Dream reports from different stages of sleep. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 65, 14-25.
63. Foulkes, W. D., and Vogel, G. (1965). Mental activity at sleep onset. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 70, 231-243.
64. Franowicz, J. S., Kessler, L., Morgan, C., and Arnsten, A. F. T. (1998). The alpha-2 noradrenergic, guanfacine, improves spatial working memory in wild type mice but not mice with point mutations of the gene for the alpha-2A receptor. Abstr. Soc. Neu-rosci. 24, 711. [quoted by Ramos and Arnsten 2007].
65. Frederickson, R. C. A., Jordan, L. M., and Phillis, J. W. (1971). The action of noradrenaline on cortical neurons: effects of pH. Brain Res. 35, 556-560.
66. Freud, S. (1911). Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning. Vol. XII, ed. S. Edition. London: The Hogarth Press.
67. Friedman, J. I., Adler, D. N., and Davis, K. L. (1999). The role of norepi-nephrine in the physiopathology of cognitive disorders: potential applications to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 1243-1252.
68. Fuxe, K., Hamberger, B., and Hökfelt, T. (1968). Distribution of noradrena-line nerve terminals in cortical areas in the rat. Brain Res. 8, 125-131.
69. Gais, S., Rasch, B., Dahmen, J. C., and Born, J. (2011). The memory function of noradrenergic activity in Non-REM sleep. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 2582-2592.
70. Gandolfo, G., Arnaud, C., and Gottes-mann, C. (1980). Transmission in the ventrobasal complex of rat during the sleep-waking cycle. Brain Res. Bull. 5, 921-927.
71. Ghelarducci, B., Pisa, M., and Pom-peiano, M. (1970). Transformation of somatic afferent volleys across the prethalamic and thalamic components of the lemniscal sytem during the rapid eye movements of sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophys-iol. 29, 348-357.
72. Glin, L., Zernicki, B., and Gottesmann, C. (1991). Hippocampal and cortical EEG activity in rats with transected hypothalamus. Brain Res. Bull. 27, 637-640.
73. Gottesman, I. I., and Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 636-645.
74. Gottesmann, C. (1999). Neurophysi-ological support of consciousness during waking and sleep. Prog. Neu-robiol. 59, 469-508.
75. Gottesmann, C. (2000). Each different type of mentation is supported by specific brain functioning. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 941-943.
76. Gottesmann, C. (2001). The golden age of rapid eye movement sleep discoveries. I. Lucretius-1964. Prog. Neuro-biol. 65, 211-287.
77. Gottesmann, C. (2005a). Dreaming and schizophrenia. A common neuro-biological background. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 3, 64-74.
78. Gottesmann, C. (2005b). The Golden Age of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Discoveries: 1965-1966. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
79. Gottesmann, C. (2006). The dreaming sleep stage: a new neurobiolog-ical model of schizophrenia? Neuro-science 140, 1105-1115.
80. Gottesmann, C. (2007). Schizophrenia: a conjectured daytime psychobiological invasion by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Schizophr. Res. Available at: http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/ idea/idealab-print.asp
81. Gottesmann, C. (2008). Noradrenaline involvement in basic and higher integrated REM sleep processes. Prog. Neurobiol. 82, 237-272.
82. Gottesmann, C. (2010a). The development of the science of dreaming. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 92, 1-29.
83. Gottesmann, C. (2010b). To what extent do neurobiological sleep-waking processes support psychoanalysis. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 92, 233-290.
84. Gottesmann, C., and Gottesman, I. I. (2007). The neurobiological characteristics of the rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming sleep stage are candidate endophenotypes of depression, schizophrenia, mental retardation and dementia. Prog. Neurobiol. 81, 237-250.
85. Gottesmann, C., User, P., and Gioanni, H. (1980). Sleep: a physiological cerveau isolé stage? Waking Sleeping 4, 111-117.
86. Grace, A. A. (2000). Gating information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res. Rev. 31, 330-341
87. Green, J. D., and Arduini, A. (1954). Hippocampal electrical activity in arousal. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 17, 532-557.
88. Greene, C. M., Bellgrove, M. A., and Robertson, I. H. (2009). Noradren-ergic genotype predicts lapses in sustained attention. Neuropsychologia 47, 591-594.
89. Groch, S., Wilhelm, I., Diekel-man, S., Sayk, F., Gais, S. and Born, J. (2011). Contribution of norepinephrine to emotional memory consolidation during sleep. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, 1342-1350.
