메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1243-1252

The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of cognitive disorders: Potential applications to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Cholinergic; Cognitive; Noradrenergic; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXY 3 METHOXYPHENYLETHYLENE GLYCOL; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLONIDINE; DONEPEZIL; GUANFACINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORADRENALIN; PHYSOSTIGMINE; SELEGILINE; TACRINE;

EID: 0033232474     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00232-2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (144)

References (99)
  • 1
    • 0019795639 scopus 로고
    • Short- And long-term changes in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain after subtotal destruction of central noradrenergic neurons
    • Acheson A.L., Zigmond M.J. Short- and long-term changes in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain after subtotal destruction of central noradrenergic neurons. J Neurosci. 1:1981;493-504.
    • (1981) J Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 493-504
    • Acheson, A.L.1    Zigmond, M.J.2
  • 2
    • 0018305844 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the brain catecholamines in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type
    • Adolfsson R., Gottfries C.G., Roos B.E., Winblad B. Changes in the brain catecholamines in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Br J Psychiatry. 135:1979;216-223.
    • (1979) Br J Psychiatry , vol.135 , pp. 216-223
    • Adolfsson, R.1    Gottfries, C.G.2    Roos, B.E.3    Winblad, B.4
  • 3
    • 0015873737 scopus 로고
    • Impaired learning an decreased cortical norepinephrine afterbilater locus coeruleus lesions
    • Anlezark G.M., Crow T.J., Greenway A.P. Impaired learning an decreased cortical norepinephrine afterbilater locus coeruleus lesions. Science. 181:1973;682-684.
    • (1973) Science , vol.181 , pp. 682-684
    • Anlezark, G.M.1    Crow, T.J.2    Greenway, A.P.3
  • 4
    • 0028283218 scopus 로고
    • Peri-Karyal and synaptic localization of α-2A adrenergic receptorlike immunoreactivity
    • Aoki C., Go C.G., Venkatesan C., Kurose H. Peri-Karyal and synaptic localization of α-2A adrenergic receptorlike immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 650:1994;181-204.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.650 , pp. 181-204
    • Aoki, C.1    Go, C.G.2    Venkatesan, C.3    Kurose, H.4
  • 5
    • 0024239064 scopus 로고
    • The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects: Evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes
    • Arnsten A.F., Cai J.X., Goldman Rakic P.S. The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects Evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes . J Neurosci. 8:1988;4287-4298.
    • (1988) J Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 4287-4298
    • Arnsten, A.F.1    Cai, J.X.2    Goldman Rakic, P.S.3
  • 6
    • 0022379837 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms in prefrontal cortex associated with cognitive decline in aged nonhuman primates
    • Arnsten A.F., Goldman Rakic P.S. Alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms in prefrontal cortex associated with cognitive decline in aged nonhuman primates. Science. 230:1985;1273-1276.
    • (1985) Science , vol.230 , pp. 1273-1276
    • Arnsten, A.F.1    Goldman Rakic, P.S.2
  • 7
    • 0033004430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • α-1 Noradrenergic receptor stimulation impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function
    • Arnsten A.F.T., Mathew R., Ubriani R., Taylor J.R., Li B.-M. α-1 Noradrenergic receptor stimulation impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;26-31.
    • (1999) Biol Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 26-31
    • Arnsten, A.F.T.1    Mathew, R.2    Ubriani, R.3    Taylor, J.R.4    Li, B.-M.5
  • 8
    • 0029924275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of α-2 noradrenergic mechanisms to prefrontal cortical cognitive function
    • Arnsten A.F.T., Steere J.C., Hunt R.D. The contribution of α-2 noradrenergic mechanisms to prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 53:1996;448-455.
    • (1996) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 448-455
    • Arnsten, A.F.T.1    Steere, J.C.2    Hunt, R.D.3
  • 9
    • 0018690072 scopus 로고
    • Physostigmine and recent memory effects in young and aged non-human primates
    • Bartus R., Uehara Y. Physostigmine and recent memory effects in young and aged non-human primates. Science. 206:1979;1085-1087.
