Targeting Inflammation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Still a Neglected field?

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Gómez Guerrero, Carmen ^a   Mallavia, Beñat ^a   Egido, Jesus ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Immunoinflammation; Intracellular signals; Lipids disorder atherosclerosis; Molecular cardio biology

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1S INHIBITOR; FC RECEPTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; JANUS KINASE 1; JANUS KINASE 2; JANUS KINASE 3; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 10; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 9; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE GAMMA; ROSIGLITAZONE; STAT1 PROTEIN; STAT2 PROTEIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL ADHESION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG TARGETING; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; NONHUMAN; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH17 CELL;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84863474747     PISSN: 17555914     EISSN: 17555922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00274.x     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Hansson GK. Atherosclerosis: An immune disease. The Anitschkov Lecture. 2007. Atherosclerosis 2009;202:2-10.
2. Galkina E, Ley K. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis (*). Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:165-197.
3. Niessner A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Immune-mediated mechanisms in atherosclerosis: Prevention and treatment of clinical manifestations. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:3701-3710.
4. Sorrentino R, Arditi M. Innate immunity, toll-like receptors, and atherosclerosis: Mouse models and methods. Methods Mol Biol 2009;517:381-399.
5. Saha P, Modarai B, Humphries J, Mattock K, Waltham M, Burnand KG, Smith A. The monocyte/macrophage as a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9:109-118.
6. Weber C, Zernecke A, Libby P. The multifaceted contributions of leukocyte subsets to atherosclerosis: Lessons from mouse models. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:802-815.
7. Tedgui A, Mallat Z. Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and regulatory pathways. Physiol Rev 2006;86:515-581.
8. Hendrix MG, Dormans PH, Kitslaar P, Bosman F, Bruggeman CA. The presence of cytomegalovirus nucleic acids in arterial walls of atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic patients. Am J Pathol 1989;134:1151-1157.
9. Stassen FR, Vainas T, Bruggeman CA. Infection and atherosclerosis. An alternative view on an outdated hypothesis. Pharmacol Rep 2008;60:85-92.
10. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1646-1654.
11. Elkind MS. Impact of innate inflammation in population studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1207:97-106.
12. Madan M, Bishayi B, Hoge M, Messas E, Amar S. Doxycycline affects diet- and bacteria-associated atherosclerosis in an ApoE heterozygote murine model: Cytokine profiling implications. Atherosclerosis 2007;190:62-72.
13. Epstein SE, Zhu J, Najafi AH, Burnett MS. Insights into the role of infection in atherogenesis and in plaque rupture. Circulation 2009;119:3133-3141.
14. Jespersen CM, Als-Nielsen B, Damgaard M, et al. Randomised placebo controlled multicentre trial to assess short term clarithromycin for patients with stable coronary heart disease: CLARICOR trial. BMJ 2006;332:22-27.
15. Nilsson J, Hansson GK. Autoimmunity in atherosclerosis: A protective response losing control?J Intern Med 2008;263:464-478.
16. Fredrikson GN, Anand DV, Hopkins D, et al. Associations between autoantibodies against apolipoprotein B-100 peptides and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52:1426-1433.
17. Chou MY, Hartvigsen K, Hansen LF, et al. Oxidation-specific epitopes are important targets of innate immunity. J Intern Med 2008;263:479-488.
18. Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis: A double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 2006;6:508-519.
19. Virella G, Lopes-Virella MF. Atherogenesis and the humoral immune response to modified lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2008;200:239-246.
20. Ratcliffe NR, Kennedy SM, Morganelli PM. Immunocytochemical detection of Fcgamma receptors in human atherosclerotic lesions. Immunol Lett 2001;77:169-174.
21. Hernandez-Vargas P, Ortiz-Munoz G, Lopez-Franco O, et al. Fcgamma receptor deficiency confers protection against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Circ Res 2006;99:1188-1196.
22. Sumiyoshi K, Mokuno H, Iesaki T, et al. Deletion of the Fc receptors gamma chain preserves endothelial function affected by hypercholesterolaemia in mice fed on a high-fat diet. Cardiovasc Res 2008;80:463-470.
23. Yuan Z, Kishimoto C, Sano H, Shioji K, Xu Y, Yokode M. Immunoglobulin treatment suppresses atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via the Fc portion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285:H899-H906.
24. Matsuura E, Kobayashi K, Inoue K, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin and atherosclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005;29:311-319.
