Hypertension, hypercoagulability and the metabolic syndrome: A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering

Volumn 22, Issue 1-3, 2012, Pages 35-48

  Mao, Xianqing ^a   Ait Aissa, Karima ^a   Lagrange, Jeremy ^a   Youcef, Gina ^b   Louis, Huguette ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE   (France)

Author keywords

animal model; hypercoagulability; Hypertension; metabolic syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL MODEL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROMES; RISK FACTORS;

DISEASES;

METABOLISM;

ANIMALIA;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DISEASE MODEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; METABOLISM; MOUSE; RAT; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOPHILIA;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICE; RATS; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOPHILIA;

EID: 84863638420     PISSN: 09592989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/BME-2012-0688     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (110)

1. I. Palomo, R. Moore-Carrasco, M. Alarcon, A. Rojas, F. Espana, V. Andres and H. Gonzalez-Navarro, Pathophysiology of the proatherothrombotic state in the metabolic syndrome, Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.) 2 (2010), 194-208.
2. NCEP, Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report, Circulation 106 (2002), 3143-3421.
3. M. Franchini, G. Targher, M. Montagnana and G. Lippi, The metabolic syndrome and the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis, Thromb. Res. 122 (2008), 727-735.
4. A.A. Akintunde, O.E. Ayodele, P.O. Akinwusi and G.O. Opadijo, Metabolic syndrome: comparison of occurrence using three definitions in hypertensive patients, Clin. Med. Res. 9 (2010), 26-31.
5. E. Bog-Hansen, U. Lindblad, B. Gullberg, A. Melander and L. Rastam, Metabolic disorders associated with uncontrolled hypertension, Diabetes Obes. Metab. 5 (2003), 379-387.
6. N.D.Wong, J.R. Pio, S.S. Franklin, G.J. L'Italien, T.V. Kamath and G.R.Williams, Preventing coronary events by optimal control of blood pressure and lipids in patients with the metabolic syndrome, Am. J. Cardiol. 91 (2003), 1421-1426.
7. C.H. Tseng, C.K. Chong, C.P. Tseng,W.Y. Shau and T.Y. Tai, Hypertension is the most important component of metabolic syndrome in the association with ischemic heart disease in Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients, Circ. J. 72 (2008), 1419-1424.
8. R. Rossi, A. Nuzzo, G. Origliani and M.G. Modena, Metabolic syndrome affects cardiovascular risk profile and response to treatment in hypertensive postmenopausal women, Hypertension 52 (2008), 865-872.
9. W. Zidek, L. Naditch-Brule, S. Perlini, C. Farsang and S.E. Kjeldsen, Blood pressure control and components of the metabolic syndrome: the GOOD survey, Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 8 (2009), 51.
10. M. Aizawa-Abe, Y. Ogawa, H. Masuzaki, K. Ebihara, N. Satoh, H. Iwai, N. Matsuoka, T. Hayashi, K. Hosoda, G. Inoue, Y. Yoshimasa and K. Nakao, Pathophysiological role of leptin in obesity-related hypertension, J. Clin. Invest. 105 (2000), 1243-1252.
11. A.L. Mark, R.A. Shaffer,M.L. Correia, D.A.Morgan, C.D. Sigmund andW.G. Haynes, Contrasting blood pressure effects of obesity in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and agouti yellow obese mice, J. Hypertens. 17 (1999), 1949-1953.
12. A. Silvani, S. Bastianini, C. Berteotti, C. Franzini, P. Lenzi, V. Lo Martire and G. Zoccoli, Sleep modulates hypertension in leptin-deficient obese mice, Hypertension 53 (2009), 251-255.
13. P.F. Bodary, Y. Shen, M. Ohman, K.L. Bahrou, F.B. Vargas, S.S. Cudney, K.J.Wickenheiser,M.G.Myers Jr. and D.T. Eitzman, Leptin regulates neointima formation after arterial injury through mechanisms independent of blood pressure and the leptin receptor/STAT3 signaling pathways involved in energy balance, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27 (2007), 70-76.