90. Gronier, B. (2011). In vivo electrophysi-ological effects of methylphenidate in the prefrontal cortex: involvement of dopamine D1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors. Eur. Neuropsy-chopharmacol. 21, 192-204.
91. Gulyani, S., Wu, M. F., Nienhuis, R., John, J., and Siegel, C.. (2002). Cataplexy-related neurons in the amygdala of the narcoleptic dog. Neuroscience 112, 355-365.
92. Hajos, M., Hoffmann, W. E., Robinson, D. D., Yu, J. H., and Hajos-Korcsok, E. (2003). Norepinephrine but not serotonin reuptake inhibitors enhance theta and gamma activity of the septo-hippocampal system. Neuropschopharmacology 28, 857-864.
93. Henley, K., and Morrison, A. R. (1974). A re-evaluation of the effects of lesions of the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus on phenomena of paradoxical sleep in the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars) 34, 215-232
94. Hennevin, E., Hars, B.,Maho, C., and Bloch, V. (1995). Processing of learning:information in paradoxical sleep: relevance for memory. Behav. Brain Res. 69, 125-135.
95. Hennevin, E., Huetz, C., and Edeline, J. M. (2007). Neural representations during sleep: from sensory processing to memory traces. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 87, 416-440.
96. Hess, C., Reif, A., Boreatti-Hümmer, A., Heine, M., Lesch, K. P., and Jacob, C. P. (2009). A functional dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene promoter polymorphism is associated with impulsive personality styles but not with affective disorders. J. Neural Transm. 116, 121-130.
97. Hobson, J. A. (2009). REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of pro-toconsciousness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 803-813.
98. Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W., and Wyzinski, P. W. (1975). Sleep cycle oscillation: reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science 189, 55-58.
99. Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E., and Stick-gold, R. (2000). Dreaming and the brain: towards a cognitive neuro-science of conscious states. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 793-842.
100. Hong, C. C. H., Gillin, J. C., Dow, B. C., Wu, J., and Buschbaum, M.S.(1995). Localized and lateralized cerebral glucose metabolism associated with eye movements during REM sleep and wakefulness: a positron emission tomography (PET) study. Sleep 18, 570-580.
101. Hong, C. C. H., Harris, J. C., Pearl-son, G. D., Kim, J.-S., Calhoun, V. C., Fallon, J. H., Golay, X., Gillen, J. S., Simmonds, D. J., van Zijl, P. C. M., Zee, D. S., and Pekar, J. J. (2009). fMRI evidence for multi-sensory recruitment associated with rapid eye movements during sleep. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 1705-1722.
102. Hurlemann, R., Walter, H., Rehme, A. K., Kukolja, J., Santoro, S. C., Schmidt, C., Schnell, K., Musshof, F., Keysers, C., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M. and Onur, O. A. (2010). Human amygdala reactivity is diminished by the b-noradrenergic antagonist propanolol. Psychol. Med. 40, 1839-1848.
103. Iwama, K., Kawamoto, T., Sakkakura, H., and Kasamatsu, T. (1966). Responsiveness of cat lateral genic-ulate at pre- and post-synaptic levels during natural sleep. Physiol. Behav. 1, 45-53.
104. Jackson,M. E.,Frost,A. S., and Moghad-dam, B. (2001). Stimulation of pre-frontal cortex at physiologically relevant frequencies inhibits dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. J. Neurochem. 78, 920-923.
105. Jha, S. K., Ross, R. J., and Morrison, A. R. (2005). Sleep-related neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala of rats and their modulation by the dorsal raphe nucleus. Physiol. Behav. 86, 415-426.
106. Ji, D., and Wilson, M. (2007). Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 100-107.
107. Jodo, E., Chiang, C., and Aston-Jones, G. (1998). Potent excitatory influence of prefrontal cortex activity on noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 83, 63-79.
108. Johnson, J. D. (2003). Noradrenergic control of cognition: global attenuation and an interrupt function. Med. Hypotheses 60, 689-692.
109. Jouvet, M., and Delorme, F. (1965). Locus coeruleus et sommeil para-doxal. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 159, 895-899.
110. Jouvet, M., and Michel, F. (1959). Cor-rélations électromyographiques du sommeil chez le Chat décortiqué et mésencéphalique chronique. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 153, 422-425.
