Methods for the practical determination of the mechanical strength of tablets - From empiricism to science

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Volumn 436, Issue 1-2, 2012, Pages 214-232

  Podczeck, Fridrun ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Direct tensile testing; Equi biaxial tensile strength; Fracture envelope; Indirect tensile testing; Mechanical strength; Tablets; Tensile strength; United States Pharmacopoeia USP35 NF30

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ANISOTROPY; BIAXIAL TABLET COMPRESSION; CAPSULE SHAPED TABLET; DIAMETRAL TABLET COMPRESSION TEST; DIRECT TENSILE TEST; DOUBLY CONVEX CYLINDRICAL SHAPE TABLET; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS; FILM COATED TABLET; FILM COATING; FLEXURAL TABLET BENDING; FRACTURE ENVELOPE TEST; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; OPPOSING COMPRESSIVE LINE LOAD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TABLET COMPRESSION; TABLET FORMULATION; TABLET FRIABILITY; TABLET HARDNESS; TABLET INDENTATION TEST; TABLET MANUFACTURE; TABLET PROPERTY; TABLET SHAPE; TABLET THICKNESS; TENSILE STRENGTH; UNIAXIAL TABLET COMPRESSION TEST; YOUNG MODULUS;

EMPIRICISM; TABLETS; TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; TENSILE STRENGTH;

EID: 84865288522     PISSN: 03785173     EISSN: 18733476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.059     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. M. Abdel-Ghani, J.G. Petri, J.P.K. Seville, R. Clift, and M. Adams Mechanical properties of cohesive particulate solids Powder Technol. 65 1991 113 123
2. M.J. Adams The strength of particulate solids J. Powder Bulk Solids Technol. 9 1985 15 20
3. M.J. Adams, D. Williams, and J.G. Williams The use of linear elastic fracture mechanics for particulate solids J. Mater. Sci. 24 1989 1772 1776
4. M.J. Adams, M.A. Mullier, and J.P.K. Seville Agglomerate strength measurement using a uniaxial confined compression test Powder Technol. 78 1994 5 13
5. I. Akseli, and C. Cetinkaya Air-coupled non-contact mechanical property determination of drug tablets Int. J. Pharm. 359 2008 25 34
6. I. Akseli, and C. Cetinkaya Drug tablet thickness estimations using air-coupled acoustics Int. J. Pharm. 351 2008 165 173
7. I. Akseli, G.N. Mani, and C. Cetinkaya Non-destructive acoustic defect detection in drug tablets Int. J. Pharm. 360 2008 65 76
8. I. Akseli, D. Dey, and C. Cetinkaya Mechanical property characterization of bilayered tablets using nondestructive air-coupled acoustics AAPS PharmSciTech 11 2008 90 102
9. I. Akseli, C. Libordi, and C. Cetinkaya Real-time acoustic elastic property monitoring of compacts during compaction J. Pharm. Innov. 3 2009 134 140
10. I. Akseli, B.C. Hancock, and C. Cetinkaya Non-destructive determination of anisotropic mechanical properties of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms Int. J. Pharm. 377 2009 35 44
11. I. Akseli, D.C. Becker, and C. Cetinkaya Ultrasonic determination of Young's moduli of the coat and core materials of a drug tablet Int. J. Pharm. 370 2009 17 25
12. Akseli, I.; Ladyzhynsky, N.; Katz, J.; He, X.; 2012. Development of predictive tools to assess capping tendency of tablet formulations. Powder Technol.; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.04.026.