14. W. Su, Z. Guo, D.C. Randall, L. Cassis, D.R. Brown and M.C. Gong, Hypertension and disrupted blood pressure circadian rhythm in type 2 diabetic db/db mice, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 295 (2008), H1634-H1641.
15. H. Katagiri, T. Yamada and Y. Oka, Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders: disturbance of the regulatory system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals, Circ. Res. 101 (2007), 27-39.
16. L.A. Sechi, Mechanisms of insulin resistance in rat models of hypertension and their relationships with salt sensitivity, J. Hypertens. 17 (1999), 1229-1237.
17. P.A. Sarafidis and G.L. Bakris, Review: insulin and endothelin: an interplay contributing to hypertension development?, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (2007), 379-385.
18. C.C. Juan, Y.W. Shen, Y. Chien, Y.J. Lin, S.F. Chang and L.T. Ho, Insulin infusion induces endothelin-1-dependent hypertension in rats, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 287 (2004), E948-E954.
19. S. DeLoach, Y. Huan, C. Daskalakis and B. Falkner, Endothelin-1 response to glucose and insulin among African Americans, J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 4 (2010), 227-235.
20. S. Furukawa, T. Fujita, M. Shimabukuro, M. Iwaki, Y. Yamada, Y. Nakajima, O. Nakayama, M. Makishima, M. Matsuda and I. Shimomura, Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome, J. Clin. Invest. 114 (2004), 1752-1761.
21. C.K. Roberts, R.J. Barnard, R.K. Sindhu, M. Jurczak, A. Ehdaie and N.D. Vaziri, A high-fat, refined-carbohydrate diet induces endothelial dysfunction and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and depresses NOS protein expression, J. Appl. Physiol. 98 (2005), 203-210.
22. J.E. Hall, Pathophysiology of obesity hypertension, Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2 (2000), 139-147.
23. P. Lacolley, M.E. Safar, V. Regnault and E.D. Frohlich, Angiotensin II, mechanotransduction, and pulsatile arterial hemodynamics in hypertension, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 297 (2009), H1567-H1575.
24. J.R. Sowers, Insulin resistance and hypertension, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 286 (2004), H1597-H1602.
25. M. Pravenec and T.W. Kurtz, Molecular genetics of experimental hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: from gene pathways to new therapies, Hypertension 49 (2007), 941-952.
26. S. Makita, A. Abiko, Y. Naganuma, Y. Moriai and M. Nakamura, Effects of telmisartan on adiponectin levels and body weight in hypertensive patients with glucose intolerance, Metabolism 57 (2008), 1473-1478.
27. S. Engeli, R. Negrel and A.M. Sharma, Physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system, Hypertension 35 (2000), 1270-1277.
28. L.A. Cassis, J. Saye and M.J. Peach, Location and regulation of rat angiotensinogen messenger RNA, Hypertension 11 (1988), 591-596.
29. P. Schling, H. Mallow, A. Trindl and G. Loffler, Evidence for a local renin angiotensin system in primary cultured human preadipocytes, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 23 (1999), 336-341.
30. U. Shenoy and L. Cassis, Characterization of renin activity in brown adipose tissue, Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997), C989-C999.
31. L.A. Cassis, M.J. Fettinger, A.L. Roe, U.R. Shenoy and G. Howard, Characterization and regulation of angiotensin II receptors in rat adipose tissue. Angiotensin receptors in adipose tissue, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 396 (1996), 39-47.
32. A. Whaley-Connell, M.S. Johnson and J.R. Sowers, Aldosterone: role in the cardiometabolic syndrome and resistant hypertension, Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 52 (2010), 401-409.