111. Jouvet, M., and Mounier, D. (1960). Effets des lésions de la formation réticulaire pontique sur le sommeil du Chat. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 154, 2301-2305.
112. Jung, R., and Kornmüller, A. E. (1938). Eine Methodik der Abteilung lokalisierter Potentialschwankungen aus subcorticalen Hirngebieten. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 109, 1-30.
113. Kaneko, K., Tamamaki, N., Owada, H., Kakizaki, T., Kuma, N., Totsuka, M., yamamoto, T., Yawo, H., Yagi, T., Obata, K., and Yanagawa, Y. (2008). noradrenergic excitation of a sub-population of GABAergic cells in the basolateral amygdala via both activation of nonselective cationic conductance and suppression of resting K+ conductance: a study using glu-tamate decarboxylase 67-green fluorescent protein knock-in mice. Neu-roscience 157, 781-797.
114. Kieling, C., Genro, J. P., Hurtz, M. H., and Rohde, I. A. (2008). The 1021 C/T polymorphism is associated with neuropsychological performance among children and adolescents with ADHD. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B, 485-490.
115. Kisley, M. A., Olincy, A., Robbins, E., Polk, S. D., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C., and Freedman, R. (2003). Sensory gating impairement associated with schizophrenia persists into REM sleep. Psychophysiology 40, 29-38.
116. Kollins, S. H., Lopez, F. A., Vince, B. D., Tumbow, J. M., Farrand, K., Lyne, A., Wigal, S. B., and Roth, T. (2011). Psychomotor functioning and alertness with guanfacine extended release in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychophar-macol. 21, 111-120.
117. Krnjevic, K., and Phillis, J. W. (1963). Actions of certain amines on cerebral cortex neurons. Br. J. Pharmacol. 20, 471-490.
118. Kubicki, M., Styner, M., Gerig, G., Markant, D., Smith, K., MacCarley, R. W., and Shenton, M. E. (2008). Reduced interhemispheric connectivity in schizophrenic-tractography based segmentation of the corpus callosum. Schizophr. Res. 106, 125-131.
119. Kubota, Y., Takasu, N. N., Horita, S., Kondo, M., Shimizu, M., Okada, T., Wakamura, T., and Tolchi, M. (2011). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortical oxygenation during REM sleep in humans. Brain Res. 1389, 83-92.
120. Kukolja, J., Klingmüller, D., Maier, W., Fink, G. R. and Hurlemann, R. (2011). Noradrenergic-glucocorticoid modulation of emotional memory encoding in the human hippocampus. Psychol. Med. 4, 1-10.
121. Lazzaro, S. C., Hou, M., Cunha, C., LeDoux, J. E., and Cain, C. K. (2010). Antagonism of lazteral amygdala alpha-1 adrenergic receptors facilitates fear conditioning and long-term potentiation. Learn. Mem. 17, 489-493.
122. Leconte, P., and Hennevin, E. (1981). Post-learning paradoxical sleep, reticular activation and noradren-ergic activity. Physiol. Behav. 26, 587-594.
123. Léna, I., Parrot, S., Deschaux, O., Muffat, S., Sauvinet, V., Renaud, B., Suaud-Chagny, M. F., and Gottesmann, C. (2005). Variations in the extracellular levels of dopamine, nora-drenaline, glutamate and aspartate across the sleep-wake cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 81, 891-899.
124. Libet, B., and Gleason, G. A. (1994). The human locus coeruleus and anxio-genesis. Brain Res. 634, 178-180.
125. Linner, L., Wiker, C., Wadenberg, M. L., Schalling, M., and Svens-son, T. H. (2002). Noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances the antipsychotic-like effect of raclo-pride and potentiates D2-blockade-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 691-698.
126. Lipska, B. K., Jaskiw, G., and Weinberger, D. R. (1993). Postpubertal emergence of hyperresponsiveness to stress and to amphetamine after neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage:a potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharma-chology 9, 67-75.
127. Llinas, R., and Ribary, U. (1993). Coherent 40|Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 2078-2081.
128. MacKay, A. V., Iversen, L. L., Rossor, M., Spokes, E., Bird, E., Arregui, A., and Snyder, S. (1982). Increased brain dopamine and dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 991-997.
129. Malcolm-Smith, S., Solms, M., Turn-bull, O., and Tredoux, C. (2007). Threat in dreams: an adaptation. Conscious. Cogn. 17, 1281-1291.