25. Udi N, Yehuda S. Intravenous immunoglobulin: Indications and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2008;7:445-452.
26. Tardif JC, McMurray JJ, Klug E, et al. Effects of succinobucol (AGI-1067) after an acute coronary syndrome: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:1761-1768.
27. Harant H, Wolff B, Schreiner EP, et al. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor cotranslational translocation by the cyclopeptolide CAM741. Mol Pharmacol 2007;71:1657-1665.
28. Bai L, Gabriels K, Wijnands E, et al. Low- but not high-dose FK506 treatment confers atheroprotection due to alternative macrophage activation and unaffected cholesterol levels. Thromb Haemost 2010;104:143-150.
29. Bouhlel MA, Derudas B, Rigamonti E, et al. PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Cell Metab 2007;6:137-143.
30. Chen Z, Ishibashi S, Perrey S, et al. Troglitazone inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice: Pleiotropic effects on CD36 expression and HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:372-377.
31. Schernthaner G, Chilton RJ. Cardiovascular risk and thiazolidinediones-what do meta-analyses really tell us?Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12:1023-1035.
32. Michelsen KS, Wong MH, Shah PK, et al. Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:10679-10684.
33. Lin E, Freedman JE, Beaulieu LM. Innate immunity and toll-like receptor antagonists: A potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Ther 2009;27:117-123.
34. Shimamoto A, Chong AJ, Yada M, et al. Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 with eritoran attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circulation 2006;114:I270-I274.
35. Niculescu F, Rus H. The role of complement activation in atherosclerosis. Immunol Res 2004;30:73-80.
36. Speidl WS, Exner M, Amighi J, et al. Complement component C5a predicts future cardiovascular events in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2294-2299.
37. Shagdarsuren E, Bidzhekov K, Djalali-Talab Y, et al. C1-esterase inhibitor protects against neointima formation after arterial injury in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Circulation 2008;117:70-78.
38. Shagdarsuren E, Bidzhekov K, Mause SF, et al. C5a receptor targeting in neointima formation after arterial injury in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Circulation 2010;122:1026-1036.
39. Testa L, Van Gaal WJ, Bhindi R, et al. Pexelizumab in ischemic heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis on 15, 196 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;136:884-893.
40. Theroux P, Martel C. Complement activity and pharmacological inhibition in cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 2006;22(Suppl B):18B-24B.
41. Fattouch K, Bianco G, Speziale G, et al. Beneficial effects of C1 esterase inhibitor in ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients who underwent surgical reperfusion: A randomised double-blind study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007;32:326-332.
42. Diris JH, Hermens WT, Hemker PW, Lagrand WK, Hack CE, van Dieijen-Visser MP. Pharmacokinetics of C1-inhibitor protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:498-504.
43. Taleb S, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. Regulatory T-cell immunity and its relevance to atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2008;263:489-499.
44. Cheng X, Yu X, Ding YJ, et al. The Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Immunol 2008;127:89-97.
45. Sasaki N, Yamashita T, Takeda M, et al. Oral anti-CD3 antibody treatment induces regulatory T cells and inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation 2009;120:1996-2005.
46. Kaufman A, Herold KC. Anti-CD3 mAbs for treatment of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009;25:302-306.
47. Abbate A, Salloum FN, Vecile E, et al. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, inhibits apoptosis in experimental acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008;117:2670-2683.
48. McKellar GE, McCarey DW, Sattar N, McInnes IB. Role for TNF in atherosclerosis? Lessons from autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009;6:410-417.
49. Upadhya S, Mooteri S, Peckham N, Pai RG. Atherogenic effect of interleukin-2 and antiatherogenic effect of interleukin-2 antibody in apo-E-deficient mice. Angiology 2004;55:289-294.
50. Li JM, Eslami MH, Rohrer MJ, et al. Interleukin 18 binding protein (IL18-BP) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in an atherosclerotic rabbit model. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:1048-1057.
51. Crossman DC, Morton AC, Gunn JP, et al. Investigation of the effect of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on markers of inflammation in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (The MRC-ILA-HEART Study). Trials 2008;9:8.
52. Tak PP, Bacchi M, Bertolino M. Pharmacokinetics of IL-18 binding protein in healthy volunteers and subjects with rheumatoid arthritis or plaque psoriasis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006;31:109-116.