13. Albrecht, R.; 1949. Tablet hardness testing machine. US Patent 2,645,936, granted July 21, 1953.
14. G. Alderborn, and C. Nyström Studies on direct compression of tablets III. The effect on tablet strength of changes in particle shape and texture obtained by milling Acta Pharm. Suec. 19 1982 147 156
15. G. Alderborn, and C. Nyström Studies on direct compression of tablets IV. The effect of particle size on the mechanical strength of tablets Acta Pharm. Suec. 19 1982 381 390
16. G. Alderborn, and C. Nyström Radial and axial tensile-strength and strength variability of paracetamol tablets Acta Pharm. Suec. 21 1984 1 8
17. G. Alderborn, E. Börjesson, M. Glazer, and C. Nyström Studies on direct compression of tablets XIX. The effect of particle size and shape on the mechanical strength of sodium bicarbonate tablets Acta Pharm. Suec. 25 1988 31 40
18. J.L. Amorós, V. Cantavella, J.C. Jarque, and C. Felíu Green strength testing of pressed compacts: an analysis of the different methods J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28 2008 701 710
19. F.J. Appl Point-loaded discs and blocks applicable to tensile testing of brittle materials J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des. 7 1972 178 185
20. ASTM Standard D3967 Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens 2008 ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA
21. ASTM Standard C1683-10 Standard Practice for Size Scaling of Tensile Strengths Using Weibull Statistics for Advanced Ceramics 2012 ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA
22. Y.H.J. Au, S. Eissa, and B.E. Jones Receiver operating characteristic analysis for the selection of threshold values for detection of capping in powder compression Ultrasonics 42 2004 149 153
23. T.H.W. Baker Effect of end conditions on uniaxial compressive strength of frozen sand Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Permafrost Edmonton, Alberta, 10-13 July, vol. 1 1978 608 614
24. A. Balla Stress conditions in triaxial compression Am. Soc. Civil Eng.: J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 86 1960 57 84
25. A. Barcellos Tensile strength of concrete - correlation between tensile and compressive concrete strength RILEM Bull. 15 1953 109 113
26. Z.P. Bažant, Y. Xi, and S.G. Reid Statistical size effect in quasi-brittle structures: I. Is Weibull theory applicable? J. Eng. Mech. 117 1991 2609 2622
27. P.M. Belda, and J.B. Mielck Considerations about the theoretically expected crushing strength of tablets from binary powder mixtures: double layer tablets versus arithmetic additivity rule Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 64 2006 343 350
28. P.P. Benham, R.J. Crawford, and C.G. Armstrong Mechanics of Engineering Materials 2nd edn. 1996 Pearson Education Limited Harlow pp. 139-144
29. R. Berenbaum, and I. Brodie Measurement of the tensile strength of brittle materials Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 10 1959 281 287
30. R. Bermejo, P. Supancic, and R. Danzer Influence of measurement uncertainties on the determination of the Weibull distribution J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32 2012 251 255
31. M. Borba, M.D. de Araújo, E. de Lima, H.N. Yoshimura, P.F. Cesar, J.A. Griggs, and Á. Della Bona Flexural strength and failure modes of layered ceramic structures Dent. Mater. 27 2011 1259 1266
32. D. Brown, J.M. Newton, and F. Podczeck Assessment of tablet structure by uniaxial and biaxial tensile strength determination Proc. 3rd World Meeting on Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology 3-6 April, Berlin, Germany 2000 159 160
33. H. Burlinson The evolution of the compressed tablet Plenary Lecture at the British Pharmaceutical Conference 1968
34. F.L.L. Carneiro Tensile strength of concrete - a new method for determining the tensile strength of concretes RILEM Bull. 13 1953 103 107
35. J. Case, Lord Chilver of Cranfield, and C.T.F. Ross Strength of Materials and Structures 4th edn. 1999 Butterworth Heinemann Oxford pp. 272-282
36. B. Charlton, and J.M. Newton Application of gamma-ray attenuation to the determination of density distributions within compacted powders Powder Technol. 41 1985 123 134
37. L. Cheng, A. Thomas, J.L. Glacey, and A.M. Karlsson Mechanical behaviour of bio-inspired laminated composites Compos. A 42 2011 211 220
38. M. Corderroura Ambros, F. Podczeck, H. Podczeck, and J.M. Newton The characterization of the mechanical strength of chewable tablets Pharm. Dev. Technol. 3 1998 509 515
39. B.W. Darvell Uniaxial compression tests and the validity of indirect tensile strength J. Mater. Sci. 25 1990 757 780
40. S.T. David, and L.L. Augsburger Flexure test for determination of tablet tensile strength J. Pharm. Sci. 63 1974 933 936
41. P.N. Davies, J.M. Newton, and H.E.C. Worthington A new test to detect changes in tablet strength arising from different die shapes J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42 Suppl. 1990 78P
42. P.N. Davies, H.E.C. Worthington, F. Podczeck, and J.M. Newton The determination of the mechanical strength of tablets of different shapes Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 67 2007 268 276
43. A.H. de Boer, G.K. Bolhuis, and C.F. Lerk Bonding characteristics by scanning electron microscopy of powders mixed with magnesium stearate Powder Technol. 20 1978 75 82
44. T.C. Denston The standardisation of tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 6 1954 1067 1080
45. P. Dietrich, K. Cremer, A. Bauer-Brandl, and R. Schubert Adhesion strength in two-layer tablets Pharm. Res. 14 1997 S429
46. P. Dietrich, K. Cremer, A. Bauer-Brandl, and R. Schubert Influence of particle size on adhesion in layered tablets Proc. Second World Meeting APGI/APV, Paris, 25-28 May 1998 253 254
47. P. Dietrich, A. Bauer-Brandl, and R. Schubert Influence of tabletting forces and lubricant concentrations on the adhesion strength in complex layer tablets Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 26 2000 745 754
48. D. Dollimore, and G.R. Heal The effect of various vapours on the strength of compacted silica J. Appl. Chem. 11 1961 459 463
49. K.R. Drake, J.M. Newton, S. Mokhtary-Saghafi, and P.N. Davies Tensile stresses generated in pharmaceutical tablets by opposing compressive line loads Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 30 2007 273 279
50. M. Duberg, and C. Nyström Studies on direct compression of tablets. VI. Evaluation of methods for the estimation of particle fragmentation during compression Acta Pharm. Suec. 19 1982 421 436
51. W.H. Duckworth Discussion of Ryshkewitch's paper J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 36 1953 69
52. Dukes, W.H.; 1971. Handbook of Brittle Material Design Technology. AGARDograph No. 152 (AGARD-AG-152-71). North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, February.
