메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 320-340

Recent progress in modeling, simulation, and optimization of polymer solar cells

Author keywords

Modeling and simulation; Monte Carlo simulation; optical absorption; polymer solar cells

Indexed keywords

COMMERCIAL USAGE; DEVICE DESIGN; DEVICE PERFORMANCE; EFFECTIVE TOOL; ELECTRICAL MODELING; FABRICATION PROCESS; LITERATURE SURVEY; MODELING AND SIMULATION; MONTE CARLO SIMULATION; POLYMER SOLAR CELLS; POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES; POWER EFFICIENCY; RECENT PROGRESS;

EID: 84865196619     PISSN: 21563381     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2193385     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (125)
  • 1
    • 0001327419 scopus 로고
    • Photovoltaic effect in organic crystals
    • H. Kallmann and M. Pope, "Photovoltaic effect in organic crystals," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 585-586, 1959.
    • (1959) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 585-586
    • Kallmann, H.1    Pope, M.2
  • 2
    • 0037444852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing organic to inorganic photovoltaic cells: Theory, experiment, and simulation
    • Mar
    • B. A. Gregg and M. C. Hanna, "Comparing organic to inorganic photovoltaic cells: Theory, experiment, and simulation," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 3605-3614, Mar. 2003.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.93 , Issue.6 , pp. 3605-3614
    • Gregg, B.A.1    Hanna, M.C.2
  • 3
    • 0022594397 scopus 로고
    • Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell
    • C. W. Tang, "Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 183-185, 1986.
    • (1986) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 183-185
    • Tang, C.W.1
  • 5
    • 0029483704 scopus 로고
    • Polymer photovoltaic cells: Enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions
    • G. Yu, J. Gao, J. C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, and A. J. Heeger, "Polymer photovoltaic cells: Enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donoracceptor heterojunctions," Science, vol. 270, no. 5243, pp. 1789-1791, Dec. 1995. (Pubitemid 126635480)
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , Issue.5243 , pp. 1789-1791
    • Yu, G.1    Gao, J.2    Hummelen, J.C.3    Wudl, F.4    Heeger, A.J.5
  • 6
    • 24344458529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency photovoltaic devices based on annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)c61 blend
    • M. Reyes-Reyes, K. Kim, and D. L. Carroll, "High-efficiency photovoltaic devices based on annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61 blend," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 87, pp. 083506-1-083506-3, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.87 , pp. 083506-083501
    • Reyes-Reyes, M.1    Kim, K.2    Carroll, D.L.3
  • 7
    • 33644634092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by selforganization of polymer blends
    • G. Li,V. Shrotriya, J. Huang,Y.Yao, T. Moriarty,K. Emery, andY.Yang, "High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by selforganization of polymer blends," Nat. Mater., vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 864-868, 2005.
    • (2005) Nat. Mater. , vol.4 , Issue.11 , pp. 864-868
    • Li, G.1    Shrotriya, V.2    Huang, J.3    Yao, Y.4    Moriarty, T.5    Emery, K.6    Yang, Y.7
  • 8
    • 36249020937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microwave annealing of polymer photovoltaic devices
    • DOI 10.1002/adma.200700741
    • C.-J. Ko, Y.-K. Lin, and F.-C. Chen, "Microwave annealing of polymer photovoltaic devcies," Adv. Mater., vol. 19, pp. 3520-3523, 2007. (Pubitemid 350134593)
    • (2007) Advanced Materials , vol.19 , Issue.21 , pp. 3520-3523
    • Ko, C.-J.1    Lin, Y.-K.2    Chen, F.-C.3
  • 9
    • 26844438506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology
    • DOI 10.1002/adfm.200500211
    • W. L. Ma, C. Y. Yang, X. Gong, K. Lee, and A. J. Heeger, "Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology," Adv. Functional Mater., vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1617-1622, Oct. 2005. (Pubitemid 41454589)
    • (2005) Advanced Functional Materials , vol.15 , Issue.10 , pp. 1617-1622
    • Ma, W.1    Yang, C.2    Gong, X.3    Lee, K.4    Heeger, A.J.5
  • 13
    • 84870234515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-efficiency inverted dithienogermolethienopyrrolodione-based polymer solar cells
    • C. E. Small, S. Chen, J. Subbiah, C. M. Amb, S.-W. Tsang, T.-H. Lai, J. R. Reynolds, and F. So, "High-efficiency inverted dithienogermolethienopyrrolodione-based polymer solar cells," Nat. Photon., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 115-120, 2012.
    • (2012) Nat. Photon. , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-120
    • Small, C.E.1    Chen, S.2    Subbiah, J.3    Amb, C.M.4    Tsang, S.-W.5    Lai, T.-H.6    Reynolds, J.R.7    So, F.8
  • 14
    • 34447504948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1141711
    • J. Y. Kim, K. Lee, N. E. Coates, D. Moses, T.-Q. Nguyen, M. Dante, and A. J. Heeger, "Efficient Tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing," Sci., vol. 317, no. 5835, pp. 222-225, 2007. (Pubitemid 47076192)
    • (2007) Science , vol.317 , Issue.5835 , pp. 222-225
    • Jin, Y.K.1    Lee, K.2    Coates, N.E.3    Moses, D.4    Nguyen, T.-Q.5    Dante, M.6    Heeger, A.J.7
  • 15
    • 84865197651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online. Available
    • Online. Available: http://www.pv-Tech.org/news/tandem-solar-cell-sets- new-efficiency-record-for-polymer-devices
  • 16
    • 8544235033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells
    • K. M. Coakley and M. D. McGehee, "Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells," Chem. Mater., vol. 16, no. 23, pp. 4533-4542, 2004.
    • (2004) Chem. Mater. , vol.16 , Issue.23 , pp. 4533-4542
    • Coakley, K.M.1    McGehee, M.D.2
  • 18
    • 78149279102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • C. Deibel and V. Dyakonov, "Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Reports Progr. Phys., vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 096401-(1-39), 2010.