53. Ghilardi N, Ouyang W. Targeting the development and effector functions of TH17 cells. Semin Immunol 2007;19:383-393.
54. Miller AM, Xu D, Asquith DL, et al. IL-33 reduces the development of atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 2008;205:339-346.
55. Zernecke A, Shagdarsuren E, Weber C. Chemokines in atherosclerosis: An update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1897-1908.
56. Proudfoot AE, Power CA, Schwarz MK. Anti-chemokine small molecule drugs: A promising future?Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19:345-355.
57. Braunersreuther V, Steffens S, Arnaud C, et al. A novel RANTES antagonist prevents progression of established atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1090-1096.
58. Zhao Q. Dual targeting of CCR2 and CCR5: Therapeutic potential for immunologic and cardiovascular diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2010;88:41-55.
59. van Wanrooij EJ, de Jager SC, van ET, et al. CXCR3 antagonist NBI-74330 attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:251-257.
60. Zernecke A, Bot I, Djalali-Talab Y, et al. Protective role of CXC receptor 4/CXC ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2008;102:209-217.
61. Trogan E, Feig JE, Dogan S, et al. Gene expression changes in foam cells and the role of chemokine receptor CCR7 during atherosclerosis regression in ApoE-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:3781-3786.
62. Verschuren L, de Vries-van der Weij, Zadelaar S, Kleemann R, Kooistra T. LXR agonist suppresses atherosclerotic lesion growth and promotes lesion regression in apoE*3Leiden mice: Time course and mechanisms. J Lipid Res 2009;50:301-311.
63. Koenen RR, von HP, Nesmelova IV, et al. Disrupting functional interactions between platelet chemokines inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Nat Med 2009;15:97-103.
64. Johnson GL, Lapadat R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science 2002;298:1911-1912.
65. Muslin AJ. MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008;115:203-218.
66. Ricci R, Sumara G, Sumara I, et al. Requirement of JNK2 for scavenger receptor A-mediated foam cell formation in atherogenesis. Science 2004;306:1558-1561.
67. Proctor BM, Jin X, Lupu TS, Muglia LJ, Semenkovich CF, Muslin AJ. Requirement for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in neointima formation after vascular injury. Circulation 2008;118:658-666.
68. Damjanov N, Kauffman RS, Spencer-Green GT. Efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety of VX-702, a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, in rheumatoid arthritis: Results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1232-1241.
69. Norman P. BMS-582949: Crystalline form of a p38alpha inhibitor? WO2008079857. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009;19:1165-1168.
70. Bogoyevitch MA. Therapeutic promise of JNK ATP-noncompetitive inhibitors. Trends Mol Med 2005;11:232-239.
71. Barberis L, Hirsch E. Targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma to fight inflammation and more. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:279-285.
72. Ruckle T, Schwarz MK, Rommel C. PI3Kgamma inhibition: Towards an 'aspirin of the 21st century'?Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5:903-918.
73. Fougerat A, Gayral S, Gourdy P, et al. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-gamma reduces atherosclerosis and favors plaque stability by modulating inflammatory processes. Circulation 2008;117:1310-1317.
74. Doukas J, Wrasidlo W, Noronha G, Dneprovskaia E, Hood J, Soll R. Isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors as novel therapeutics for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Biochem Soc Trans 2007;35:204-206.
75. Grote K, Luchtefeld M, Schieffer B. JANUS under stress: Role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2005;43:357-363.
76. Ortiz-Munoz G, Martin-Ventura JL, Hernandez-Vargas P, et al. Suppressors of cytokine signaling modulate JAK/STAT-mediated cell responses during atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:525-531.
77. Gharavi NM, Alva JA, Mouillesseaux KP, et al. Role of the JAK/STAT pathway in the regulation of interleukin-8 transcription by oxidized phospholipids in vitro and in atherosclerosis in vivo. J Biol Chem 2007;282:31460-31468.
78. Lim WS, Timmins JM, Seimon TA, et al. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 is critical for apoptosis in macrophages subjected to endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro and in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. Circulation 2008;117:940-951.
79. Seki Y, Kai H, Shibata R, et al. Role of the JAK/STAT pathway in rat carotid artery remodeling after vascular injury. Circ Res 2000;87:12-18.
80. Ivanenkov YA, Balakin KV, Tkachenko SE. New approaches to the treatment of inflammatory disease: Focus on small-molecule inhibitors of signal transduction pathways. Drugs R D 2008;9:397-434.