33. A.E. Schutte, H.W. Huisman, R. Schutte, J.M. van Rooyen, L. Malan, C.M. Fourie and N.T. Malan, Adipokines and cardiometabolic function: how are they interlinked?, Regul. Pept. 164 (2010), 133-138.
34. H. Kato, H. Kashiwagi, M. Shiraga, S. Tadokoro, T. Kamae, H. Ujiie, S. Honda, S. Miyata, Y. Ijiri, J. Yamamoto, N. Maeda, T. Funahashi, Y. Kurata, I. Shimomura, Y. Tomiyama and Y. Kanakura, Adiponectin acts as an endogenous antithrombotic factor, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006), 224-230.
35. P. Restituto, I. Colina, J.J. Varo and N. Varo, Adiponectin diminishes platelet aggregation and sCD40L release. Potential role in the metabolic syndrome, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298 (2011), E1072-E1077.
36. R. Lichnovska, S. Gwozdziewiczova, R. Chlup and J. Hrebicek, Serum leptin in the development of insulin resistance and other disorders in the metabolic syndrome, Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech Repub. 149 (2005), 119-126.
37. S. Stork, M.L. Bots, P. Angerer, C. von Schacky, D.E. Grobbee, C.E. Angermann and J. Seufert, Low levels of adiponectin predict worsening of arterial morphology and function, Atherosclerosis 194 (2007), e147-e153.
38. A. Nakagomi, M. Sasaki, Y. Ishikawa, T. Shibui, M. Kosugi, Y. Endoh, M. Morikawa, Y. Kusama, H. Atarashi and K. Mizuno, Upregulation of monocyte tissue factor activity is significantly associated with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with metabolic syndrome, J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 18 (2011), 475-486.
39. F. Samad, M. Pandey and D.J. Loskutoff, Regulation of tissue factor gene expression in obesity, Blood 98 (2001), 3353-3358.
40. Y.J. Chen, L.Q. Zhang, G.P.Wang, H. Zeng, B. Lu, X.L. Shen, Z.P. Jiang and F.P. Chen, Adiponectin inhibits tissue factor expression and enhances tissue factor pathway inhibitor expression in human endothelial cells, Thromb. Haemost. 100 (2008), 291-300.
41. O.F. Arici and N. Cetin, Protective role of ghrelin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-induced coagulation disturbances in rats, Regul. Pept. 166 (2011), 139-142.
42. H. Amagasa, M. Okazaki, S. Iwai, T. Kumai, S. Kobayashi and K. Oguchi, Enhancement of the coagulation system in spontaneously hypertensive and hyperlipidemic rats, J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 12 (2005), 191-198.
43. A.M. Carter, C.M. Cymbalista, T.D. Spector and P.J. Grant, Heritability of clot formation, morphology, and lysis: the EuroCLOT study, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27 (2007), 2783-2789.
44. G.E. Sonnenberg, G.R. Krakower and A.H. Kissebah, A novel pathway to the manifestations of metabolic syndrome, Obes. Res. 12 (2004), 180-186.
45. H.S. Lim, G.Y. Lip and A.D. Blann, Plasma von Willebrand factor and the development of the metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (2004), 5377-5781.
46. A.J. Lansbury, P.J. Grant and A.J. Catto, Atherothrombotic risk factors in subjects with a family history of stroke, Cerebrovasc. Dis. 14 (2002), 153-160.
47. P.J. Grant, Diabetes mellitus as a prothrombotic condition, J. Intern. Med. 262 (2007), 157-172.
48. C. Mineo, H. Deguchi, J.H. Griffin and P.W. Shaul, Endothelial and antithrombotic actions of HDL, Circ. Res. 98 (2006), 1352-1364.
49. A. Pandolfi, D. Cetrullo, R. Polishuck, M.M. Alberta, A. Calafiore, G. Pellegrini, E. Vitacolonna, F. Capani and A. Consoli, Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is increased in the arterial wall of type II diabetic subjects, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21 (2001), 1378-1382.