    • (1979) Science , vol.206 , pp. 1085-1087
    • Bartus, R.1    Uehara, Y.2
  • 10
    • 0028873975 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease: Relative importance of the cholinergic deficits
    • Bierer L.M., Haroutunian V., Gabriel S., Knott P.J., Carlin L.S., Purohit D.P., et al. Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease Relative importance of the cholinergic deficits . J Neurochem. 64:1995;749-760.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 749-760
    • Bierer, L.M.1    Haroutunian, V.2    Gabriel, S.3    Knott, P.J.4    Carlin, L.S.5    Purohit, D.P.6
  • 12
    • 0018408601 scopus 로고
    • Brain norepinephrine and dopamine in schizophrenia
    • Bird E.D., Spokes E.G., Iversen L.L. Brain norepinephrine and dopamine in schizophrenia. Science. 204:1974;93-94.
    • (1974) Science , vol.204 , pp. 93-94
    • Bird, E.D.1    Spokes, E.G.2    Iversen, L.L.3
  • 13
    • 0020545051 scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: Choline acetyltransferase activity in brain tissue from clinical and pathological subgroups
    • Bird T.D., Stranahan S., Sumi S.M., Raskind M. Alzheimer's disease Choline acetyltransferase activity in brain tissue from clinical and pathological subgroups . Ann Neurol. 14:1983;284-293.
    • (1983) Ann Neurol , vol.14 , pp. 284-293
    • Bird, T.D.1    Stranahan, S.2    Sumi, S.M.3    Raskind, M.4
  • 14
    • 0019872434 scopus 로고
    • Selective loss of neurons of origin of adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus coeruleus) in senile dementia
    • Bondareff W., Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M. Selective loss of neurons of origin of adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus coeruleus) in senile dementia. Lancet. 1:1981;783-784.
    • (1981) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 783-784
    • Bondareff, W.1    Mountjoy, C.Q.2    Roth, M.3
  • 15
    • 0020077837 scopus 로고
    • Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus ceruleus) in senile dementia
    • Bondareff W., Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M. Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus ceruleus) in senile dementia. Neurology. 32:1982;164-168.
    • (1982) Neurology , vol.32 , pp. 164-168
    • Bondareff, W.1    Mountjoy, C.Q.2    Roth, M.3
  • 16
    • 0023026959 scopus 로고
    • Number of neurons in nucleus locus ceruleus in demented and non-demented patients: Rapid estimation and correlated parameters
    • Bondareff W., Mountjoy C.Q. Number of neurons in nucleus locus ceruleus in demented and non-demented patients Rapid estimation and correlated parameters . Neurobiol Aging. 7:1986;297-300.
    • (1986) Neurobiol Aging , vol.7 , pp. 297-300
    • Bondareff, W.1    Mountjoy, C.Q.2
  • 17
    • 0022371867 scopus 로고
    • Postmortem central catecholamines and ante mortem cognitive impairment in elderly schizophrenics and controls
    • Bridge T.P., Kleinman J.E., Karoum F., Wyatt R.J. Postmortem central catecholamines and ante mortem cognitive impairment in elderly schizophrenics and controls. Biol Psychiatry. 14:1985;57-61.
    • (1985) Biol Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 57-61
    • Bridge, T.P.1    Kleinman, J.E.2    Karoum, F.3    Wyatt, R.J.4
  • 18
    • 0025854918 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenergic control of thalamic oscillation: The role of alpha-2 receptors
    • Buzsaki G., Kennedy B., Solt V.B., Ziegler M. Noradrenergic control of thalamic oscillation The role of alpha-2 receptors . Eur J Pharmacol. 3:1991;222-229.
    • (1991) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 222-229
    • Buzsaki, G.1    Kennedy, B.2    Solt, V.B.3    Ziegler, M.4
  • 19
    • 0028172570 scopus 로고
    • Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events
    • Cahill L., Prins B., Weber M., McGaugh J.L. Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature. 371:1994;702-704.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.371 , pp. 702-704
    • Cahill, L.1    Prins, B.2    Weber, M.3    McGaugh, J.L.4
  • 20
    • 0020502372 scopus 로고
    • Effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurons on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction task in rats. Implications for theories of dorsal noradrenergic bundle functions based on selective attention and arousal
    • Carli M., Robbins T.W., Evenden J.L., Everitt B.J. Effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurons on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction task in rats. Implications for theories of dorsal noradrenergic bundle functions based on selective attention and arousal. Behav Brain Res. 9:1983;361-380.