    • (2010) Reports Progr. Phys. , vol.73 , Issue.9 , pp. 096401-09641
    • Deibel, C.1    Dyakonov, V.2
  • 19
    • 0035242270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plastic solar cells
    • DOI 10.1002/1616-3028(200102) 11:1<15::AID-ADFM15>3.0.CO;2-A
    • C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, and J. C. Hummelen, "Plastic solar cells," Adv. Functional Mater., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 15-26, 2001. (Pubitemid 33046405)
    • (2001) Advanced Funtional Materials , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-26
    • Brabec, C.J.1    Sariciftci, N.S.2    Hummelen, J.C.3
  • 20
    • 79956056107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High photovoltage multipleheterojunction organic solar cells incorporating interfacial metallic nanoclusters
    • A. Yakimov and S. R. Forrest, "High photovoltage multipleheterojunction organic solar cells incorporating interfacial metallic nanoclusters," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1667-1669, 2002.
    • (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.80 , Issue.9 , pp. 1667-1669
    • Yakimov, A.1    Forrest, S.R.2
  • 21
    • 34047249929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double and triple polymer solar cells processed from solution
    • J. Gilot, M. M.Wienk, and R. A. J. Janssen, "Double and triple polymer solar cells processed from solution," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, pp. 143512-(1-3), 2007.
    • (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.90 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 143512-14351
    • Gilot, J.M.1    Janssen, R.A.J.2
  • 22
    • 77249128456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing polymer tandem solar cells
    • J. Gilot, M. M.Wienk, and R.A. J. Janssen, "Optimizing polymer tandem solar cells," Adv. Mater., vol. 22, no. 8, pp. E67-E71, 2010.
    • (2010) Adv. Mater. , vol.22 , Issue.8
    • Gilot, J.M.1    Janssen, R.A.J.2
  • 24
    • 79951484801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultimate performance of polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction tandem solar cells
    • J. D. Kotlarski and P. W. M. Blom, "Ultimate performance of polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction tandem solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 053301-(1-3), 2011.
    • (2011) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.98 , Issue.5 , pp. 053301-05331
    • Kotlarski, J.D.1    Blom, P.W.M.2
  • 25
    • 78449307271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells
    • T. M. Clarke and J. R. Durrant, "Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells," Chem. Rev., vol. 110, pp. 6736-6767, 2010.
    • (2010) Chem. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 6736-6767
    • Clarke, T.M.1    Durrant, J.R.2
  • 26
    • 42549084243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical model for the open-circuit voltage and its associated resistance in organic planar heterojunction solar cells
    • D. Cheyns, J. Poortmans, P. Heremans, C. Deibel, S. Verlaak, B. P. Rand, and J. Genoe, "Analytical model for the open-circuit voltage and its associated resistance in organic planar heterojunction solar cells," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 77, no. 16, pp. 165332-(1-10), 2008.
    • (2008) Phys. Rev. B , vol.77 , Issue.16 , pp. 165332-16531
    • Cheyns, D.1    Poortmans, J.2    Heremans, P.3    Deibel, C.4    Verlaak, S.5    Rand, B.P.6    Genoe, J.7
  • 27
    • 33947701671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offset energies at organic semiconductor heterojunctions and their influence on the open-circuit voltage of thin-film solar cells
    • B. P. Rand, D. P. Burk, and S. R. Forrest, "Offset energies at organic semiconductor heterojunctions and their influence on the open-circuit voltage of thin-film solar cells," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 75, no. 11, pp. 115327-(1-11), 2007.
    • (2007) Phys. Rev. B , vol.75 , Issue.11 , pp. 115327-11531
    • Rand, B.P.1    Burk, D.P.2    Forrest, S.R.3
  • 29
    • 33645392241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design rules for donors in bulkheterojunction solar cells-Towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency
    • M. C. Scharber, D. Muhlbacher, M. Koppe, P. Denk, C. Waldauf, A. J. Heeger, and C. J. Brabec, "Design rules for donors in bulkheterojunction solar cells-Towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency," Adv. Mater., vol. 18, pp. 789-794, 2006.
    • (2006) Adv. Mater. , vol.18 , pp. 789-794
    • Scharber, M.C.1    Muhlbacher, D.2    Koppe, M.3    Denk, P.4    Waldauf, C.5    Heeger, A.J.6    Brabec, C.J.7
  • 30
    • 37149027825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of the open circuit voltage of donor-Acceptor solar cells: Do polaronic energy levels play a role?
    • A. Cravino, "Origin of the open circuit voltage of donor-Acceptor solar cells: Do polaronic energy levels play a role?" Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 24, pp. 243502-(1-3), 2007.
    • (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.91 , Issue.24 , pp. 243502-24351
    • Cravino, A.1
  • 31
    • 70350572328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the origin of the open-circuit voltage of polymer-fullerene solar cells
    • K. Vandewal, K. Tvingstedt, A. Gadisa, O. Inganas, and J. V. Manca, "On the origin of the open-circuit voltage of polymer-fullerene solar cells," Nat. Mater., vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 904-909, 2009.
    • (2009) Nat. Mater. , vol.8 , Issue.11 , pp. 904-909
    • Vandewal, K.1    Tvingstedt, K.2    Gadisa, A.3    Inganas, O.4    Manca, J.V.5
  • 32
    • 79956093774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent progress in the numerical modeling for organic thin film solar cells
    • X. Zhao, B.Mi, Z. Gao, andW.Huang, "Recent progress in the numerical modeling for organic thin film solar cells," Sci. China Phys., Mech. Astronomy, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 375-387, 2011.
    • (2011) Sci. China Phys., Mech. Astronomy , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 375-387
    • Zhao, X.1    Mi, B.2    Gao, Z.3    Huang, W.4
  • 33
    • 0001053528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling photocurrent action spectra of photovoltaic devices based on organic thin films
    • Applied Physics Reviews
    • L. A. A. Pettersson, L. S. Roman, and O. Inganas, "Modeling photocurrent action spectra of photovoltaic devices based on organic thin films," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 487-496, 1999. (Pubitemid 129647370)
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Physics , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 487-496
    • Pettersson, L.A.A.1    Roman, L.S.2    Inganas, O.3
  • 34
    • 4143067954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic solar cells: An overview
    • H. Hoppe and N. S. Sariciftci, "Organic solar cells: An overview," J. Mater. Res., vol. 19, pp. 1924-1945, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Mater. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 1924-1945
    • Hoppe, H.1    Sariciftci, N.S.2
  • 35
    • 58149153862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of charge carrier mobility on the performance of organic solar cells
    • C. Deibel, A.Wagenpfahl, and V. Dyakonov, "Influence of charge carrier mobility on the performance of organic solar cells," Phys. Status Solidi (RRL) -Rapid Res. Lett., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 175-177, 2008.