53. M.L. Dunn, W. Suwito, and S. Cunningham Fracture initiation at sharp notches: correlation using critical stress intensities Int. J. Solid Struct. 34 1987 3873 3883
54. A.J. Durelli, and Y.H. Lin Stress displacements on the boundaries of circular rings diametrically loaded J. Appl. Mech. 53 1986 213 219
55. S. Edge, D.F. Steele, M.J. Tobyn, J.N. Staniforth, and A. Chen Directional bonding in compacted microcrystalline cellulose Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 27 2001 613 621
56. C.J. Endicott, W. Lowenthal, and H.M. Gross New instrument and method for evaluating tablet fracture resistance J. Pharm. Sci. 50 1961 343 346
57. European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn.; 2010. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare, Strasbourg.
58. C. Fairhurst On the validity of the 'Brazilian' test for brittle materials Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. 1 1964 535 546
59. J.T. Fell, and J.M. Newton The tensile strength of lactose tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20 1968 657 658
60. J.T. Fell, and J.M. Newton The prediction of tensile strength of tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22 1970 247 248
61. J.T. Fell, and J.M. Newton Determination of tablet strength by the diametral compression test J. Pharm. Sci. 59 1970 688 691
62. L.A. Felton, and J.W. McGinity Influence of tablet hardness and hydrophobicity on the adhesive properties of an acrylic resin copolymer Pharm. Dev. Technol. 1 1996 381 389
63. M.M. Frocht Photoelasticity vol. 2 1948 Wiley New York pp. 121-129
64. S. Galen, and A. Zavaliangos Strength anisotropy in cold compacted ductile and brittle powders Acta Mater. 53 2005 4801 4815
65. P. García-Triñanes, M. Bao, J.J. Casares, T. Ittershagen, and M. Morgeneyer Study on the mechanical strength of primary carbonate tablets Powder Technol. 204 2010 124 130
66. G. Gold, R.N. Duvall, and B.T. Palermo New instrumentation for determining flexure breaking strength of capsule-shaped tablets J. Pharm. Sci. 69 1980 384 386
67. L. Gorjan, and M. Ambrožič Bend strength of alumina ceramics: a comparison of Weibull statistics with other statistics based on a very large experimental data set J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32 2012 1221 1227
68. A.A. Griffith The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 221 1920 163 198
69. J.H. Guo, G.W. Skinner, W.W. Harcum, J.P. Malone, and L.G. Weyer Application of near-infrared spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical solid dosage form Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 25 1999 1267 1270
70. A. Gupta, G.E. Peck, R.W. Miller, and K.R. Morris Real-time near-infrared monitoring of content uniformity, moisture content, compact density, tensile strength, and Young's modulus of roller compacted powder blends J. Pharm. Sci. 94 2005 1589 1594
71. A. Gupta, G.E. Peck, R.W. Miller, and K.R. Morris Influence of ambient moisture on the compaction behaviour of microcrystalline cellulose powder undergoing uni-axial compression and roller compaction: a comparative study using Near Infrared Spectroscopy J. Pharm. Sci. 94 2005 2302 2313
72. C. Gustafsson, C. Nyström, H. Lennholm, M.C. Bonferoni, and C.M. Caramella Characteristics of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose influencing compatibility and prediction of particle and tablet properties by infrared spectroscopy J. Pharm. Sci. 92 2003 494 504
73. B.C. Hancock, C.R. Dalton, and S.-D. Clas Micro-scale measurement of the mechanical properties of compressed pharmaceutical powders. 2: the dynamic moduli of microcrystalline cellulose Int. J. Pharm. 228 2001 139 145
74. B.C. Hancock, G.T. Carlson, D.D. Ladipo, B.A. Langdon, and M.P. Mullarney The powder flow and compact mechanical properties of two recently developed matrix-forming polymers J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53 2001 1193 1199
75. C.McD. Hannah, and D.C. Smith Tensile strength of selected restorative dental materials J. Prosthet. Dent. 26 1971 314 323
76. A. Hannon, and P. Tiernan A review of planar biaxial tensile test systems for sheet metal J. Mater. Process. Technol. 198 2008 1 13
77. J. Harding, E.D. Wood, and J.D. Campbell Tensile testing of materials at impact rate of strain J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2 1960 88 96
78. B. Hauer, P. Mosimann, U. Posanski, H. Rahm, H.-R. Siegrist, F. Skinner, P.H. Stahl, C. Völlmy, and O. Züger Solid oral dosage forms H. Sucker, P. Fuchs, P. Speiser, Pharmaceutical Technology 2nd edn. 1991 Georg Thieme Stuttgart 244 318 (in German)
79. I. Hawkes, and M. Mellor Uniaxial testing in rock mechanics laboratories Eng. Geol. 4 1970 177 285
80. M.G. Heasley, and K.G. Pitt Determination of the tensile strength of elongated tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 61 Suppl. 1 2009 A57