    • (1983) Behav Brain Res , vol.9 , pp. 361-380
    • Carli, M.1    Robbins, T.W.2    Evenden, J.L.3    Everitt, B.J.4
  • 21
    • 0021823954 scopus 로고
    • Depletion of brain norepinephrine with DSP-4 does not alter acquisition or performance of a radial-arm maze task
    • Chrobak J.J., DeHaven D.L., Walsh T.J. Depletion of brain norepinephrine with DSP-4 does not alter acquisition or performance of a radial-arm maze task. Behav Neural Biol. 44:1985;144-150.
    • (1985) Behav Neural Biol , vol.44 , pp. 144-150
    • Chrobak, J.J.1    Dehaven, D.L.2    Walsh, T.J.3
  • 22
    • 0026672726 scopus 로고
    • Forebrain norepinephrine: Role in controlled information processing in the rat
    • Cole B.J., Robbins T.W. Forebrain norepinephrine Role in controlled information processing in the rat . Neuropsychopharmacology. 7:1992;129-141.
    • (1992) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.7 , pp. 129-141
    • Cole, B.J.1    Robbins, T.W.2
  • 26
    • 0014421466 scopus 로고
    • Cortical synapses and reinforcement
    • Crow T.J. Cortical synapses and reinforcement. Nature. 219:1968;736-737.
    • (1968) Nature , vol.219 , pp. 736-737
    • Crow, T.J.1
  • 27
    • 0030831263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salbutamol overcomes the effect of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 on memory function in the day old chick
    • Crowe S.F., Shaw S. Salbutamol overcomes the effect of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 on memory function in the day old chick. Behav Pharmacol. 8:1997;216-222.
    • (1997) Behav Pharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 216-222
    • Crowe, S.F.1    Shaw, S.2
  • 28
    • 0019256571 scopus 로고
    • Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex from cases of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer senile dementa
    • Davies P., Katzman R., Terry R.D. Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex from cases of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer senile dementa. Nature. 288:1980;279-280.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.288 , pp. 279-280
    • Davies, P.1    Katzman, R.2    Terry, R.D.3
  • 29
    • 0025295525 scopus 로고
    • Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attention shift in the rat
    • Devauges V., Sara S.J. Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attention shift in the rat. Behav Brain Research. 39:1990;19-29.
    • (1990) Behav Brain Research , vol.39 , pp. 19-29
    • Devauges, V.1    Sara, S.J.2
  • 32
    • 0024267511 scopus 로고
    • Clonidine improves memory function in schizophrenia independently from changes in psychosis: Preliminary findings
    • Fields R.B., van Kammen D.P., Peters J.L., Rosen J., van Kammen W.B., Nugent A., et al. Clonidine improves memory function in schizophrenia independently from changes in psychosis Preliminary findings . Schizophr Res. 1:1988;417-423.
    • (1988) Schizophr Res , vol.1 , pp. 417-423
    • Fields, R.B.1    Van Kammen, D.P.2    Peters, J.L.3    Rosen, J.4    Van Kammen, W.B.5    Nugent, A.6
  • 33
    • 0020640706 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and neurochemical effects following neurotoxic lesions of a major cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex in the rat
    • Flicker C., Dean R.L., Watkins D.L., Fisher S.K., Bartus R.T. Behavioral and neurochemical effects following neurotoxic lesions of a major cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 18:1983;973-981.
    • (1983) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.18 , pp. 973-981
    • Flicker, C.1    Dean, R.L.2    Watkins, D.L.3    Fisher, S.K.4    Bartus, R.T.5
  • 34
    • 0016823810 scopus 로고
    • "mini-mental state." A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
    • Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. "Mini-mental state." A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 12:1975;189-198.
    • (1975) J Psychiatr Res , vol.12 , pp. 189-198
    • Folstein, M.F.1    Folstein, S.E.2    McHugh, P.R.3
  • 35
    • 0021797563 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical studies of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Possible influence on treatment
    • Francis P.T., Palmer A.M., Sims N.R., Bowen D.M., Davison A.N., Esiri M.M., et al. Neurochemical studies of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Possible influence on treatment. N Engl J Med. 313:1985;7-11.