81. West K. CP-690550, a JAK3 inhibitor as an immunosuppressant for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, psoriasis and other immune-mediated disorders. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009;10:491-504.
82. Torella D, Curcio A, Gasparri C, et al. Fludarabine prevents smooth muscle proliferation in vitro and neointimal hyperplasia in vivo through specific inhibition of STAT-1 activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292:H2935-H2943.
83. de Prati AC, Ciampa AR, Cavalieri E, et al. STAT1 as a new molecular target of anti-inflammatory treatment. Curr Med Chem 2005;12:1819-1828.
84. O'Sullivan LA, Liongue C, Lewis RS, Stephenson SE, Ward AC. Cytokine receptor signaling through the JAK-STAT-Socs pathway in disease. Mol Immunol 2007;44:2497-2506.
85. Hernandez-Vargas P, Lopez-Franco O, Sanjuan G, et al. Suppressors of cytokine signaling regulate angiotensin II-activated Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway in renal cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1673-1683.
86. Ortiz-Munoz G, Lopez-Parra V, Lopez-Franco O, et al. Suppressors of cytokine signaling abrogate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:763-772.
87. Mujtaba MG, Flowers LO, Patel CB, Patel RA, Haider MI, Johnson HM. Treatment of mice with the suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 mimetic peptide, tyrosine kinase inhibitor peptide, prevents development of the acute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and induces stable remission in the chronic relapsing/remitting form. J Immunol 2005;175:5077-5086.
88. Wong ET, Tergaonkar V. Roles of NF-kappaB in health and disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009;116:451-465.
89. de Winther MP, Kanters E, Kraal G, Hofker MH. Nuclear factor kappaB signaling in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:904-914.
90. Wilson SH, Best PJ, Edwards WD, et al. Nuclear factor-kappaB immunoreactivity is present in human coronary plaque and enhanced in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 2002;160:147-153.
91. Lopez-Franco O, Hernandez-Vargas P, Ortiz-Munoz G, et al. Parthenolide modulates the NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory responses in experimental atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:1864-1870.
92. Kanters E, Pasparakis M, Gijbels MJ, et al. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in macrophages increases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1176-1185.
93. Gareus R, Kotsaki E, Xanthoulea S, et al. Endothelial cell-specific NF-kappaB inhibition protects mice from atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2008;8:372-383.
94. Gilmore TD, Herscovitch M. Inhibitors of NF-kappaB signaling: 785 and counting. Oncogene 2006;25:6887-6899.
95. Norata GD, Marchesi P, Passamonti S, Pirillo A, Violi F, Catapano AL. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects of cathechin, caffeic acid and trans-resveratrol in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2007;191:265-271.
96. Aviram M, Volkova N, Coleman R, et al. Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: Studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein e-deficient (E 0) mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:1148-1157.
97. Olszanecki R, Jawien J, Gajda M, et al. Effect of curcumin on atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005;56:627-635.
98. Cuaz-Perolin C, Billiet L, Bauge E, et al. Antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic effects of the NF-kappaB inhibitor acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid in LPS-challenged ApoE-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:272-277.
99. Onai Y, Suzuki J, Maejima Y, et al. Inhibition of NF-{kappa}B improves left ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292:H530-H538.
100. Ziegelbauer K, Gantner F, Lukacs NW, et al. A selective novel low-molecular-weight inhibitor of IkappaB kinase-beta (IKK-beta) prevents pulmonary inflammation and shows broad anti-inflammatory activity. Br J Pharmacol 2005;145:178-192.
101. Chew P, Yuen DY, Koh P, et al. Site-specific antiatherogenic effect of the antioxidant ebselen in the diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:823-830.
102. Chiba T, Kondo Y, Shinozaki S, et al. A selective NFkappaB inhibitor, DHMEQ, reduced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2006;13:308-313.
103. Van Herck JL, De Meyer GR, Martinet W, Bult H, Vrints CJ, Herman AG. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib promotes a rupture-prone plaque phenotype in ApoE-deficient mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2010;105:39-50.
104. Strickland I, Ghosh S. Use of cell permeable NBD peptides for suppression of inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(Suppl 3):iii75-iii82.
105. Choy E, Sattar N. Interpreting lipid levels in the context of high-grade inflammatory states with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: A challenge to conventional cardiovascular risk actions. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:460-469.