    • (2008) Phys. Status Solidi (RRL)-Rapid Res. Lett. , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 175-177
    • Deibel, C.1    Wagenpfahl, A.2    Dyakonov, V.3
  • 36
    • 11944258963 scopus 로고
    • Photoinduced electron-Transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene
    • Nov. 27
    • N. S. Sariciftci, L. Smilowitz, A. J. Heeger, and F.Wudl, "Photoinduced electron-Transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene," Science, vol. 258, no. 5087, pp. 1474-1476, Nov. 27, 1992.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , Issue.5087 , pp. 1474-1476
    • Sariciftci, N.S.1    Smilowitz, L.2    Heeger, A.J.3    Wudl, F.4
  • 37
    • 81255144030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotubes for organic solar cells
    • Se
    • G. Li and L. Liu, "Carbon nanotubes for organic solar cells," IEEE Nanotechnol. Mag., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 18-24, Sep. 2011.
    • (2011) IEEE Nanotechnol. Mag. , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 18-24
    • Li, G.1    Liu, L.2
  • 38
    • 33847797254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the open circuit voltage of bulk-heterojunction solar cells by raising the lumo level of the acceptor
    • F. B. Kooistra, J. Knol, F. Kastenbergh, L. M. Popescu,W. J. H. Verhees, J. M. Kroon, and J. C. Hummelen, "Increasing the open circuit voltage of bulk-heterojunction solar cells by raising the LUMO level of the acceptor," Nano. Lett., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 551-554, 2007.
    • (2007) Nano. Lett. , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 551-554
    • Kooistra, F.B.1    Knol, J.2    Kastenbergh, F.3    Popescu, L.M.4    Verhees, W.J.H.5    Kroon, J.M.6    Hummelen, J.C.7
  • 40
    • 34548632007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A low-bandgap poly(2,7-carbazole) derivative for use in high-performance solar cells
    • DOI 10.1002/adma.200602496
    • N. Blouin, A. Michaud, and M. Leclerc, "A low-bandgap poly(2,7-carbazole) derivative for use in high-performance solar cells," Adv. Mater., vol. 19, no. 17, pp. 2295-2300, 2007. (Pubitemid 47409295)
    • (2007) Advanced Materials , vol.19 , Issue.17 , pp. 2295-2300
    • Blouin, N.1    Michaud, A.2    Leclerc, M.3
  • 41
    • 32444446148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient light harvesting in multiple-device stacked structure for polymer solar cells
    • V. Shrotriya, E. H. Wu, G. Li, Y. Yao, and Y. Yang, "Efficient light harvesting in multiple-device stacked structure for polymer solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, pp. 064104-(1-3), 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 064104-06410
    • Shrotriya, V.1    Wu, E.H.2    Li, G.3    Yao, Y.4    Yang, Y.5
  • 42
    • 37549004745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient polymer solar cells fabricated by simple brush painting
    • Dec
    • S. S. Kim, S. I. Na, J. Jo, G. Tae, and D. Y. Kim, "Efficient polymer solar cells fabricated by simple brush painting," Adv. Mater., vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 4410-4415, Dec. 2007.
    • (2007) Adv. Mater. , vol.19 , Issue.24 , pp. 4410-4415
    • Kim, S.S.1    Na, S.I.2    Jo, J.3    Tae, G.4    Kim, D.Y.5
  • 43
    • 34547301474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols
    • DOI 10.1038/nmat1928, PII NMAT1928
    • J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N. E. Coates, W. L. Ma, D. Moses, A. J. Heeger, and G. C. Bazan, "Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols," Nat. Mater., vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 497-500, 2007. (Pubitemid 47143454)
    • (2007) Nature Materials , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. 497-500
    • Peet, J.1    Kim, J.Y.2    Coates, N.E.3    Ma, W.L.4    Moses, D.5    Heeger, A.J.6    Bazan, G.C.7
  • 44
    • 33846615573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solvent-vapor treatment induced performance enhancement of poly(3-hexylthiophene): Methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cells
    • Y. Zhao, Z. Xie, Y. Qu, Y. Geng, and L. Wang, "Solvent-vapor treatment induced performance enhancement of poly(3-hexylthiophene): Methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 043504-(1-3), 2007.
    • (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.90 , Issue.4 , pp. 043504-04351
    • Zhao, Y.1    Xie, Z.2    Qu, Y.3    Geng, Y.4    Wang, L.5
  • 45
    • 37749022475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of nanoscale morphological changes in organic photovoltaics during solvent vapor annealing
    • S. Miller, G. Fanchini, Y.-Y. Lin, C. Li, C.-W. Chen, W.-F. Su, and M. Chhowalla, "Investigation of nanoscale morphological changes in organic photovoltaics during solvent vapor annealing," J. Mater. Chem., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 306-312, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Mater. Chem. , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 306-312
    • Miller, S.1    Fanchini, G.2    Lin, Y.-Y.3    Li, C.4    Chen, C.-W.5    Su, W.-F.6    Chhowalla, M.7
  • 46
    • 84858974091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thickness optimization of organic solar cells by optical transfer matrix
    • presented at the, Portland, OR
    • L. Liu and G. Li, "Thickness optimization of organic solar cells by optical transfer matrix," presented at the 11th IEEE Int. Conf. Nanotechnol., Portland, OR, 2011.
    • (2011) 11th IEEE Int. Conf. Nanotechnol.
    • Liu, L.1    Li, G.2
  • 47
    • 33845801692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling optical effects and thickness dependent current in polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells
    • D. W. Sievers, V. Shrotriya, and Y. Yang, "Modeling optical effects and thickness dependent current in polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 100, no. 11, pp. 114 509-1-114 509-7, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.100 , Issue.11 , pp. 114509-114501
    • Sievers, D.W.1    Shrotriya, V.2    Yang, Y.3
  • 48
    • 71749086857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupled optoelectronic simulation of organic bulkheterojunction solar cells: Parameter extraction and sensitivity analysis
    • R. Hausermann, E. Knapp, M. Moos, N. A. Reinke, T. Flatz, and B. Ruhstaller, "Coupled optoelectronic simulation of organic bulkheterojunction solar cells: Parameter extraction and sensitivity analysis," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 104 507-1-104 507-9, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.106 , Issue.10 , pp. 104507-104501
    • Hausermann, R.1    Knapp, E.2    Moos, M.3    Reinke, N.A.4    Flatz, T.5    Ruhstaller, B.6
  • 49
    • 33751108500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of active layer thickness and composition on the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells
    • A. J. Mouĺe, J. B. Bonekamp, and K. Meerholz, "The effect of active layer thickness and composition on the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 100, no. 9, pp. 094503-(1-7), 2006.