    • (1985) N Engl J Med , vol.313 , pp. 7-11
    • Francis, P.T.1    Palmer, A.M.2    Sims, N.R.3    Bowen, D.M.4    Davison, A.N.5    Esiri, M.M.6
  • 36
    • 0026729733 scopus 로고
    • Restoration of ascending noradrenergic projections by residual locus coeruleus neurons: Compensatory response to neurotoxin-induced cell death in the adult rat brain
    • Fritschy J.M., Grzanna R. Restoration of ascending noradrenergic projections by residual locus coeruleus neurons Compensatory response to neurotoxin-induced cell death in the adult rat brain . J Comp Neurol. 321:1992;421-441.
    • (1992) J Comp Neurol , vol.321 , pp. 421-441
    • Fritschy, J.M.1    Grzanna, R.2
  • 37
    • 0025452829 scopus 로고
    • Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their subtypes in primate prefrontal cortex
    • Goldman-Rakic P.S., Lidow M.S., Gallager D.W. Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their subtypes in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 10:1990;2125-2138.
    • (1990) J Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 2125-2138
    • Goldman-Rakic, P.S.1    Lidow, M.S.2    Gallager, D.W.3
  • 39
    • 0027193748 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists after single doses; Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol, atenolol, lorazepam and placebo
    • Greenblatt D.J., Scavone J.M., Harmatz J.S., Engelhardt N., Shader R.I. Cognitive effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists after single doses; pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol, atenolol, lorazepam and placebo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 53:1993;577-584.
    • (1993) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.53 , pp. 577-584
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Scavone, J.M.2    Harmatz, J.S.3    Engelhardt, N.4    Shader, R.I.5
  • 40
    • 0015862103 scopus 로고
    • Memory access pathway: Role of adrenergic versus cholinergic neurons
    • Hamburg M.D., Cohen R.P. Memory access pathway Role of adrenergic versus cholinergic neurons . Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1:1973;295-300.
    • (1973) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.1 , pp. 295-300
    • Hamburg, M.D.1    Cohen, R.P.2
  • 41
    • 0021815426 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological alleviation of cholinergic lesion-induced memory deficits in rats
    • Haroutunian V., Kanof P., Davis K.L. Pharmacological alleviation of cholinergic lesion-induced memory deficits in rats. Life Sci. 37:1985;945-952.
    • (1985) Life Sci , vol.37 , pp. 945-952
    • Haroutunian, V.1    Kanof, P.2    Davis, K.L.3
  • 42
    • 0025060925 scopus 로고
    • Restoration of cholinomimetic activity by clonidine in cholinergic plus noradrenergic lesioned rats
    • Haroutunian V., Kanof P.D., Tsuboyama G., Davis K.L. Restoration of cholinomimetic activity by clonidine in cholinergic plus noradrenergic lesioned rats. Brain Res. 507:1990;261-266.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.507 , pp. 261-266
    • Haroutunian, V.1    Kanof, P.D.2    Tsuboyama, G.3    Davis, K.L.4
  • 45
    • 0018935431 scopus 로고
    • Brain catecholamines modifications. The effects on memory facilitation induced by oxotremorine in mice
    • Huygens P., Baratti C.M., Gardella J.L., Filinger E. Brain catecholamines modifications. The effects on memory facilitation induced by oxotremorine in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 69:1980;291-294.
    • (1980) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.69 , pp. 291-294
    • Huygens, P.1    Baratti, C.M.2    Gardella, J.L.3    Filinger, E.4
  • 46
    • 0030863634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amygdala β-noradrenergic influence on hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo
    • Ikegaya Y., Nakanishi K., Saito H., Abe K. Amygdala β-noradrenergic influence on hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Neuroreport. 8:1997;3143-3146.
    • (1997) Neuroreport , vol.8 , pp. 3143-3146
    • Ikegaya, Y.1    Nakanishi, K.2    Saito, H.3    Abe, K.4
  • 47
    • 0029762896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basomedial and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei contribute to the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo
    • Ikegaya Y., Saito H., Abe K. The basomedial and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei contribute to the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Eur J Neurosci. 8:1996;1833-1839.
    • (1996) Eur J Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 1833-1839
    • Ikegaya, Y.1    Saito, H.2    Abe, K.3
  • 48
    • 0020513205 scopus 로고
    • Loss of pigmented dopamine-beta-hydroxylase positive cells from locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type
    • Iversen L.L., Rossor M.N., Reynolds G.P., Hills R., Roth M., Mountjoy C.Q., et al. Loss of pigmented dopamine-beta-hydroxylase positive cells from locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neurosci Lett. 39:1983;95-100.