81. R.W. Hertzberg Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials 4th edn. 1996 John Wiley New York pp. 28, 42-45, 315-374
82. E.N. Hiestand, and C.B. Peot Tensile strength of compressed powders and an example of incompatibility as end-point on shear yield locus J. Pharm. Sci. 63 1974 605 612
83. E.N. Hiestand Rationale for and the measurement of tableting indices G. Alderborn, C. Nyström, Pharmaceutical Powder Compaction Technology 1995 Marcel Dekker New York 219 244
84. E.N. Hiestand, and D.P. Smith Indices of tabletting performance Powder Technol. 38 1984 145 159
85. E.N. Hiestand, J.M. Bane, and E.P. Strzelinski Impact test for hardness of compressed powder compacts J. Pharm. Sci. 60 1971 758 763
86. E.N. Hiestand, J.E. Wells, C.B. Peot, and J.F. Ochs Physical processes of tabletting J. Pharm. Sci. 66 1977 510 519
87. G. Hondros The evaluation of Poisson's ratio and the modules of materials of a low tensile resistance by the Brazilian (indirect tensile) test with particular reference to concrete Aust. J. Appl. Sci. 10 1959 243 268
88. B. Hopkinson A method of measuring the pressure produced in the detonation of high explosives by the impact of bullets Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 213 1914 437 456
89. B. Igne, C.A. Anderson, and J.K. Drennen III Radial tensile strength prediction of relaxing and relaxed compacts by near-infrared chemical imaging Int. J. Pharm. 418 2011 297 303
90. S.J. Inman, B.J. Briscoe, K.G. Pitt, and C. Shiu Axial tensile fracture of microcrystalline cellulose compacts Int. J. Pharm. 349 2008 172 179
91. Japanese Pharmacopoeia, XV edn.; 2006. Evaluation and Licensing Division, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan.
92. P.J. Jarosz, and E.L. Parrott Factors influencing axial and radial tensile strengths of tablets J. Pharm. Sci. 71 1982 607 614
93. P.J. Jarosz, and E.L. Parrott Effect of tablet lubricants on axial and radial work of failure Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 8 1982 445 453
94. P.J. Jarosz, and E.L. Parrott Comparison of granule strength and tablet tensile strength J. Pharm. Sci. 72 1983 530 535
95. R.M. Jones Mechanics of Composite Materials 2nd edn. 1999 Taylor & Francis Philadelphia, PA pp. 245-246
96. L. Jun-Liang, S. Bai-Ling, and Y. Zhong Estimation of the physical and mechanical properties of Neosinocalamus AF finins using Near Infrared Spectroscopy Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 31 2011 647 651
97. K. Kachrimanis, and S. Malamataris Compact size and mechanical strength of pharmaceutical diluents Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 24 1995 169 177
98. P.G. Karehill, and C. Nyström Studies on direct compression of tablets XXI. Investigation of bonding mechanisms of some directly compressed materials by strength characterization in media with different dielectric constants (relative permittivity) Int. J. Pharm. 61 1990 251 260
99. P.G. Karehill, M. Glazer, and C. Nyström Studies on direct compression of tablets XXIII. The importance of surface roughness for the compactibility of some directly compressible materials with different bonding and volume reduction properties Int. J. Pharm. 64 1990 35 43
100. K. Kendall, N.McN. Alford, and J.D. Birchall The strength of green bodies Inst. Ceram. Proc. Special Ceram. 8 1986 255 265
101. J.W. Kennerley, J.M. Newton, and P. Stanley Variability in the mechanical strength of tablets Acta Pharm. Technol. Suppl. 7 1979 53 56
102. J.W. Kennerley, J.M. Newton, and P. Stanley A modified Weibull treatment for the analysis of strength-test data from non-identical brittle specimens J. Mater. Sci. 17 1982 2947 2954
103. J. Ketolainen, M. Oksanen, J. Rantala, J. Storpellinen, M. Luukkala, and P. Paronen Photoacoustic evaluation of elasticity and integrity of pharmaceutical tablets Int. J. Pharm. 125 1995 45 53
104. J.D. Kirsch, and J.K. Drennen Determination of film-coated tablet parameters by near-infrared spectroscopy J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 13 1995 1273 1281
105. J.D. Kirsch, and J.K. Drennen Nondestructive tablet hardness testing by near infrared spectroscopy: a new and robust spectral best-fit algorithm J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 19 1999 351 362
106. M. Kodam, R. Bharadwaj, J. Curtis, B. Hancock, and C. Wassgren Cylindrical object contact detection for use in discrete element method simulations. Part I - contact detection algorithms Chem. Eng. Sci. 65 2010 5852 5862
107. M. Kodam, J. Curtis, B. Hancock, and C. Wassgren Discrete element method modeling of bi-convex pharmaceutical tablets: contact detection algorithms and validation Chem. Eng. Sci. 69 2012 587 601
108. H. Kolsky An investigation of mechanical properties of materials at very high rates of loading Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. B 62 1949 676 700