50. K.A. Poli, G.H. Tofler, M.G. Larson, J.C. Evans, P.A. Sutherland, I. Lipinska, M.A. Mittleman, J.E. Muller, R.B. D'Agostino, P.W. Wilson and D. Levy, Association of blood pressure with fibrinolytic potential in the Framingham offspring population, Circulation 101 (2000), 264-269.
51. T. Hoekstra, J.M. Geleijnse, E.G. Schouten and C. Kluft, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1: its plasma determinants and relation with cardiovascular risk, Thromb. Haemost. 91 (2004), 861-872.
52. C. Banfi, L. Mussoni, P. Rise, M.G. Cattaneo, L. Vicentini, F. Battaini, C. Galli and E. Tremoli, Very low density lipoprotein-mediated signal transduction and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in cultured HepG2 cells, Circ. Res. 85 (1999), 208-217.
53. F. Samad, M. Pandey, P.A. Bell and D.J. Loskutoff, Insulin continues to induce plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene expression in insulin-resistant mice and adipocytes, Mol. Med. 6 (2000), 680-692.
54. M.C. Alessi and I. Juhan-Vague, PAI-1 and the metabolic syndrome: links, causes, and consequences, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006), 2200-2207.
55. A. Suehiro, I. Wakabayashi, K. Uchida, T. Yamashita and J. Yamamoto, Impaired spontaneous thrombolytic activity measured by global thrombosis test in males with metabolic syndrome, Thromb. Res. 129(4) (2012), 499-501.
56. M. Kjalke, A. Silveira, A. Hamsten, U. Hedner and M. Ezban, Plasma lipoproteins enhance tissue factor-independent factor VII activation, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 (2000), 1835-1841.
57. C.J. Doggen, R.N. Lemaitre, N.L. Smith, S.R. Heckbert and B.M. Psaty, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of venous thrombosis among postmenopausal women, J. Thromb. Haemost. 2 (2004), 700-701.
58. A.D. Baron, Vascular reactivity, Am. J. Cardiol. 84 (1999), 25J-27J.
59. H.O. Steinberg, G. Brechtel, A. Johnson, N. Fineberg and A.D. Baron, Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent. A novel action of insulin to increase nitric oxide release, J. Clin. Invest. 94 (1994), 1172-1179.
60. I.A. Ferreira, A.I. Mocking, M.A. Feijge, G. Gorter, T.W. van Haeften, J.W. Heemskerk and J.W. Akkerman, Platelet inhibition by insulin is absent in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006), 417-422.
61. N.A. Englyst, J.M. Taube, T.J. Aitman, T.P. Baglin and C.D. Byrne, A novel role for CD36 in VLDL-enhanced platelet activation, Diabetes 52 (2003), 1248-1255.
62. K. Gertow, K.H. Pietilainen, H. Yki-Jarvinen, J. Kaprio, A. Rissanen, P. Eriksson, A. Hamsten and R.M. Fisher, Expression of fatty-acid-handling proteins in human adipose tissue in relation to obesity and insulin resistance, Diabetologia 47 (2004), 1118-1125.
63. G.E. Jarvis, B.T. Atkinson, D.C. Snell and S.P. Watson, Distinct roles of GPVI and integrin alpha(2)beta(1) in platelet shape change and aggregation induced by different collagens, Br. J. Pharmacol. 137 (2002), 107-117.
64. M. Mesri and D.C. Altieri, Leukocyte microparticles stimulate endothelial cell cytokine release and tissue factor induction in a JNK1 signaling pathway, J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999), 23111-23118.
65. A. Agouni, A.H. Lagrue-Lak-Hal, P.H. Ducluzeau, H.A. Mostefai, C. Draunet-Busson, G. Leftheriotis, C. Heymes, M.C. Martinez and R. Andriantsitohaina, Endothelial dysfunction caused by circulating microparticles from patients with metabolic syndrome, Am. J. Pathol. 173 (2008), 1210-1219.