    • (1983) Neurosci Lett , vol.39 , pp. 95-100
    • Iversen, L.L.1    Rossor, M.N.2    Reynolds, G.P.3    Hills, R.4    Roth, M.5    Mountjoy, C.Q.6
  • 50
    • 0019496292 scopus 로고
    • Neocortical cholinergic innervation: A description of extrinsic and intrinsic components in the rat
    • Johnston M.V., McKinney M., Coyle J.T. Neocortical cholinergic innervation A description of extrinsic and intrinsic components in the rat . Exp Brain Res. 43:1981;159-172.
    • (1981) Exp Brain Res , vol.43 , pp. 159-172
    • Johnston, M.V.1    McKinney, M.2    Coyle, J.T.3
  • 51
    • 0026069017 scopus 로고
    • 3H]p-aminoclonidine binding in prefrontal cortex
    • 3H]p-aminoclonidine binding in prefrontal cortex . Neurobiol Aging. 12:1991;131-136.
    • (1991) Neurobiol Aging , vol.12 , pp. 131-136
    • Kalaria, R.N.1    Andorn, A.C.2
  • 52
    • 0019941245 scopus 로고
    • Increased noradrenaline levels in CSF and plasma of schizophrenic patients
    • Kemali D., Del-Vecchio M., Maj M. Increased noradrenaline levels in CSF and plasma of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 17:1982;711-717.
    • (1982) Biol Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 711-717
    • Kemali, D.1    Del-Vecchio, M.2    Maj, M.3
  • 53
    • 0023628340 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
    • Kobilka B.K., Matsui H., Kobilka T.S., Yang-Feng T.L., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J., et al. Cloning and sequencing, and expression of the gene coding for the human platelet alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. Science. 238:1987;650-656.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 650-656
    • Kobilka, B.K.1    Matsui, H.2    Kobilka, T.S.3    Yang-Feng, T.L.4    Caron, M.G.5    Lefkowitz, R.J.6
  • 54
    • 0018895240 scopus 로고
    • Differences in psychic performance with guanfacine and clonidine in normotensive subjects
    • Kugler J., Krauskoff R., Seus R., Brecht H.M., Raschig A. Differences in psychic performance with guanfacine and clonidine in normotensive subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 10:1980;715-805.
    • (1980) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 715-805
    • Kugler, J.1    Krauskoff, R.2    Seus, R.3    Brecht, H.M.4    Raschig, A.5
  • 57
    • 0020465259 scopus 로고
    • Lesions of cholinergic forebrain nuclei: Changes in avoidance behavior and scopolamine actions
    • Lo Conte G., Bartolini L., Casamenti F., Marconcini Pepeu I., Pepeu G. Lesions of cholinergic forebrain nuclei Changes in avoidance behavior and scopolamine actions . Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 17:1982;933-937.
    • (1982) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.17 , pp. 933-937
    • Lo Conte, G.1    Bartolini, L.2    Casamenti, F.3    Marconcini, P.I.4    Pepeu, G.5
  • 58
    • 0025279114 scopus 로고
    • Expansion of the α-2 Adrenergic family: Cloning and characterization of human α-2 adrenergic subtype, the gene for which is located on chromosome 2
    • Lomasney J.W., Lorenz W., Allen L.F., King K., Regan J.W., Yang-Feng T.L., et al. Expansion of the α-2 Adrenergic family Cloning and characterization of human α-2 adrenergic subtype, the gene for which is located on chromosome 2 . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87:1990;5094-5098.
    • (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a , vol.87 , pp. 5094-5098
    • Lomasney, J.W.1    Lorenz, W.2    Allen, L.F.3    King, K.4    Regan, J.W.5    Yang-Feng, T.L.6
  • 59
    • 0022588255 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive enhancement in Korsakoff's psychosis by clonidine: A comparison with L-dopa and ephedrine
    • Mair R.G., McEntee W.J. Cognitive enhancement in Korsakoff's psychosis by clonidine A comparison with L-dopa and ephedrine . Psychopharmacology. 88:1986;374-380.
    • (1986) Psychopharmacology , vol.88 , pp. 374-380
    • Mair, R.G.1    McEntee, W.J.2
  • 60
    • 0018857625 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the monoamine containing neurones of the human CNS in senile dementia
    • Mann D.M., Lincoln J., Yates P.O., Stamp J.E., Toper S. Changes in the monoamine containing neurones of the human CNS in senile dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 136:1980;533-541.