109. M. Kuentz, and H. Leuenberger A new model for the hardness of a compacted particle system, applied to tablets of pharmaceutical polymers Powder Technol. 111 2000 145 153
110. R. Kuppuswamy, S.R. Anderson, S.W. Hoag, and L.L. Augsburger Practical limitations of tableting indices Pharm. Dev. Technol. 6 2001 505 520
111. R. Lacombe Adhesion Measurement Methods: Theory and Practice 2006 Taylor & Francis Boca Raton pp. 14-15
112. J. Lee Structural heterogeneity of pharmaceutical compacts probed by micro-indentation J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 19 2008 1981 1990
113. J.T.T. Leskinen, S.-P. Simonaho, M. Hakulinen, and J. Ketolainen In-line ultrasound measurement system for detecting tablet integrity Int. J. Pharm. 400 2010 104 113
114. H. Leuenberger The compressibility and compactibility of powder systems Int. J. Pharm. 12 1982 41 55
115. H. Leuenberger, and W. Jetzer The compactibility of powder systems - a novel approach Powder Technol. 37 1984 209 218
116. Z. Li, and J. Lambros Determination of the dynamic response of brittle composites by the use of the split Hopkinson pressure bar Compos. Sci. Technol. 59 1999 1097 1107
117. S. Malamataris, and J.E. Rees Viscoelastic properties of some pharmaceutical powders compared using creep compliance, extended Heckel analysis and tablet strength measurements Int. J. Pharm. 92 1993 123 135
118. S. Malamataris, T. Hatjichristos, and J.E. Rees Apparent compressive elastic modulus and strength isotropy of compacts formed from binary powder mixes Int. J. Pharm. 141 1996 101 108
119. R. Mank, H. Kala, A. Lorenz, U. Wenzel, and F. Podczeck Studies on the use of potato starch products in pharmaceutical technology. Part 2. Studies of tabletting behaviour Pharm. Ind. 52 1990 1418 1422 (in German)
120. R.H. Marion, and J.K. Johnstone A parametric study of the diametral compression test for ceramics Ceram. Bull. 56 1977 998 1002
121. A.B. Mashadi, and J.M. Newton The characterisation of the mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose: a fracture mechanics approach J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 39 1987 961 965
122. M. Mellor, and I. Hawkes Measurement of tensile strength by diametral compression of discs and annuli Engng. Geol. 5 1971 173 225
123. N.B. Mitchell The indirect tension test for concrete Mater. Res. Stand. 1 1961 780 788
124. D.V. Moe, and E.G. Rippie Nondestructive viscoelastic analysis of anisotropy of compressed tablets J. Pharm. Sci. 86 1997 26 32
125. K.M. Morisseau, and C.T. Rhodes Near-infrared spectroscopy as a nondestructive alternative to conventional tablet hardness testing Pharm. Res. 14 1997 108 111
126. M.A. Moser, M. Krumme, and P.C. Schmidt Flexure test of tablets Pharmazie 53 1998 46 51
127. S. Mousavi, K. Welch, U. Valdek, and B. Lundberg Non-equilibrium split Hopkinson pressure bar procedure for non-parametric identification of complex modulus Int. J. Impact Eng. 31 2005 1133 1151
128. M.P. Mullarney, and B.C. Hancock Mechanical property anisotropy of pharmaceutical excipient compacts Int. J. Pharm. 314 2006 9 14
129. K. Münzel, and W. Kägi Test for the mechanical resistance of tablets Pharm. Acta Helv. 32 1957 305 321 (in German)
130. P. Narayan, and B.C. Hancock The relationship between the particle properties, mechanical behaviour, and surface roughness of some pharmaceutical excipient compacts Mater. Sci. Eng. A 355 2003 24 36
131. P. Narayan, B.C. Hancock, R. Hamel, T.S. Bergstrom, B.E. Childs, and C.A. Brown Differentiation of the surface topographies of pharmaceutical excipient compacts Mater. Sci. Eng. A 430 2006 79 89
132. K. Newman, and L. Lachance The testing of brittle materials under uniform uniaxial compressive stress Proc. Am. Soc. Test. Mater. 64 1964 1044 1067
133. J.M. Newton The calculation of the tensile strength of tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 26 1974 215 216
134. J.M. Newton, and G. Rowley A method of characterizing tablet formation J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24 1972 256 257
135. J.M. Newton, G. Alderborn, and C. Nyström A method of evaluating the mechanical characteristics of powders from the determination of the strength of compacts Powder Technol. 72 1992 97 99
136. J.M. Newton, P. Stanley, and C.S. Tan Model study of stresses in grooved tablets under diametral compression J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 29 1977 40P
137. J.M. Newton, G. Alderborn, C. Nyström, and P. Stanley The compressive to tensile strength ratio of pharmaceutical compacts Int. J. Pharm. 93 1993 249 251
138. J.M. Newton, I. Haririan, and F. Podczeck The influence of punch curvature on the mechanical properties of compacted powders Powder Technol. 107 2000 79 83
139. J.M. Newton, I. Haririan, and F. Podczeck The determination of the mechanical properties of elongated tablets of varying cross section Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 49 2000 59 64