130. Manacéine, M. d. (1897). Sleep: Its Physiology, Pathology, Hygiene, and Psychology. London: Walter Scott.
131. Manunta, Y., and Edeline, J. M. (1999). Effects of noradrenaline on frequency tuning of auditory cortex neurons during wakefulness and slow wave sleep. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 2134-2150.
132. Mao, Z. M., Arnsten, A. F., and Li, B. M. (1999). local infusion of an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist into the pre-frontal cortex impairs spacial working memory performance in monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 1259-1265.
133. Maquet, P., and Franck, G. (1997). REM sleep and amygdala. Mol. Psychiatry 2, 195-196.
134. Maquet, P., Peters, J. M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C. and Luxen, A., and Franck, G. (1996). Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature 383, 163-166.
135. Marrosu, F., Portas, C., Mascia, M. F., Casu, M. A., Fa, M., Giagheddu, M., Imperato, A., and Gessa, G. L. (1995). Microdialysis measurement of cortical and hippocampal acetyl-choline release during sleep-wake cycle in freely moving cats. Brain Res. 671, 329-332.
136. Massimini, M., Ferrarelli, F., Huber, R., Esser, S. K., Singh, H., and Tononi, G. (2005). Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science 309, 2228-2232.
137. McCormick, D. A., and Krosigk, V. M. (1992). Corticothalamic activation modulates thalamic firing through glutamate "metabotropic" receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 2774-2778.
138. McCormick, D. A., Pape, H. C., and Williamson, A. (1991). Actions of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex and thalamus: implications for function of the central noradren-ergic system. Prog. Brain Res. 88, 293-305.
139. McCormick, D. A., Wang, Z., and Huguenard, J. (1993). Neurotrans-mitter control of neocortical neu-ronal activity and excitability. Cereb. Cortex 3, 387-398.
140. McGaughy, J., Ross, R. S., and Eichen-baum, H. (2008). Noradrenergic, but not cholinergic, deafferentation of prefrontal cortex impairs emotional set-shifting. Neuroscience 153, 63-71.
141. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Olsen, R. K., Kohn, P. D., Brown, T., Egan, M. F., Weinberber, D. R., and Berman, K. F. (2005). Regionally specific disturbance of dorsolateral prefrontal-hippocampal function connectivity in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 379-386.
142. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Poline, J. B., Kohn, P. D., Holt, J. L., Egan, M. F., Weinberger, D. R., and Berman, K. F. (2001). Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 1809-1817.
143. Michel, F., Klein, M., Jouvet, D., and Valatx, J. L. (1961). Etude poly-graphique du sommeil chez le Rat. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 155, 2389-2392.
144. Milstein, J. A., Lehmann, O., Theobald, D. E., Dalley, J. W., and Rob- bins, E. (2007). Selective depletion of cortical noradrenaline by anti- domaine beta-hydroxylase-saporin impairs attentional function and enhances the effect of guafacine in the rat. Psychopharmacology 190, 51-63.
145. Misoguchi, N., Saigusa, T., Aono, Y., Sekino, R., Takada, K., Oi, Y., Ueda, K., Koshikawa, N., and Cools, A. R. (2008). The reboxetine-induced increase of accumbal dopamine efflux is inhibited by l-propranolol: a microdialysis study with freely moving rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 601, 94-98.
146. Miyajima, M., Ozaki, M., Wada, K., and Sekiguchi, M. (2010). Noradrenaline-induced sponta neous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in mouse basolateral nucleus of amygdala pyrami dal neurons: comparison with dopamine-induced currents. Neurosci. Lett. 480, 167-172.
147. Miyauchi, S., Misaki, M., Kan, S., Fuku-naga, T., and Koike, T. (2009). Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep. Exp. Brain Res. 192, 657-667.
148. Montgomery, S. M., Sirota, A., and Buzsaki, G. (2008). Theta and gamma coordination of hippocam-pal networks during waking and rapid eye movement sleep. J. Neu-rosci. 28, 6731-6741.
149. Morrison, A. R., and Pompeiano, O. (1966). Vestibular influences during sleep. IV. Functional relations between vestibular nuclei and lateral geniculate nucleus during desyn-chronized sleep. Arch. Ital. Biol. 104, 425-458.
150. Murchison, C. F., Schutsky, K., Jin, S. H., and Thomas, S. A. (2011). Nor-epinephrine and beta (1)-adrenergic signaling facilitate activation of hip-pocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons during contextual memory retrieval. Neuroscience 181, 109-116.