    • (2006) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.100 , Issue.9 , pp. 094503-09451
    • Mouĺe, A.J.1    Bonekamp, J.B.2    Meerholz, K.3
  • 50
    • 33847617371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimizing optical losses in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells
    • DOI 10.1007/s00340-006-2542-1
    • A. J. Moul'e and K. Meerholz, "Minimizing optical losses in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt., vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 721-727, 2007. (Pubitemid 46354973)
    • (2007) Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 721-727
    • Moule, A.J.1    Meerholz, K.2
  • 51
    • 34047245619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the internal quantum efficiency of highly efficient polymer solar cells through optical modeling
    • L. H. Slooff, S. C. Veenstra, J. M. Kroon, D. J. Moet, J. Sweelssen, and M. M. Koetse, "Determining the internal quantum efficiency of highly efficient polymer solar cells through optical modeling," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, no. 14, pp. 143506-(1-3), 2007.
    • (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.90 , Issue.14 , pp. 143506-14351
    • Slooff, L.H.1    Veenstra, S.C.2    Kroon, J.M.3    Moet, D.J.4    Sweelssen, J.5    Koetse, M.M.6
  • 52
    • 34548639959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angle dependence of external and internal quantum efficiencies in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells
    • G. Dennler, K. Forberich, M. C. Scharber, C. J. Brabec, I. Tomi, K. Hingerl, and T. Fromherz, "Angle dependence of external and internal quantum efficiencies in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 102, no. 5, pp. 054516-(1-7), 2007.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.102 , Issue.5 , pp. 054516-05451
    • Dennler, G.1    Forberich, K.2    Scharber, M.C.3    Brabec, C.J.4    Tomi, I.5    Hingerl, K.6    Fromherz, T.7
  • 53
    • 42749100181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photocurrent generation in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions
    • Nov.
    • V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster, J. C. Hummelen, and P. W. M. Blom, "Photocurrent generation in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 93, no. 21, pp. 216601-(1-4), Nov. 2004.
    • (2004) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.93 , Issue.21 , pp. 21660114
    • Mihailetchi, V.D.1    Koster, L.J.A.2    Hummelen, J.C.3    Blom, P.W.M.4
  • 54
    • 0020205180 scopus 로고
    • Numerical analysis of transient photoconductivity in insulators
    • DOI 10.1063/1.330111
    • R. Sokel and R. C. Hughes, "Numerical analysis of transient photoconductivity in insulators," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 7414-7424, 1982. (Pubitemid 13461025)
    • (1982) Journal of Applied Physics , vol.53 , Issue.11 PART 1 , pp. 7414-7424
    • Sokel, R.1    Hughes, R.C.2
  • 55
    • 36149016302 scopus 로고
    • Initial recombination of ions
    • L. Onsager, "Initial recombination of ions," Phys. Rev., vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 7414-7424, 1938.
    • (1938) Phys. Rev. , vol.54 , Issue.8 , pp. 7414-7424
    • Onsager, L.1
  • 56
    • 0001284919 scopus 로고
    • Electric field assisted dissociation of charge transfer states as a mechanism of photocarrier production
    • C. L. Braun, "Electric field assisted dissociation of charge transfer states as a mechanism of photocarrier production," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 4157-4161, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.80 , Issue.9 , pp. 4157-4161
    • Braun, C.L.1
  • 57
    • 33749159448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Device model for the operation of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • L. J. A. Koster, E. C. P. Smits, V. D. Mihailetchi, and P. W. M. Blom, "Device model for the operation of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 085205-(1-9), 2005.
    • (2005) Phys. Rev. B , vol.72 , Issue.8 , pp. 085205-08521
    • Koster, L.J.A.1    Smits, E.C.P.2    Mihailetchi, V.D.3    Blom, P.W.M.4
  • 58
    • 18144374877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space-charge limited photocurrent
    • V. D. Mihailetchi, J. Wildeman, and P. W. M. Blom, "Space-charge limited photocurrent," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, no. 12, pp. 126602-(1-4), 2005.
    • (2005) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.94 , Issue.12 , pp. 12660214
    • Mihailetchi, V.D.1    Wildeman, J.2    Blom, P.W.M.3
  • 59
    • 17944378275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light intensity dependence of open-circuit voltage of polymer: Fullerene solar cells
    • L. J. A.Koster,V.D.Mihailetchi, R. Ramaker, and P.W.M. Blom, "Light intensity dependence of open-circuit voltage of polymer: Fullerene solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 123 509-1-123 509-3, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.86 , Issue.12 , pp. 123509-123501
    • Koster, L.J.A.1    Mihailetchi, V.D.2    Ramaker, R.3    Blom, P.W.M.4
  • 60
    • 27744497052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of the light intensity dependence of the short-circuit current of polymer/fullerene solar cells
    • L. J. A. Koster, V. D. Mihailetchi, H. Xie, and P. W. M. Blom, "Origin of the light intensity dependence of the short-circuit current of polymer/fullerene solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 87, no. 20, pp. 203 502-1-203 502-3, 2005.
    • (2005) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.87 , Issue.20 , pp. 203502-203501
    • Koster, L.J.A.1    Mihailetchi, V.D.2    Xie, H.3    Blom, P.W.M.4
  • 61
    • 33645297374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge transport and photocurrent generation in poly (3-hexylthiophene): Methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells
    • Mar.
    • V. D. Mihailetchi, H. X. Xie, B. de Boer, L. J. A. Koster, and P. W. M. Blom, "Charge transport and photocurrent generation in poly (3-hexylthiophene): Methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells," Adv. Functional Mater., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 699-708, Mar. 2006.