    • (1980) Br J Psychiatry , vol.136 , pp. 533-541
    • Mann, D.M.1    Lincoln, J.2    Yates, P.O.3    Stamp, J.E.4    Toper, S.5
  • 61
    • 0020059233 scopus 로고
    • The noradrenergic system in Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementias
    • Mann D.M., Yates P.O., Hawkes J. The noradrenergic system in Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementias. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45:1982;113-119.
    • (1982) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 113-119
    • Mann, D.M.1    Yates, P.O.2    Hawkes, J.3
  • 62
    • 0018132386 scopus 로고
    • Noradrenaline and spatial memory
    • Mason S.T., Fibiger H.C. Noradrenaline and spatial memory. Brain Res. 156:1978;382-386.
    • (1978) Brain Res , vol.156 , pp. 382-386
    • Mason, S.T.1    Fibiger, H.C.2
  • 63
    • 0018411701 scopus 로고
    • Possible behavioural function for noradrenaline - Acetylcholine interaction in brain
    • Mason S.T., Fibiger H.C. Possible behavioural function for noradrenaline - acetylcholine interaction in brain. Nature. 277:1979;396.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.277 , pp. 396
    • Mason, S.T.1    Fibiger, H.C.2
  • 64
    • 0018292583 scopus 로고
    • Theories of dorsal bundle extinction effects
    • Mason S.T., Iversen S.D. Theories of dorsal bundle extinction effects. Brain Res Rev. 1:1979;107-137.
    • (1979) Brain Res Rev , vol.1 , pp. 107-137
    • Mason, S.T.1    Iversen, S.D.2
  • 65
    • 0017651280 scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective forebrain noradrenaline loss on behavioral inhibition in the rat
    • Mason S.T., Iversen S.D. Effects of selective forebrain noradrenaline loss on behavioral inhibition in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 91:1977;165-173.
    • (1977) J Comp Physiol Psychol , vol.91 , pp. 165-173
    • Mason, S.T.1    Iversen, S.D.2
  • 68
    • 0021956441 scopus 로고
    • Learning and memory deficits after lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis: Reversal by physostigmine
    • Murray C.L., Fibiger H.C. Learning and memory deficits after lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis Reversal by physostigmine . Neuroscience. 14:1985;1025-1032.
    • (1985) Neuroscience , vol.14 , pp. 1025-1032
    • Murray, C.L.1    Fibiger, H.C.2
  • 69
    • 0022639418 scopus 로고
    • Pilocarpine and physostigmine attenuate spatial memory impairments produced by lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis
    • Murray C.L., Fibiger H.C. Pilocarpine and physostigmine attenuate spatial memory impairments produced by lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Behav Neurosci. 100:1986;23-32.
    • (1986) Behav Neurosci , vol.100 , pp. 23-32
    • Murray, C.L.1    Fibiger, H.C.2
  • 70
    • 0025286685 scopus 로고
    • Development and plasticity of the locus coeruleus: A review of recent physiological and pharmacological experimentation
    • Nakamura S., Sakaguchi T. Development and plasticity of the locus coeruleus A review of recent physiological and pharmacological experimentation . Prog Neurobiol. 34:1990;505-526.
    • (1990) Prog Neurobiol , vol.34 , pp. 505-526
    • Nakamura, S.1    Sakaguchi, T.2
  • 71
    • 0027399454 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of mRNA's for a-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat brain: An in situ hybridization study
    • Nicholas A.P., Pieribone V., Hokfelt T. Distribution of mRNA's for a-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat brain An in situ hybridization study . J Comp Neurol. 328:1993;575-594.
    • (1993) J Comp Neurol , vol.328 , pp. 575-594
    • Nicholas, A.P.1    Pieribone, V.2    Hokfelt, T.3
  • 72
    • 0021360517 scopus 로고
    • Monoamine metabolite concentrations in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients with histologically verified Alzheimer's dementia
    • Palmer A.M., Sims N.R., Bowen D.M., Neary D., Palo J., Wikstrom J., et al. Monoamine metabolite concentrations in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients with histologically verified Alzheimer's dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 47:1984;481-484.