151. Nelson, C. N., Hoffer, B. J., Chu, N. S., and Bloom, F. E. (1973). Cyto-chemical and pharmacological studies on polysensory neurons in the primate frontal cortex. Brain Res. 62, 115-133.
152. Nielsen, J. B. (2003). "A review of mentation in REM and NREM sleep: 'covert' REM sleep as a possible reconciliation of two opposing models," in Sleep and Dreaming. Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations, eds E. Pace-Schott, M. Solms, M. Bla-grove, and S. Harnad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 59-74.
153. Nittono, H., Momose, D., and Hori, T. (2001). The vanishing point of the mismatch negativity at sleep onset. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 732-739.
154. Olmstead, C. E., and Villablanca, J. (1977). Hippocampal theta rhythm persists in the permanently isolated forebrain of the cat. Brain Res. Bull. 2, 93-100.
155. Park, S. P. (2002). In vovo microdialy-sis measures of extracellular norepi-nephrine in the rat amygdala during sleep-wakefulness. J. Korean Med. Sci. 17, 395-399.
156. Peigneux, P., Laurey, S., Fuchs, S., Destrebecqz, A., Collette, F., Del-beuck, X., Phillips C, Aerts, J., Del Flore, G, Delguedre, C., Luxen, A., Cleeremans, A., and Maquet, P. (2003). Learned material content and acqisition level modulate cerebral reactivation during postrain-ing rapid-eye-movement sleep. Neu-roimage 20, 125-134.
157. Peled, A., Geva, A. B., Kremen, W. S., Blankfeld, H. M., Esfandiar-fard, R., and Nordahl, T. E. (2001). Functional connectivity and working memory in schizophrenia: an EEG study. Int. J. Neurosci. 106, 47-61.
158. Perez-Garci, E., del Rio-Portilla,Y., Guevara, M. A., Arce, C., and Corsi-Cabrera, M. (2001). Paradoxical sleep is characterized by uncoupled gamma activity between frontal and perceptual cortical regions. Sleep 24, 118-126.
159. Pothos, E., Rada, P., Mark, G. P., and Hoebel, B. G. (1991). Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accum-bens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipited withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain Res. 566, 348-350.
160. Prehn-Kristensen, A., Göder, R., Fischer, J., Wilhelm, I., Seeck-Hirschner, M., Aldenhoff, J., and Baving, L. (2011). Reduced sleep-associated consolidation of declarative memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep Med. 12, 672-679.
161. Radwanska, K., Nikolaev, E., and Kacz-marek, L. (2010). Central nora-drenergic lesion induced by DSP-4 impairs the acquisition of avoidance reactions and prevents molecular changes in the amygdala. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 94, 303-311.
162. Ramos, B. P., and Arnsten, A. F. T. (2007). Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the pre-frontal cortex. Pharmacol. Ther. 113, 523-536.
163. Ramos, B. P., Colgan, L., Ovadia, S., Wilson, S. R., and Arnsten, A. F. (2005). The beta-1 adrenergic antagonist, betaxolol, improves working memory performance in rats and monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 58, 894-900.
164. Rasmussen, K., Morilak, D. A., and Jacobs, B. L. (1986). Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat I. Naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Res. 371, 324-334.
165. Reader, T. A., Ferron, A., Descarries, L., and Jasper, H. H. (1979). Modula-tory role for biogenic amines in the cerebral cortex. Microiontopheric studies. Brain Res. 160, 219-229.
166. Rechtschaffen, A., Vogel, G., and Shaikun, G. (1963). Interelatedness of mental activity during sleep. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 9, 536-547.
167. Reeves, M., Lindholm, D. E., Myles, P. S., Fletcher, H., and Hunt, J. O. (2001). Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery: a double-blind, randomized trial. Anesth. Analg. 93, 116-120.
168. Reich, H., Ruppecht, U., Stumpf, H., and Stock, G. (1983). Modulation of unit activity in the amygdala of restrained cats during the sleep-waking cycle. Neurosci. Lett. 35, 209-214.
169. Revonsuo, A. (2003). "The reinterpre-tation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming," in Sleep and Dreaming. Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations, eds E. Pace-Schott, M. Solms, M. Blagrove, and S. Harnad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 85-109.