    • (2006) Adv. Functional Mater. , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 699-708
    • Mihailetchi, V.D.1    Xie, H.X.2    De Boer, B.3    Koster, L.J.A.4    Blom, P.W.M.5
  • 62
    • 18744380414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compositional dependence of the performance of poly(p-phenylene vinylene):Methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells
    • DOI 10.1002/adfm.200400345
    • V. D. Mihailetchi, L. J. A. Koster, P.W. M. Blom, C. Melzer, B. d. Boer, J. K. J. v. Duren, and R. A. J. Janssen, "Compositional Dependence of the Performance of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene):Methanofullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells," Adv. Functional Mater., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 795-801, 2005. (Pubitemid 40665850)
    • (2005) Advanced Functional Materials , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 795-801
    • Mihailetchi, V.D.1    Koster, L.J.A.2    Blom, P.W.M.3    Melzer, C.4    De Boer, B.5    Van Duren, J.K.J.6    Janssen, R.A.J.7
  • 64
    • 77955743109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge carrier mobility in disordered organic blends for photovoltaics
    • L. J. A. Koster, "Charge carrier mobility in disordered organic blends for photovoltaics," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 81, no. 20, pp. 205318-(1-7), 2010.
    • (2010) Phys. Rev. B , vol.81 , Issue.20 , pp. 205318-20531
    • Koster, L.J.A.1
  • 65
    • 80053210311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of mobility in bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • F. Xu and D. Yan, "The role of mobility in bulk heterojunction solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 99, no. 11, pp. 113303-(1-3), 2011.
    • (2011) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.99 , Issue.11 , pp. 113303-11331
    • Xu, F.1    Yan, D.2
  • 66
    • 4243997565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-gaussian transport measurements and the einstein relation in amorphous silicon
    • Q. Gu, E. A. Schiff, S. Grebner, F.Wang, and R. Schwarz, "Non-gaussian transport measurements and the einstein relation in amorphous silicon," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 76, no. 17, pp. 3196-3199, 1996. (Pubitemid 126631448)
    • (1996) Physical Review Letters , vol.76 , Issue.17 , pp. 3196-3199
    • Gu, Q.1    Schiff, E.A.2    Grebner, S.3    Wang, F.4    Schwarz, R.5
  • 67
    • 79956017820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalized einstein relation for disordered semiconductors-implications for device performance
    • Y. Roichman and N. Tessler, "Generalized Einstein relation for disordered semiconductors -Implications for device performance," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 1948-1950, 2002.
    • (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.80 , Issue.11 , pp. 1948-1950
    • Roichman, Y.1    Tessler, N.2
  • 68
    • 33745953748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light intensity, temperature, and thickness dependence of the open-circuit voltage in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
    • H. J. Snaith, L. Schmidt-Mende,M.Gratzel, andM. Chiesa, "Light intensity, temperature, and thickness dependence of the open-circuit voltage in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 045306-(1-6), 2006.
    • (2006) Phys. Rev. B , vol.74 , Issue.4 , pp. 045306-04531
    • Snaith, H.J.L.1    Gratzel, M.2    Chiesa, M.3
  • 69
    • 68749110883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of the efficient polaronpair dissociation in polymer-fullerene blends
    • C. Deibel, T. Strobel, and V. Dyakonov, "Origin of the efficient polaronpair dissociation in polymer-fullerene blends," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 036402-(1-4), 2009.
    • (2009) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.103 , Issue.3 , pp. 036402-03641
    • Deibel, C.1    Strobel, T.2    Dyakonov, V.3
  • 70
    • 68949117768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological device model for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • K. Maturova, S. S. van Bavel, M. M.Wienk, R. A. J. Janssen, andM. Kemerink, "Morphological device model for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells," Nano. Lett., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 3032-3037, 2009.
    • (2009) Nano. Lett. , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 3032-3037
    • Maturova, K.1    Van Bavel, S.S.2    Wienk, M.M.3    Janssen, R.A.J.4    Kemerink, M.5
  • 71
    • 84916389355 scopus 로고
    • Large-signal analysis of a silicon read diode oscillator
    • Jan
    • D. L. Scharfetter and H. K. Gummel, "Large-signal analysis of a silicon Read diode oscillator," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 64-77, Jan. 1969.
    • (1969) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-77
    • Scharfetter, D.L.1    Gummel, H.K.2
  • 72
    • 84916430884 scopus 로고
    • A self-consistent iterative scheme for one-dimensional steady state transistor calculations
    • Oct
    • H. K. Gummel, "A self-consistent iterative scheme for one-dimensional steady state transistor calculations," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, no. 10, pp. 455-465, Oct. 1964.
    • (1964) IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11 , Issue.10 , pp. 455-465
    • Gummel, H.K.1
  • 73
    • 49949139816 scopus 로고
    • Numerical solution of the quasilinear poisson equation in a nonuniform triangle mesh
    • A. M.Winslow, "Numerical solution of the quasilinear poisson equation in a nonuniform triangle mesh," J. Comput. Phys., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 149-172, 1966.
    • (1966) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 149-172
    • Winslow, A.M.1
  • 74
    • 77956842577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of charge transport in disordered organic semiconductor devices
    • E. Knapp, R. Hausermann, H. U. Schwarzenbach, and B. Ruhstaller, "Numerical simulation of charge transport in disordered organic semiconductor devices," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 054504-(1-8), 2010.
    • (2010) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.108 , Issue.5 , pp. 054504-05451
    • Knapp, E.1    Hausermann, R.2    Schwarzenbach, H.U.3    Ruhstaller, B.4
  • 75
    • 36849115899 scopus 로고
    • Bulk recombination of charge carriers in polymer films: Poly-n-vinylcarbazole complexed with trinitrofluorenone
    • R. C. Hughes, "Bulk recombination of charge carriers in polymer films: Poly-N-vinylcarbazole complexed with trinitrofluorenone," The J. Chem. Phys., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2212-2219, 1973.
    • (1973) The J. Chem. Phys. , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 2212-2219
    • Hughes, R.C.1
  • 76
    • 0031236901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-Langevin recombination in disordered materials with random potential distributions
    • PII S0038109897002330
    • G. J. Adriaenssens and V. I. Arkhipov, "Non-Langevin recombination in disordered materials with random potential distributions," Solid State Commun., vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 541-543, 1997. (Pubitemid 127398690)
    • (1997) Solid State Communications , vol.103 , Issue.9 , pp. 541-543
    • Adriaenssens, G.J.1    Arkhipov, V.I.2
  • 77
    • 27144523175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bimolecular recombination coefficient as a sensitive testing parameter for low-mobility solar-cell materials
    • A. Pivrikas, G. Juska, A. J.Mozer,M. Scharber, K. Arlauskas, N. S. Sariciftci, H. Stubb, and R. Osterbacka, "Bimolecular recombination coefficient as a sensitive testing parameter for low-mobility solar-cell materials," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, no. 17, pp. 176806-(1-4), 2005.