140. J.M. Newton, G. Rowley, J.T. Fell, G. Peacock, and K. Ridgway Computer analysis of the relation between tablet strength and compaction pressure J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23 1971 195S 201S
141. H. Nicklasson, and F. Podczeck Evaluation of the role of pores during strength testing in compacts made from different particle size fractions of sucrose Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55 2007 29 33
142. C. Nyström, W. Alex, and K. Malmqvist New approach to tensile-strength measurement of tablets Acta Pharm. Suec. 14 1977 317 320
143. C. Nyström, K. Malmqvist, J. Mazur, W. Alex, and A.W. Hölzer Measurement of axial and radial tensile strength of tablets and their relation to capping Acta Pharm. Suec. 15 1978 226 237
144. R. Olsson A survey of test methods for multiaxial and out-of-plane strength of composite laminates Compos. Sci. Technol. 71 2011 773 783
145. M. Otsuka, and I. Yamane Prediction of tablet hardness based on near infrared spectra of raw mixed powders by chemometrics J. Pharm. Sci. 95 2006 1425 1433
146. J.E.O. Ovri A parametric study of the biaxial strength test for brittle materials Mater. Chem. Phys. 66 2000 1 5
147. J.E.O. Ovri, and T.J. Davies Diametral compression of silicon nitride J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 96 1987 109 116
148. P. Pandey, Y. Song, F. Kayihan, and A. Turton Simulation of particle movement in a pan coating device using discrete element modeling and its comparison with video-imaging experiments Powder Technol. 161 2006 79 88
149. R. Peltier Theoretical investigation of the Brazilian test RILEM Bull. 19 1954 29 69
150. R.W. Phillips, M.L. Swartz, R.D. Norman, R.J. Schnell, and B.F. Niblack Zinc oxide and eugenol cements for permanent cementation J. Prosthet. Dent. 19 1968 144 150
151. R.B. Pipes, J.R. Vinson, and T.-W. Chou On the hydrothermal response of laminated composite systems J. Compos. Mater. 10 1976 129 148
152. Pitt, K.G.; Heasley, M.G.; 2012. Determination of the tensile strength of elongated tablets. Powder Technol.; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.12. 060.
153. K.G. Pitt, J.M. Newton, and P. Stanley Tensile fracture of doubly-convex cylindrical discs under diametral loading J. Mater. Sci. 23 1988 2723 2728
154. K.G. Pitt, J.M. Newton, and P. Stanley Stress distributions in doubly convex cylindrical discs under diametral loading J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 22 1989 1114 1127
155. K.G. Pitt, J.M. Newton, R. Richardson, and P. Stanley The material tensile strength of convex-faced aspirin tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41 1989 289 292
156. F. Podczeck Particle-Particle Adhesion in Pharmaceutical Powder Handling 1998 Imperial College Press London p. 178
157. F. Podczeck Investigation into the fracture mechanics of acetylsalicylic acid and lactose monohydrate J. Mater. Sci. 36 2001 4687 4693
158. F. Podczeck Investigations into the mechanical strength anisotropy of Sorbitol Instant compacts made by uniaxial compression Adv. Powder Technol. 18 2007 361 379
159. F. Podczeck Theoretical and experimental investigations into the delamination tendencies of bilayer tablets Int. J. Pharm. 408 2011 102 112
160. F. Podczeck, and E. Al-Muti The tensile strength of bilayered tablets made from different grades of microcrystalline cellulose Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 41 2010 483 488
161. F. Podczeck, and J.M. Newton The implications of the determination of the mechanical strength of powder compacts containing a pre-formed hole Powder Technol. 132 2003 10 15
162. F. Podczeck, and U. Wenzel Measurement of hardness on tablets Acta Pharm. Technol. 34 1988 208 212 (in German)
163. F. Podczeck, K.R. Drake, J.M. Newton, and I. Haririan The strength of bilayered tablets Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 29 2006 361 366
164. S. Porter, G. Sackett, and L. Liu Development optimization and scale-up of process parameters: pan coating Y. Qui, Y. Chen, G.G.Z. Zhang, Developing Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Pharmaceutical Theory and Practice 2009 Academic Press Burlington 761 806
165. E.K. Priddle Effect of multiaxial stresses on the fracture strength of silicon carbide J. Strain Anal. 4 1969 81 87
166. A.T. Procopio, A. Zavaliangos, and J.C. Cunningham Analysis of the diametral compression test and the applicability to plastically deforming materials J. Mater. Sci. 38 2003 3629 3639
167. G.W. Radebaugh, S.R. Babu, and J.N. Bondi Characterization of the viscoelastic properties of compacted pharmaceutical powders by a novel non-destructive technique Int. J. Pharm. 57 1989 95 105
168. Rajshared, C.; Pareek, S.; 2009. Characteristics of core tablets to be film coated. Pharma Express, December 1-15. www.expresspharmaonline/20091215/ cphi13.shtml.