170. Rossi, G. F., Palestini, M., Pisano, M., and Rosadini, G. (1965). "An experimental study of the cortical reactivity during sleep and wakefulness," in Aspects anatomo-fonctionnels de la physiologie du sommeil (Paris: CNRS), 509-532.
171. Sakakura, H., and Iwama, K. (1965). Presynaptic inhibition and postsy-naptic facilitation in lateral genicu-late body and so-called deep sleep wave activity. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 87, 40-51.
172. Scahill, L., Chappell, P. B., Kim, Y. S., Schultz, R. T., Katsovitch, L., Shep-perd, E., Arnsten, A. F., Cohen, D. J., andLeckman,J.F.(2001).Aplacebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperac-tivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 1067-1074.
173. Sculthorpe, L. D., Ouellet, D. R., and Campell, K. B. (2009). MMN elici-tation during natural sleep to violations of an auditory pattern. Brain Res. 1290, 52-62.
174. Segal, M. (1974). The action of norepi-nephrine in the rat hippocampus. I. Iontophoretic studies. Brain Res. 72, 79-97.
175. Segal, M. (1981). Regional differences in neuronal responses to 5-HT: intracellular studies in hippocam-pal slices. J. Physiol. Paris 77, 373-375.
176. Segal, M. (1990). Potassium currents activated in hippocampal neurons by serotonin are mediated by a change in intracellular calcium concentrations. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 181, 299-301.
177. Segal, M., and Bloom, F. E. (1976). The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. III. Hippocampal cellular responses to locus coeruleus stimulation in the awake rat. Brain Res. 107, 499-551.
178. Seguela, P., Watkons, K. C., Geffard, M., and Descarries, L. (1990). Nora-drenaline axon terminals in adult rat neocortex: an immunocytochemi-cal analysis in serial thin sections. Neuroscience 35, 249-264.
179. Selden, N. R. W., Robbins, T. W., and Everitt, B. J. (1990). Enhanced behavioral conditioning to context and impaired behavioral and neu-roendocrine responses to conditioned stimuli following ceruleocor-tical noradrenergic lesions: support for an attentional hypothesis of central noradrenergic function. J. Neu-rosci. 10, 531-539.
180. Shouse, M. N., Staba, R. J., Saquib, S. F., and Farber, P. R. (2000). Monoamines and sleep: microdial-ysis findings in pons and amygdala. Brain Res. 860, 181-189.
181. Siegel, J. M. (2001). The REM sleep - memory consolidation hypothesis. Science 294 1058-1063.
182. Smith, C. (1995). Sleep states and memory processes. Behav. Brain Res. 69, 137-145
183. Smith, C., and Lapp, L. (1991). Increases in number of REMS and REM density in humans following an intense learning period. Sleep 14, 325-330.
184. Steere, J. C., and Arnsten, A. F. (1997). The alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor agonist guanfacine improves visual object discrimination reversal performance in aged rhesus monkeys. Behav. Neurosci. 111, 883-891.
185. Stegeren van, A. H., Goekoop, R., Everaerd, W., Scheltens, P., Bark-hof, F., Kuijer, J. P., and Trombouts, S. A. (2005). Norasrenaline mediates amygdala activation in men and women during encoding of emotional material. Neuroimage 24, 898-909.
186. Strange, B. A., and Dolan, R. J. (2004). Beta-adrenergic modulation of emotional memory-evoked human amygdala and hippocam-pal responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 11454-11458.
187. Swanson, C. J., and Schoepp, D. D. (2003). A role for noradrenergic transmission in the actions of phen-cyclidine and the antipsychotic and antistress effects of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1003, 309-317.
188. Tait, D. S., Brown, V. J., Farovik, A., Theobald, D. E., Dalley, J. W., and Robbins, T. W. (2007). Lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle impair set-shifting in the rat. Eur. J. Neu-rosci. 25, 3719-3733.
189. Takahashi, K., Kayama, Y., Lin, J. S., and Sakai, K. (2010). Locus coeruleus neuronal activity during the sleep-waking cycle in mice. Neuroscience 169, 1115-1126.
190. Takeuchi, T., Miyasita, A., Inugami, M., and Yamamoto, Y. (2001). Intrinsic dreams are not produced without REM sleep mechanims: evidence through elicitation of sleep onset periods. J. Sleep Res. 10, 43-52.