    • (2005) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.94 , Issue.17 , pp. 176806-17681
    • Pivrikas, A.1    Juska, G.A.2    Scharber, M.3    Arlauskas, K.4    Sariciftci, N.S.5    Stubb, H.6    Osterbacka, R.7
  • 78
    • 67650480790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two dimensional langevin recombination in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)
    • G. Juska, K. GeneviCius, N. Nekrasas, G. Sliauzys, and R. Osterbacka, "Two dimensional Langevin recombination in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 013303-(1-3), 2009.
    • (2009) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.95 , Issue.1 , pp. 013303-01331
    • Juska, G.K.1    Nekrasas, N.2    Sliauzys, G.3    Osterbacka, R.4
  • 80
    • 54949086720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polaron recombination in pristine and annealed bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • C. Deibel, A. Baumann, and V. Dyakonov, "Polaron recombination in pristine and annealed bulk heterojunction solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, no. 16, pp. 163 303-1-163 303-3, 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.93 , Issue.16 , pp. 163303-163301
    • Deibel, C.1    Baumann, A.2    Dyakonov, V.3
  • 81
    • 53649106407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trimolecular recombination in polythiophene: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • G. Juska, K. GeneviCius, N. Nekrasas, G. Sliauzys, and G. Dennler, "Trimolecular recombination in polythiophene: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, no. 14, pp. 143303-(1-3), 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.93 , Issue.14 , pp. 143303-14331
    • Juska, G.K.1    Nekrasas, N.2    Sliauzys, G.3    Dennler, G.4
  • 82
    • 31944431810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bimolecular recombination in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • L. J. A. Koster, V. D. Mihailetchi, and P. W. M. Blom, "Bimolecular recombination in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 052 104-1-052 104-3, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , Issue.5 , pp. 052104-052101
    • Koster, L.J.A.1    Mihailetchi, V.D.2    Blom, P.W.M.3
  • 85
    • 80055016781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of the dark-current ideality factor in polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • G. A. H. Wetzelaer, M. Kuik, M. Lenes, and P. W. M. Blom, "Origin of the dark-current ideality factor in polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 99, no. 15, pp. 153506-(1-3), 2011.
    • (2011) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.99 , Issue.15 , pp. 153506-15351
    • Wetzelaer, G.A.H.1    Kuik, M.2    Lenes, M.3    Blom, P.W.M.4
  • 86
    • 78049317997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge-density-based analysis of the current-voltage response of polythiophene/fullerene photovoltaic devices
    • Sep.
    • C. G. Shuttle, R. Hamilton, B. C. O'Regan, J. Nelson, and J. R. Durrant, "Charge-density-based analysis of the current-voltage response of polythiophene/fullerene photovoltaic devices," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 107, no. 38, pp. 16 448-16 452, Sep. 2010.
    • (2010) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , vol.107 , Issue.38 , pp. 16448-16452
    • Shuttle, C.G.1    Hamilton, R.2    O'Regan, B.C.3    Nelson, J.4    Durrant, J.R.5
  • 87
    • 38349158105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of nanoscale phase separation on the charge generation dynamics and photovoltaic performance of conjugated polymer blends: Balancing charge generation and separation
    • C. R. McNeill, S.Westenhoff, C. Groves, R. H. Friend, and N. C. Greenham, "Influence of nanoscale phase separation on the charge generation dynamics and photovoltaic performance of conjugated polymer blends: Balancing charge generation and separation," J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 111, no. 51, pp. 19153-19160, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.111 , Issue.51 , pp. 19153-19160
    • McNeill, C.R.1    Westenhoff, S.2    Groves, C.3    Friend, R.H.4    Greenham, N.C.5
  • 88
    • 77955747169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interface state recombination in organic solar cells
    • R. A. Street, M. Schoendorf, A. Roy, and J. H. Lee, "Interface state recombination in organic solar cells," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 81, no. 20, pp. 205307-(1-12), 2010.
    • (2010) Phys. Rev. B , vol.81 , Issue.20 , pp. 205307-20531
    • Street, R.A.1    Schoendorf, M.2    Roy, A.3    Lee, J.H.4
  • 89
    • 79959325524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of recombination loss in organic solar cells by simulating intensity-dependent current-voltage measurement
    • L. Liu and G. Li, "Investigation of recombination loss in organic solar cells by simulating intensity-dependent current-voltage measurement," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 2557-2563, 2011.
    • (2011) Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells , vol.95 , Issue.9 , pp. 2557-2563
    • Liu, L.1    Li, G.2
  • 90
    • 78651265117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination in polymerfullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • S. R. Cowan, A. Roy, and A. J. Heeger, "Recombination in polymerfullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 82, no. 24, pp. 245207-(1-10), 2010.
    • (2010) Phys. Rev. B , vol.82 , Issue.24 , pp. 245207-24521
    • Cowan, S.R.1    Roy, A.2    Heeger, A.J.3
  • 91
    • 33644673793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultimate efficiency of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
    • L. J. A.Koster,V.D.Mihailetchi, and P.W.M.Blom, "Ultimate efficiency of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 093 511-1-093 511-3, 2006.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , Issue.9 , pp. 093511-093511
    • Koster, L.J.A.1    Mihailetchi, V.D.2    Blom, P.W.M.3
  • 92
    • 84987058072 scopus 로고
    • Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors-A monte-carlo simulation study
    • Jan
    • H. Bassler, "Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors-A monte-carlo simulation study," Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Res., vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 15-56, Jan. 1993.
    • (1993) Phys. Status Solidi B-Basic Res. , vol.175 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-56
    • Bassler, H.1
  • 93
    • 0346643992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. II. Comparison between analytic theory and simulation
    • Mar.