169. M. Ramezani, and Z.M. Ripin Combined experimental and numerical analysis of bulge test at high strain rates using split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus J. Mater. Process. Technol. 210 2010 1061 1069
170. J.E. Rees, and P.J. Rue Work required to cause failure of tablets in diametral compression Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 4 1978 131 156
171. J.E. Rees, P.J. Rue, and S.C. Richardson Work of failure measurements of formulated tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 29 1977 38P
172. R.W. Rice Pores as fracture origins in ceramics J. Mater. Sci. 19 1984 895 914
173. R.W. Rice Relation of tensile strength-porosity effects in ceramics to porosity dependence of Young's modulus and fracture energy, porosity character and grain size Mater. Sci. Eng. A 112 1989 215 224
174. R.W. Rice Comparison of stress concentration versus minimum solid area based mechanical property-porosity relations J. Mater. Sci. 28 1993 2187 2190
175. R.W. Rice Grain size and porosity dependence of ceramic fracture energy and toughness at 22 °C J. Mater. Sci. 31 1996 1969 1983
176. K. Ridgway, M.E. Aulton, and P.H. Rosser The surface hardness of tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22 1970 70S 78S
177. R.J. Roberts, and R.C. Rowe Brittle fracture propensity measurements on 'tablet-sized' cylindrical compacts J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 38 1986 526 528
178. A.R. Rogers Some statistical aspects of the analytical control and standardisation of tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 8 1956 1103 1116
179. R.C. Rowe, P.H. Elworthy, and D. Ganderton The effect of sintering on the pore structure and strength of plastic matrix tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 25 1973 12P 16P
180. W.C. Rudnick, A.R. Hunter, and F.C. Holden An analysis of the diametral-compression test Mater. Res. Stand. 3 1963 283 288
181. E. Ryshkewitch Compression strength of porous sintered alumina and zirconia J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 36 1953 65 68
182. E.M. Schulson, and O.Y. Nickolayev Failure of columnal saline ice under biaxial compression: failure envelopes and the brittle-to-ductile transition J. Geophys. Res. 100 B11 1995 22383 22400
183. E.M. Schulson, A.L. Fortt, D. Iliescu, and C.E. Renshaw Failure envelope of first-year Arctic sea ice: the role of friction in compressive fracture J. Geophys. Res. 111 2006 C11S25 10.1029/2005JC003235186
184. M. Sedighi, M. Khandaei, and H. Shokrollahi An approach in parametric identification of high strain rate constitutive model using Hopkinson pressure bar test results Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527 2010 3521 3528
185. C.-H. Shen, and G.S. Springer Moisture adsorption and desorption of composite materials J. Compos. Mater. 10 1976 2 20
186. D.K. Shetty, A.R. Rosenfield, P. McGuire, G.K. Bansal, and W.H. Duckworth Biaxial flexure tests for ceramics Ceram. Bull. 59 1980 1193 1197
187. D.K. Shetty, A.R. Rosenfield, G.K. Bansal, and W.H. Duckworth Biaxial fracture studies of a glass-ceramic J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 64 1981 1 4
188. S.M. Short, R.P. Cogdill, P.L.D. Wildfong, J.K. Drennen, and C.A. Anderson A near infrared spectroscopic investigation of relative density and crushing strength in four-component compacts J. Pharm. Sci. 98 2009 1095 1109
189. E. Shotton, and D. Ganderton The strength of compressed tablets. 1. The measurement of tablet strength and its relation to compression forces J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 12 1960 T87 T92
190. S.-P. Simonaho, T.A. Takala, M. Kuosmanen, and J. Ketolainen Ultrasound transmission measurements for tensile strength evaluation of tablets Int. J. Pharm. 409 2011 104 110
191. Smith, F.D.; Grosch, L.; 1934. Apparatus for testing pharmaceutical tablets. US Patent 2,041,869, granted May 26, 1936.