    • (1984) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.47 , pp. 481-484
    • Palmer, A.M.1    Sims, N.R.2    Bowen, D.M.3    Neary, D.4    Palo, J.5    Wikstrom, J.6
  • 74
    • 0019799550 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical activities in human temporal lobe related to aging and Alzheimer-type changes
    • Perry E.K., Blessed G., Tomlinson B.E., Perry R.H., Crow T.J., Cross A.J., et al. Neurochemical activities in human temporal lobe related to aging and Alzheimer-type changes. Neurobiol Aging. 2:1981;251-256.
    • (1981) Neurobiol Aging , vol.2 , pp. 251-256
    • Perry, E.K.1    Blessed, G.2    Tomlinson, B.E.3    Perry, R.H.4    Crow, T.J.5    Cross, A.J.6
  • 76
    • 0029074855 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Alzheimer's disease and normal aging on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine responses to yohimbine and clonidine
    • Peskind E.R., Wingerson D., Murray S., Pascualy M., Dobie D.J., Le Corre P., et al. Effects of Alzheimer's disease and normal aging on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine responses to yohimbine and clonidine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;774-782.
    • (1995) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 774-782
    • Peskind, E.R.1    Wingerson, D.2    Murray, S.3    Pascualy, M.4    Dobie, D.J.5    Le Corre, P.6
  • 77
    • 0028808884 scopus 로고
    • Oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease: Effects on norepinephrine and vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma
    • Peskind E.R., Wingerson D., Pascualy M., Thal L., Veith R.C., Dorsa D.M., et al. Oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease Effects on norepinephrine and vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma . Biol Psychiatry. 38:1995;532-538.
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 532-538
    • Peskind, E.R.1    Wingerson, D.2    Pascualy, M.3    Thal, L.4    Veith, R.C.5    Dorsa, D.M.6
  • 81
    • 0021680114 scopus 로고
    • Brain stem catecholamine mechanisms in tonic and reflex control of blood pressure
    • Reis D.J., Granata A.R., Joh T.H., Ross C.A., Ruggiero D.A., Park D.H. Brain stem catecholamine mechanisms in tonic and reflex control of blood pressure. Hypertension. 6:(suppl 11):1984;7-15.
    • (1984) Hypertension , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL. 11 , pp. 7-15
    • Reis, D.J.1    Granata, A.R.2    Joh, T.H.3    Ross, C.A.4    Ruggiero, D.A.5    Park, D.H.6
  • 82
    • 0022473115 scopus 로고
    • Learning impairment following lesion of the basal nucleus of Meynert in the marmoset: Modification by cholinergic drugs
    • Ridley R.M., Murray T.K., Johnson J.A., Baker H.F. Learning impairment following lesion of the basal nucleus of Meynert in the marmoset Modification by cholinergic drugs . Brain Res. 376:1986;108-116.
    • (1986) Brain Res , vol.376 , pp. 108-116
    • Ridley, R.M.1    Murray, T.K.2    Johnson, J.A.3    Baker, H.F.4
  • 83
    • 0014806431 scopus 로고
    • Some evidence for the involvement of adrenergic sites in the memory trace
    • Roberts R.B., Flexner J.B., Flexner L.B. Some evidence for the involvement of adrenergic sites in the memory trace. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 66:1970;310-313.
    • (1970) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a , vol.66 , pp. 310-313
    • Roberts, R.B.1    Flexner, J.B.2    Flexner, L.B.3
  • 84
    • 0001854077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E2020 produces both clinical global and cognitive test improvement in patients with mild to moderately severe Alheimer's disease: Results of a 30 week phase III trial
    • Rogers S., Doody R., Mohs R. E2020 produces both clinical global and cognitive test improvement in patients with mild to moderately severe Alheimer's disease Results of a 30 week phase III trial . Neurology. 46:1996;suppl. A217.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 217
    • Rogers, S.1    Doody, R.2    Mohs, R.3
  • 86
    • 0020492490 scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitters and CNS disease. Dementia
    • Rossor M.N. Neurotransmitters and CNS disease. Dementia. Lancet. 2:1982;1200-1204.