    • V. I. Arkhipov, U.Wolf, and H. Bassler, "Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. II. Comparison between analytic theory and simulation," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 7514-7520, Mar. 1999.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.59 , Issue.11 , pp. 7514-7520
    • Arkhipov, V.I.1    U.Wolf Bassler, H.2
  • 94
    • 0001160721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. Iii. Comparison between experiment and monte carlo simulation
    • Sep
    • S. Barth, U. Wolf, H. Bassler, P. Muller, H. Riel, H. Vestweber, P. F. Seidler, and W. Riess, "Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. III. Comparison between experiment and Monte Carlo simulation," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 8791-8797, Sep. 1999.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.60 , Issue.12 , pp. 8791-8797
    • Barth, S.1    Wolf, U.2    Bassler, H.3    Muller, P.4    Riel, H.5    Vestweber, H.6    Seidler, P.F.7    Riess, W.8
  • 95
    • 0346018589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. I. Monte Carlo simulation
    • Mar.
    • U.Wolf, V. I. Arkhipov, and H. Bassler, "Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. I. Monte Carlo simulation," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 7507-7513, Mar. 1999.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.59 , Issue.11 , pp. 7507-7513
    • Wolf, U.1    Arkhipov, V.I.2    Bassler, H.3
  • 97
    • 25844475841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamical monte carlo modelling of organic solar cells: The dependence of internal quantum efficiency on morphology
    • DOI 10.1021/nl051098o
    • P. K.Watkins, A. B.Walker, and G. L. B. Verschoor, "Dynamical Monte Carlo modelling of organic solar cells: The dependence of internal quantum efficiency on morphology," Nano. Lett., vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1814-1818, 2005. (Pubitemid 41396170)
    • (2005) Nano Letters , vol.5 , Issue.9 , pp. 1814-1818
    • Watkins, P.K.1    Walker, A.B.2    Verschoor, G.L.B.3
  • 98
    • 45749124411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photocurrent generation in nanostructured organic solar cells
    • F. Yang and S. R. Forrest, "Photocurrent generation in nanostructured organic solar cells," ACS Nano., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1022-1032, 2008.
    • (2008) ACS Nano. , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 1022-1032
    • Yang, F.1    Forrest, S.R.2
  • 99
    • 77949346895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological assessment of kinetic monte carlo simulations of organic photovoltaic devices: The treatment of electrostatic interactions
    • Mar.
    • M. Casalegno, G. Raos, and R. Po, "Methodological assessment of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of organic photovoltaic devices: The treatment of electrostatic interactions," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 132, no. 9, pp. 094705-(1-14), Mar. 2010.
    • (2010) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.132 , Issue.9 , pp. 094705-094716
    • Casalegno, M.1    Raos, G.2    Po, R.3
  • 101
    • 77950862044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of thickness and morphology of active layer for high performance of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells
    • Jun.
    • Y. M. Nam, J. Huh, and W. H. Jo, "Optimization of thickness and morphology of active layer for high performance of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1118-1124, Jun. 2010.
    • (2010) Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells , vol.94 , Issue.6 , pp. 1118-1124
    • Nam, Y.M.1    Huh, J.2    Jo, W.H.3
  • 102
    • 74549187451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bicontinuous minimal surface nanostructures for polymer blend solar cells
    • R. G. E. Kimber, A. B. Walker, G. E. Schroder-Turk, and D. J. Cleaver, "Bicontinuous minimal surface nanostructures for polymer blend solar cells," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 844-851, 2010.
    • (2010) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 844-851
    • Kimber, R.G.E.1    Walker, A.B.2    Schroder-Turk, G.E.3    Cleaver, D.J.4
  • 103
    • 36049055166 scopus 로고
    • History of the lenz-ising model
    • S. G. Brush, "History of the lenz-ising model," Rev. Modern Phys., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 883-893, 1967.
    • (1967) Rev. Modern Phys. , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 883-893
    • Brush, S.G.1
  • 104
    • 77949447821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of charge trapping on geminate recombination and polymer solar cell performance
    • Mar.
    • C. Groves, J. C. Blakesley, and N. C. Greenham, "Effect of charge trapping on geminate recombination and polymer solar cell performance," Nano. Lett., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1063-1069, Mar. 2010.
    • (2010) Nano. Lett. , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 1063-1069
    • Groves, C.1    Blakesley, J.C.2    Greenham, N.C.3
  • 105
    • 34247553333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices
    • R. A. Marsh, C. Groves, and N. C. Greenham, "A microscopic model for the behavior of nanostructured organic photovoltaic devices," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 101, no. 8, pp. 083509-(1-7), 2007.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.101 , Issue.8 , pp. 083509-08351
    • Marsh, R.A.1    Groves, C.2    Greenham, N.C.3
  • 106
    • 8144219689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte-carlo simulations of geminate electron-hole pair dissociation in a molecular heterojunction: A two-step dissociation mechanism
    • T. Offermans, S. C. J. Meskers, and R. A. J. Janssen, "Monte-Carlo simulations of geminate electron-hole pair dissociation in a molecular heterojunction: A two-step dissociation mechanism," Chem. Phys., vol. 308, no. 1/2, pp. 125-133, 2005.
    • (2005) Chem. Phys. , vol.308 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 125-133
    • Offermans, T.1    Meskers, S.C.J.2    Janssen, R.A.J.3
  • 107
    • 79953323885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved dynamic monte carlo model coupled with poisson equation to simulate the performance of organic photovoltaic devices
    • L. Meng, D. Wang, Q. Li, Y. Yi, J.-L. Bredas, and Z. Shuai, "An improved dynamic Monte Carlo model coupled with Poisson equation to simulate the performance of organic photovoltaic devices," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 134, no. 12, pp. 124102-(1-7), 2011.
    • (2011) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.134 , Issue.12 , pp. 124102-12411
    • Meng, L.1    Wang, D.2    Li, Q.3    Yi, Y.4    Bredas, J.-L.5    Shuai, Z.6
  • 108
    • 77958089964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of lossmechanisms in organic solar cells:adescription of the mesoscopicmonte carlo technique and an evaluation of the first reactionmethod
    • Oct.
    • C. Groves, R. G. E. Kimber, and A. B.Walker, "Simulation of lossmechanisms in organic solar cells:Adescription of the mesoscopicMonte Carlo technique and an evaluation of the first reactionmethod," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 133, no. 14, pp. 144110-(1-7), Oct. 2010.
    • (2010) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.133 , Issue.14 , pp. 14411017
    • Groves, C.1    Kimber, R.G.E.A.2
  • 109
    • 49149105942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient multilayer organic solar cells using the optical interference peak
    • C. Zhang, S. W. Tong, C. Jiang, E. T. Kang, D. S. H. Chan, and C. Zhu, "Efficient multilayer organic solar cells using the optical interference peak," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, pp. 043 307-1-043 307-3, 2008.