192. Y. Song, R. Turton, and F. Kayihan Contact detection algorithms for DEM simulations of tablet-shaped particles Powder Technol. 161 2006 32 40
193. J.M. Sonnergaard Distribution of crushing strength of tablets Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 53 2002 353 359
194. J.M. Sonnergaard Quantification of the compactibility of pharmaceutical powders Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 63 2006 270 277
195. J. Stafford Coated solid dosage forms H. Sucker, P. Fuchs, P. Speiser, Pharmaceutical Technology 2nd edn. 1991 Georg Thieme Stuttgart 347 368 (in German)
196. P. Stanley Mechanical strength testing of compacted powders Int. J. Pharm. 227 2001 27 38
197. P. Stanley, and J.M. Newton Variability in the strength of powder compacts J. Powder Bulk Solids Technol. 1 1977 13 19
198. P. Stanley, and J.M. Newton The tensile fracture stress of capsule-shaped tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 32 1980 852 854
199. P. Stanley, and A.D. Sivill On the biaxial fracture strength of reaction-bonded silicon nitride Proc. Br. Ceram. Soc 26 1978 99 111
200. P. Stanley, R.C. Rowe, and J.M. Newton Theoretical considerations of the influence of polymer film coatings on the mechanical strength of tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 26 1981 557 560
201. H. Stricker Physical Pharmacy 3rd edn. 1987 Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart pp. 507-508 (in German)
202. R. Taylor, R.G. Brown, K. Gilchrist, E. Hall, A.T. Hodds, B.T. Kelly, and F. Morris The mechanical properties of reactor graphite Carbon 5 1967 519 531
203. S. Timoshenko Theory of Elasticity 1934 McGraw Hill New York pp. 104-108
204. M.T. Todinov Is Weibull distribution the correct model for predicting probability of failure initiated by non-interacting flaws? Int J. Solids Struct. 46 2009 887 901
205. United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary (USP35/NF30) The United States Pharmacopoeial Convention 2011 Rockville, MD
206. S.R. Vaithiyalingam, and V.A. Sayeed Critical factors in manufacturing multi-layer tablets - assessing material attributes, in-process controls, manufacturing process and product performance Int. J. Pharm. 398 2010 9 13
207. G.M. Venkatesh, J.A.N. Coleman, T.J. Wrzosek, S. Duddu, N.R. Palepu, R. Bandyopadhyay, and D.J.W. Grant Fractional factorial designs for optimizing experimental conditions for Hiestand's indices of tabletting performance Powder Technol. 97 1998 151 159
208. A.R. Webster, and N.J. van Abbé A test for the mechanical strength of compressed tablets J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 7 1955 882 891
209. W. Weibull A statistical distribution function of wide applicability J. Appl. Mech. 18 1951 293 297
210. K. Welch, and M. Stromme Low frequency limitations of the split Hopkinson pressure bar method for identification of complex modulus Int. J. Impact Eng. 34 2007 1036 1046
211. K. Welch, S. Mousavi, B. Lundberg, and M. Stromme Viscoelastic characterization of compacted pharmaceutical excipient materials by analysis of frequency-dependent mechanical relaxation processes Eur. Phys. J. E 18 2005 105 112
212. S.N. White, L. Ho, A.A. Caputo, and E. Goo Strength of porcelain fused to titanium beams J. Prosthet. Dent. 75 1996 640 648
213. S.N. White, V.G. Miklus, E.A. McLaren, L.A. Lang, and A.A. Caputo Flexural strength of a layered zirconia and porcelain dental all-ceramic system J. Prosthet. Dent. 94 2005 125 131
214. R.O. Williams III, and G.W. McGinity The use of tableting indices to study the compaction properties of powders Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 14 1988 1823 1844
215. C.-Y. Wu, and J.P.K. Seville A comparative study of compaction properties of binary and bilayer tablets Powder Technol. 189 2009 285 294
216. C.Y. Wu, S.M. Best, A.C. Bentham, B.C. Hancock, and W. Bonfield Predicting the tensile strength of compacted multi-component mixtures of pharmaceutical powders Pharm. Res. 23 2006 1898 1905
217. M. Yoda, K. Tamura, A. Hashimoto, and Y.A. Sato A method of crushing using the triaxial stress apparatus Powder Technol. 52 1987 171 177
218. 3Sn alloy on the tensile strength and fracture of dental amalgam J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 6 1972 81 103
219. W.C. Young, and R.G. Budynas Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain 7th edn. 2002 McGraw Hill New York pp. 137-140, 503
220. Y. Yu, J. Yin, and Z. Zhong Shape effects in the Brazilian tensile strength test and a 3D FEM correction Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. 43 2006 623 627
221. H. Zhao, G. Gary, and J.R. Klepaczko On the use of a viscoelastic split Hopkinson pressure bar Int. J. Impact Eng. 19 1997 319 330