    • (1982) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1200-1204
    • Rossor, M.N.1
  • 88
    • 0028153153 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dihydrexidine, a full dopamine receptor agonist, on delayed response performance in chronic low dose MPTP-treated monkeys
    • Schneider J.S., Sun Z.Q., Roeltgen D.P. Effects of dihydrexidine, a full dopamine receptor agonist, on delayed response performance in chronic low dose MPTP-treated monkeys. Brain Res. 663:1994;140-144.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.663 , pp. 140-144
    • Schneider, J.S.1    Sun, Z.Q.2    Roeltgen, D.P.3
  • 89
    • 0022792901 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical characterization of alpha-adrenergic receptors in human brain and changes in Alzheimer-type dementia
    • Shimohama S., Taniguchi T., Fujiwara M., Kameyama M. Biochemical characterization of alpha-adrenergic receptors in human brain and changes in Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neurochem. 47:1986;1295-1301.
    • (1986) J Neurochem , vol.47 , pp. 1295-1301
    • Shimohama, S.1    Taniguchi, T.2    Fujiwara, M.3    Kameyama, M.4
  • 90
    • 0016441432 scopus 로고
    • Memory enhancement by central administration of norepinephrine
    • Stein L., Belluzzi J.D., Wise C.D. Memory enhancement by central administration of norepinephrine. Brain Res. 84:1975;329-335.
    • (1975) Brain Res , vol.84 , pp. 329-335
    • Stein, L.1    Belluzzi, J.D.2    Wise, C.D.3
  • 91
    • 0026592650 scopus 로고
    • Concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and vascular dementia of the Binswanger type
    • Tohgi H., Ueno M., Abe T., Takahashi S., Nozaki Y. Concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 4:1992;69-77.
    • (1992) J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect , vol.4 , pp. 69-77
    • Tohgi, H.1    Ueno, M.2    Abe, T.3    Takahashi, S.4    Nozaki, Y.5
  • 92
    • 0019353236 scopus 로고
    • Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer type
    • Tomlinson B.E., Irving D., Blessed G. Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. J Neurol Sci. 49:1981;419-428.
    • (1981) J Neurol Sci , vol.49 , pp. 419-428
    • Tomlinson, B.E.1    Irving, D.2    Blessed, G.3
  • 93
    • 0029025640 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the binding activities of some drugs on α-2A, α-2B, α-2C adrenoreceptors in noradrenergic imidazoline sites in the guinea pig
    • Uhlen S., Muceniece R., Rangel N., Tiger G., Wikberg J. Comparison of the binding activities of some drugs on α-2A, α-2B, α-2C adrenoreceptors in noradrenergic imidazoline sites in the guinea pig. Pharmacol Toxicol. 76:1995;353-364.
    • (1995) Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.76 , pp. 353-364
    • Uhlen, S.1    Muceniece, R.2    Rangel, N.3    Tiger, G.4    Wikberg, J.5
  • 94
    • 0024372296 scopus 로고
    • CSF norepinephrine in schizophrenia is elevated prior to relapse after haloperidol withdrawal
    • van Kammen D.P., Peters J., van Kammen W.B., Nugent A., Goetz K.L., Yao J., et al. CSF norepinephrine in schizophrenia is elevated prior to relapse after haloperidol withdrawal. Biol Psychiatry. 26:1989;176-188.
    • (1989) Biol Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 176-188
    • Van Kammen, D.P.1    Peters, J.2    Van Kammen, W.B.3    Nugent, A.4    Goetz, K.L.5    Yao, J.6
  • 97
    • 0031927530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory for emotional events: Differential effects of centrally versus peripherally acting beta-blocking agents
    • van Stegeren A.H., Everaerd W., Cahill L., McGaugh J.L., Gooren L.J. Memory for emotional events Differential effects of centrally versus peripherally acting beta-blocking agents . Psychopharmacology (Berl). 138:1998;305-310.
    • (1998) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.138 , pp. 305-310
    • Van Stegeren, A.H.1    Everaerd, W.2    Cahill, L.3    McGaugh, J.L.4    Gooren, L.J.5
  • 98
    • 0019444259 scopus 로고
    • Alpha-receptor-mediated facilitation of somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to excitatory synaptic inputs and iontophoretically applied acetylcholine
    • Waterhouse B.D., Moises H.C., Woodward D.J. Alpha-receptor-mediated facilitation of somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to excitatory synaptic inputs and iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. Neuropharmacology. 20:1981;907-920.
    • (1981) Neuropharmacology , vol.20 , pp. 907-920
    • Waterhouse, B.D.1    Moises, H.C.2    Woodward, D.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.