    • (2008) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.93 , pp. 043307-043301
    • Zhang, C.1    Tong, S.W.2    Jiang, C.3    Kang, E.T.4    Chan, D.S.H.5    Zhu, C.6
  • 110
    • 43949115589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optical modeling of a folded organic solar cell
    • V. Andersson, K. Tvingstedt, and O. Inganas, "Optical modeling of a folded organic solar cell," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 094520-(1-7), 2008.
    • (2008) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.103 , Issue.9 , pp. 094520-09451
    • Andersson, V.1    Tvingstedt, K.2    Inganas, O.3
  • 111
    • 77749315095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of light-Trapping microscaletextured surfaces for efficient organic solar cells
    • K. S. Nalwa and S. Chaudhary, "Design of light-Trapping microscaletextured surfaces for efficient organic solar cells," Opt. Exp., vol. 18, pp. 5168-5178, 2010.
    • (2010) Opt. Exp. , vol.18 , pp. 5168-5178
    • Nalwa, K.S.1    Chaudhary, S.2
  • 113
    • 80053322480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiscale molecular simulations of the nanoscale morphologies of p3ht:pcbm blends for bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells
    • C.-K. Lee, C.-W. Pao, and C.-W. Chu, "Multiscale molecular simulations of the nanoscale morphologies of P3HT:PCBM blends for bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells," Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 4124-4132, 2011.
    • (2011) Energy Environ. Sci. , vol.4 , Issue.10 , pp. 4124-4132
    • Lee, C.-K.1    Pao, C.-W.2    Chu, C.-W.3
  • 114
    • 0347362496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of nanostructured heterojunction polymer photovoltaic devices
    • DOI 10.1021/nl034810v
    • B. Kannan, K. Castelino, and A. Majumdar, "Design of nanostructured heterojunction polymer photovoltaic devices," Nano. Lett., vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1729-1733, 2003. (Pubitemid 38037191)
    • (2003) Nano Letters , vol.3 , Issue.12 , pp. 1729-1733
    • Kannan, B.1    Castelino, K.2    Majumdar, A.3
  • 116
    • 33646460915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid polymer/zinc oxide photovoltaic devices with vertically oriented zno nanorods and an amphiphilic molecular interface layer
    • P. Ravirajan, A. M. Peir'o, M. K. Nazeeruddin, M. Graetzel, D. D. C. Bradley, J. R. Durrant, and J. Nelson, "Hybrid polymer/zinc oxide photovoltaic devices with vertically oriented ZnO nanorods and an amphiphilic molecular interface layer," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 110, no. 15, pp. 7635-7639, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.110 , Issue.15 , pp. 7635-7639
    • Ravirajan, P.1    Peir'o, A.M.2    Nazeeruddin, M.K.3    Graetzel, M.4    Bradley, D.D.C.5    Durrant, J.R.6    Nelson, J.7
  • 117
    • 42649086180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of device geometry on the performance of tio2 nanotube array-organic semiconductor double heterojunction solar cells
    • K. Shankar, G. Mor, M. Paulose, O. Varghese, and C. Grimes, "Effect of device geometry on the performance of TiO2 nanotube array-organic semiconductor double heterojunction solar cells," J. Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 354, pp. 2767-2771, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Non-Crystalline Solids , vol.354 , pp. 2767-2771
    • Shankar, K.1    Mor, G.2    Paulose, M.3    Varghese, O.4    Grimes, C.5
  • 118
    • 38149125406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zno-Tio2 coreshell nanorod/p3ht solar cells
    • L. E. Greene, M. Law, B. D. Yuhas, and P. Yang, "ZnO-TiO2 coreshell nanorod/P3HT solar cells," J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 111, no. 50, pp. 18 451-18 456, 2007.
    • (2007) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.111 , Issue.50 , pp. 18451-18456
    • Greene, L.E.1    Law, M.2    Yuhas, B.D.3    Yang, P.4
  • 119
    • 70349861895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled growth of aligned polymer nanowires
    • H. Fang,W.Wu, J. Song, and Z. L.Wang, "Controlled growth of aligned polymer nanowires," J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 113, no. 38, pp. 16 571-16 574, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Phys. Chem. C , vol.113 , Issue.38 , pp. 16571-16574
    • Fang, H.1    W.Wu Song, J.Z.2
  • 120
    • 3042736589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation of polyaniline nanotubes array based on anodic aluminum oxide template
    • S. Xiong, Q. Wang, and H. Xia, "Preparation of polyaniline nanotubes array based on anodic aluminum oxide template," Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 1569-1580, 2004.
    • (2004) Mater. Res. Bull. , vol.39 , Issue.10 , pp. 1569-1580
    • Xiong, S.1    Wang, Q.2    Xia, H.3
  • 123
    • 64349094622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficiency improvement of blended poly(3-hexylthiophene) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)c61 solar cells by nanoimprinting
    • C. F. Shih, K. T. Hung, J. W. Wu, C. Y. Hsiao, and W. M. Li, "Efficiency improvement of blended poly(3-hexylthiophene) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61 solar cells by nanoimprinting," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, no. 14, pp. 143505-(1-3), 2009.
    • (2009) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.94 , Issue.14 , pp. 143505-14351
    • Shih, C.F.1    Hung, K.T.2    Wu, J.W.3    Hsiao, C.Y.4    Li, W.M.5
  • 124
    • 80052210501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solvent-Assisted soft nanoimprint lithography for structured bilayer heterojunction organic solar cells
    • J. Y. Park, N. R. Hendricks, and K. R. Carter, "Solvent-Assisted soft nanoimprint lithography for structured bilayer heterojunction organic solar cells," Langmuir, vol. 27, no. 17, pp. 11 251-11 258, 2011.
    • (2011) Langmuir , vol.27 , Issue.17 , pp. 11251-11258
    • Park, J.Y.1    Hendricks, N.R.2    Carter, K.R.3
  • 125
    • 80051544689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimum design of ordered bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics
    • J. Kim, K. Kim, S. Hwan Ko, and W. Kim, "Optimum design of ordered bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 95, no. 11, pp. 3021-3024, 2011.
    • (2011) Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells , vol.95 , Issue.11 , pp. 3021-3024
    • Kim, J.1    Kim, K.2    Hwan Ko, S.3    Kim, W.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.