66. O. Morel, F. Toti, B. Hugel, B. Bakouboula, L. Camoin-Jau, F. Dignat-George and J.M. Freyssinet, Procoagulant microparticles: disrupting the vascular homeostasis equation?, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006), 2594-2604.
67. M.J. Alkhatatbeh, N.M. Mhaidat, A.K. Enjeti, L.F. Lincz and R.F. Thorne, The putative diabetic plasma marker, soluble CD36, is non-cleaved, non-soluble and entirely associated with microparticles, J. Thromb. Haemost. 9 (2011), 844-851.
68. M.S. Phillips, Q. Liu, H.A. Hammond, V. Dugan, P.J. Hey, C.J. Caskey and J.F. Hess, Leptin receptor missense mutation in the fatty Zucker rat, Nat. Genet. 13 (1996), 18-19.
69. R. Subramanian and K.M. MacLeod, Age-dependent changes in blood pressure and arterial reactivity in obese Zucker rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 477 (2003), 143-152.
70. E. Cosson, P. Valensi, D. Laude, D.Mesangeau and H. Dabire, Arterial stiffness and the autonomic nervous system during the development of Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Diabetes Metab. 35 (2009), 364-370.
71. J. Hiraoka-Yamamoto, Y. Nara, N. Yasui, Y. Onobayashi, S. Tsuchikura and K. Ikeda, Establishment of a new animal model of metabolic syndrome: SHRSP fatty (fa/fa) rats, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 31 (2004), 107-109.
72. M. Collison, A.M. Glazier, D. Graham, J.J. Morton, M.H. Dominiczak, T.J. Aitman, J.M. Connell, G.W. Gould and A.F. Dominiczak, Cd36 and molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat, Diabetes 49 (2000), 2222-2226.
73. Y. Tada, S. Kagota, M. Matsumoto, Y. Naito, H. Shibata, N. Nejime, T. Tsujino, M. Koshiba, T. Masuyama and K. Shinozuka, Characterization of cardiac size and function in SHRSP.Z-Lepr(fa)/IzmDmcr rats, a new animal model of metabolic syndrome, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 33 (2010), 1971-1976.
74. Y. Anini and P.L. Brubaker, Role of leptin in the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion, Diabetes 52 (2003), 252-259.
75. T. Abumiya, J. Masuda, J. Kawai, T. Suzuki and J. Ogata, Heterogeneity in the appearance and distribution of macrophage subsets and their possible involvement in hypertensive vascular lesions in rats, Lab. Invest. 75 (1996), 125-136.
76. T. Abumiya, T. Sakata, K. Enjyoji, H. Kato, J. Kawai, T. Suzuki, J. Masuda, T. Sasaguri and J. Ogata, Does hypertension confer a hypercoagulable state in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats?, J. Hypertens. 18 (2000), 901-909.
77. T. Ishizuka, P. Ernsberger, S. Liu, D. Bedol, T.M. Lehman, R.J. Koletsky and J.E. Friedman, Phenotypic consequences of a nonsense mutation in the leptin receptor gene (fak) in obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rats (SHROB), J. Nutr. 128 (1998), 2299-2306.
78. S. Koletsky, Pathologic findings and laboratory data in a new strain of obese hypertensive rats, Am. J. Pathol. 80 (1975), 129-142.
79. P. Ernsberger, R.J. Koletsky, D.D. Kline, D.M. Bedol and J.E. Friedman, The SHROB model of syndrome X: effects of excess dietary sucrose, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 892 (1999), 315-318.
80. T. Kumai, S. Oonuma, Y. Kitaoka, M. Tadokoro and S. Kobayashi, Biochemical and morphological characterization of spontaneously hypertensive hyperlipidaemic rats, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30 (2003), 537-544.