191. Takeuchi, T., Ogilvie, R. D., Ferrelli, A. V., Murphy, T., Yamamoto, Y., and Inugami, M. (1999). Dreams are not produced without REM sleep mechanisms. Sleep Res. Online 2(Suppl. 1), 279.
192. Tokizane, T. (1965). "Sleep mechanism: hypothalamic control of cortical activity," in Aspects anatomo-fonctionnels de la physiologie du sommeil, ed. CNRS (Paris: CNRS), 151-185.
193. Tong, J., Hornykiewicz, O., and Kish, S. J. (2006). Identification of a noradrenaline-rich subdivision of the human nucleus accumbens. J. Neurochem. 96, 349-354.
194. Tracy, R. L., and Tracy, L. N. (1974). Reports of mental activity from sleep stages 2 and 4. Percept. Mot. Skills 38, 647-648.
195. Tran, L., and Keele, N. B. (2011). P-chlorophenylalanine increases gluta-mate receptor 1 transcription in rat amygdala. Neuroreport 22, 758-761.
196. Uhlaas, P. J., and Singer, W. (2010). Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 100-113.
197. Verhelj, M. M., and Cools, A. R. (2009a). Accumbental noradren-aline that contributes to the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated release of dopamine from reserpine-sensitive storage vesicles in the nucleus accumbens is derived from alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine-senitive pools. J. Neural Transm. 116, 389-394.
198. Verhelj, M. M., and Cools, A. R. (2009b). Mesolimbic alpha-, but not beta-adrenoceptors control the accumbal release of dopamine that is derived from reserpine-sensitive storage vesicles. Neuroscience 162, 1163-1173.
199. Vertes, R. (2004). Memory consolidation in sleep; dream or reality. Neuron 44, 135-144.
200. Vertes, R., and Siegel, J. (2005). Time for the sleep community to take a critical look at the purported role of sleep in memory processing. Sleep 28, 1228-1229.
201. Wallace, D. M., Magnuson, D. J., and Gray, T. C. (1992). Organization of amygdaloid projections to brain-stemp dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic cell groups in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 28, 447-454.
202. Wang, Y., Liu, J., Gui, Z. H., Ali, U., Fan, L. L., Hou, C., Wang, T., Chen, T., and Li, Q. (2011). Alpha2-adrenoceptor regulates the spontaneous and the GABA/glutamate modulated firing activity of the rat medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons. Neuro-science 182, 193-202.
203. Wang, Y., Zhang, G. J., Liu, J., Ali, U., Gui, Z. H., Hui, Y. P., Wang, T., Chen, L., and Li, G. (2010). Noradrenergic lesion of the locus coeruleus increases the firing activity of the medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons and the role of alpha2-adrenoreceptors in normal and medial forebrain bundle lesioned rats. Brain Res. 1324, 64-74.
204. Warren, R. A., and Dykes, R. W. (1996). Transient and long-lasting effects of iontophoretically administered norepinephrine on somatosen-sory cortical neurons in halothane-anesthetized cats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 74, 38-57.
205. Waterhouse, B. D., Azizi, S. A., Burne, R. A., and Woodward, D. (1990). Modulation of rat cortical area 17 neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli during norepinephrine and serotonin microiontophoresis. Brain Res. 514, 276-292.
206. Waterhouse, B. D., Moises, H. C., and Woodward, D. J. (1998). Phasic activation of the locus coeruleus enhances responses of primary sensory cortical neurons to peripheral receptive field stimulation. Brain Res. 790, 33-44.
207. Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., and Zec, R. F. (1986). Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex in schizophrenia 1. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 114-124.
208. Williams, H. L., Hammack, J. T., Daly, R. L., Dement, W. C., and Lubin, A. (1964). Responses to auditory stimulation, sleep loss and the EEG stages of sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 16, 269-279.
209. Williams, H. L., Tepas, D. I., and Morlock, J. H. C. (1962). Evoked responses to clicks and electroen-cephalographic stages of sleep in man. Science 138, 685-686.
210. Young, C. E., Arima, K., Hu, L., Beach, T. G., Falkai, P., and Honer, W. G. (1998). SNAP-25 deficit and hip-pocampal connectivity in schizophrenia. Cereb. Cortex 8, 261-268.
211. Zhang, J. X., Harper, R. M., and Frysinger, R. C. (1986). Respiratory modulation of neuronal discharge in the central nucleus of the amygdala during sleep and waking states. Exp. Neurol. 91, 193-207.