81. K. Okamoto, S. Nosaka, Y. Yamori and M. Matsumoto, Participation of neural factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, Jpn. Heart J. 8 (1967), 168-180.
82. Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold and J.M. Friedman, Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue, Nature 372 (1994), 425-432.
83. A.J. Kennedy, K.L. Ellacott, V.L. King and A.H. Hasty, Mouse models of the metabolic syndrome, Dis. Models Mech. 3 (2010), 156-166.
84. H. Hyogo, S. Roy and D.E. Cohen, Restoration of gallstone susceptibility by leptin in C57BL/6J ob/ob mice, J. Lipid Res. 44 (2003), 1232-1240.
85. D.L. Silver, X.C. Jiang and A.R. Tall, Increased high density lipoprotein (HDL), defective hepatic catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II, and decreased ApoA-I mRNA in ob/ob mice. Possible role of leptin in stimulation of HDL turnover, J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999), 4140-4146.
86. J.E. Quigley, A.A. Elmarakby, S.F. Knight, M.M. Manhiani, D.W. Stepp, J.J. Olearzcyk and J.D. Imig, Obesity induced renal oxidative stress contributes to renal injury in salt-sensitive hypertension, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 36 (2009), 724-728.
87. C. Christoffersen, E. Bollano, M.L. Lindegaard, E.D. Bartels, J.P. Goetze, C.B. Andersen and L.B. Nielsen, Cardiac lipid accumulation associated with diastolic dysfunction in obese mice, Endocrinology 144 (2003), 3483-3490.
88. F. Dong, X. Zhang, X. Yang, L.B. Esberg, H. Yang, Z. Zhang, B. Culver and J. Ren, Impaired cardiac contractile function in ventricular myocytes from leptin-deficient ob/ob obese mice, J. Endocrinol. 188 (2006), 25-36.
89. S.J. Swoap, Altered leptin signaling is sufficient, but not required, for hypotension associated with caloric restriction, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 281 (2001), H2473-H2479.
90. P.F. Bodary, R.J.Westrick, K.J.Wickenheiser, Y. Shen and D.T. Eitzman, Effect of leptin on arterial thrombosis following vascular injury in mice, JAMA 287 (2002), 1706-1709.
91. P.F. Bodary, S. Gu, Y. Shen, A.H. Hasty, J.M. Buckler and D.T. Eitzman, Recombinant leptin promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2005), e119-e122.
92. D.J. Lloyd, J. McCormick, J. Helmering, K.W. Kim, M.Wang, P. Fordstrom, S.A. Kaufman, R.A. Lindberg andM.M. Veniant, Generation and characterization of two novel mouse models exhibiting the phenotypes of the metabolic syndrome: Apob48-/-Lepob/ob mice devoid of ApoE or Ldlr, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 294 (2008), E496-E505.
93. J.R. Ortlepp, R. Kluge, K. Giesen, L. Plum, P. Radke, P. Hanrath and H.G. Joost, A metabolic syndrome of hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia and hypercholesterolaemia in the New Zealand obese mouse, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30 (2000), 195-202.
94. C. Marchesi, T. Ebrahimian, O. Angulo, P. Paradis and E.L. Schiffrin, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and perivascular adipose oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to vascular dysfunction in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome, Hypertension 54 (2009), 1384-1392.
95. M.A. Miller, C.R. Spillert, R. Ponnudurai, S. Bonthu and E.J. Lazaro, Are hypertensives hypercoagulable?, J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 87 (1995), 71-72.
96. M. Diamant, R. Nieuwland, R.F. Pablo, A. Sturk, J.W. Smit and J.K. Radder, Elevated numbers of tissue-factor exposing microparticles correlate with components of the metabolic syndrome in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus, Circulation 106 (2002), 2442-2447.
97. V. Regnault, C. Perret-Guillaume, A. Kearney-Schwartz, J.P. Max, C. Labat, H. Louis, D. Wahl, B. Pannier, T. Lecompte, G. Weryha, P. Challande, M.E. Safar, A. Benetos and P. Lacolley, Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: a new link among arterial stiffness, pulse pressure, and coagulation in postmenopausal women, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31 (2011), 1226-1232.
98. A.A. Ajayi, H. Hercule, J. Cory, B.E. Hayes and A.O. Oyekan, Gender difference in vascular and platelet reactivity to thromboxane A(2)-mimetic U46619 and to endothelial dependent vasodilation in Zucker fatty (hypertensive, hyperinsulinemic) diabetic rats, Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 59 (2003), 11-24.
99. H. Gomibuchi, M. Okazaki, S. Iwai, T. Kumai, S. Kobayashi and K. Oguchi, Development of hyperfibrinogenemia in spontaneously hypertensive and hyperlipidemic rats: a potentially useful animal model as a complication of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, Exp. Anim. 56 (2007), 1-10.
100. L.A. Sechi, M. Novello, G. Colussi, A. Di Fabio, A. Chiuch, E. Nadalini, A. Casanova-Borca, A. Uzzau and C. Catena, Relationship of plasma renin with a prothrombotic state in hypertension: relevance for organ damage, Am. J. Hypertens. 21 (2008), 1347-1353.
101. S.S. Anand, Q. Yi, H. Gerstein, E. Lonn, R. Jacobs, V. Vuksan, K. Teo, B. Davis, P.Montague and S. Yusuf, Relationship of metabolic syndrome and fibrinolytic dysfunction to cardiovascular disease, Circulation 108 (2003), 420-425.
102. M. Kaminska, A. Mogielnicki, A. Stankiewicz, K. Kramkowski, T. Domaniewski, W. Buczko and E. Chabielska, Angiotensin II via AT1 receptor accelerates arterial thrombosis in renovascular hypertensive rats, J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56 (2005), 571-585.
103. C.S. Coffey, F.W. Asselbergs, P.R. Hebert, H.L. Hillege, Q. Li, J.H. Moore and W.H. van Gilst, The association of the metabolic syndrome with PAI-1 and t-PA levels, Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2011 (2011), 541467.
104. P. Sawathiparnich, L.J. Murphey, S. Kumar, D.E. Vaughan and N.J. Brown, Effect of combined AT1 receptor and aldosterone receptor antagonism on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2003), 3867-3873.
105. A.W. Dielis, M. Smid, H.M. Spronk, A.J. Houben, K. Hamulyak, A.A. Kroon, H. Ten Cate and P.W. de Leeuw, Changes in fibrinolytic activity after angiotensin II receptor blockade in therapy-resistant hypertensive patients, J. Thromb. Haemost. 5 (2007), 1509-1515.
106. Y. Dorffel, G. Wallukat, N. Bochnig, V. Homuth, M. Herberg, W. Dorffel, A. Pruss, R. Chaoui and J. Scholze, Agonistic AT(1) receptor autoantibodies and monocyte stimulation in hypertensive patients, Am. J. Hypertens. 16 (2003), 827-833.
107. T.W. Kurtz, R.C. Morris and H.A. Pershadsingh, The Zucker fatty rat as a genetic model of obesity and hypertension, Hypertension 13 (1989), 896-901.
108. W. Paul, L.R. Queen, C.P. Page and A. Ferro, Increased platelet aggregation in vivo in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat: differences from the streptozotocin diabetic rat, Br. J. Pharmacol. 150 (2007), 105-111.
109. A.K. Sista, M.K. O'Connell, T. Hinohara, S.S. Oommen, B.E. Fenster, A.J. Glassford, E.A. Schwartz, C.A. Taylor, G.M. Reaven and P.S. Tsao, Increased aortic stiffness in the insulin-resistant Zucker fa/fa rat, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 289 (2005), H845-H851.
110. S. Koletsky, Animal model: obese hypertensive rat, Am. J. Pathol. 81 (1975), 463-466.