The extended nutrigenomics - understanding the interplay between the genomes of food, gut microbes, and human host

Frontiers in Genetics

Volumn 2, Issue MAY, 2011, Pages

  Kussmann, Martin ^a,b   Van Bladeren, Peter J ^a  

^a NESTLÉ RESEARCH CENTER   (Switzerland)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Bioactive; Biomarker; Epigenetics; Gut microbiota; Nutrigenetics; Nutrigenomics; Personalized nutrition

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862172768     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16648021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00021     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Aagaard-Tillery, K. M., Grove, K., Bishop, J., Ke, X., Fu, Q., McKnight, R., and Lane,R.H. (2008). Developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 41,91-102.
2. Astle, J., Ferguson, J. T., German, J. B., Harrigan, G. G., Kelleher, N. L., Kodadek, T., Parks, B. A., Roth, M. J., Singletary, K. W., Wenger, C. D., and Mahady, G. B. (2007). Characterization of proteomic and metabolomic responses to dietary factors and supplements. J. Nutr. 137,2787-2793.
3. Autelitano, D. J., Rajic, A., Smith, A. I., Berndt, M. C, Hag, L. L., and Vadas, M. (2006). The cryptome: a subset of the proteome, comprising cryptic peptides with distinct bioactivities. DrugDiscov. Today 11, 306-314.
4. Backhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., and Gordon, J. I. (2005). Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915-1920.
5. Bailey, L. B., and Gregory, J. F. III. (1999). Polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reduc-tase and other enzymes: metabolic significance, risks and impact on folate requirement. J. Nutr. 129, 919-922.
6. Beermann, C., Euler, M., Herzberg, J., and Stahl, B. (2009). Anti-oxidative capacity of enzymati-cally released peptides from soybean protein isolate. Eur. Food Res. Tech-nol. 229, 637-644.
7. Biagi, E., Candela, M., Fairweather-Tait, S., Franceschi, C., and Brigidi, P. (2011). Ageing of the human metaorganism: the microbial counterpart. Age (Dordr.) doi:10.1007/ s11357-011-9217-5. [Epub ahead of print].
8. Boney, C. M., Verma, A., Tucker, R., and Vohr, B. R. (2005). Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 115,e290-e296.
9. Bourlioux, P., Koletzko, B., Guarner, F., and Braesco, V. (2003) The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on the Danone symposium "the intelligent intestine," held in Paris, June 14, 2002. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78, 675-683.
10. Bourne, H. R. (1997). How receptors talk to trimeric G proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9, 134-142.
11. Bry, L., Falk, P. G., Midtvedt, T., and Gordon, J. I. (1996). A model of host-microbial interactions in an open mammalian ecosystem. Science 273, 1380-1383.
12. Casado, B., Affolter, M., and Kussmann, M. (2009). OMICS-rooted studies of milk proteins, oligosaccharides and lipids.J. Proteomics 73, 196-208.
13. Crouch, S. P., Slater, K. J., and Fletcher, J. (1992). Regulation of cytokine release from mononuclear cells by the iron-binding protein lactoferrin. Blood 80, 235-240.
14. Danielsen, M., Hornshoej, H., Siggers, R. H., Jensen, B. B., van Kessel, A. G., and Bendixen, E. (2007). Effects of bacterial colonization on the porcine intestinal proteome. J. Proteome Res. 6, 2596-2604.
15. de Lumen, B. O. (2005). Lunasin: a cancer-preventive soy peptide. Nutr. Rev. 63, 16-21.
16. Downes, G. B., and Gautam, N. (1999). The G protein subunit gene families. Genomics 62, 544-552.
17. Dumas, M. E., Barton, R. H., Toye, A., Cloarec, O., Blancher, C., Rothwell, A., Fearnside, J., Tatoud, R., Blanc, V., Lindon, J. C., Mitchell, S. C., Holmes, E., McCarthy, M. I., Scott, J., Gauguier, D., and Nicholson, J. K. (2006). Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 12511-12516.
18. Erdmann, K., Cheung, B. W., and Schroder, H. (2008). The possible roles of food-derived bioactive peptides in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.J. Nutr. Biochem. 19, 643-654.
19. Erickson, B. E. (2005). Proteomics data back up soy health claims. J. Proteome Res. 4, 219.
20. Falk, P. G., Hooper, L. V., Midtvedt, T., and Gordon, J. I. (1998). Creating and maintaining the gastrointestinal ecosystem: what we know and need to know from gnotobiology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 1157-1170.
21. Fang, N., Yu, S., and Badger, T. M. (2004). Comprehensive phytochemical profile of soy protein isolate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52,4012-4020.
22. Farnaud, S., and Evans, R. W. (2003). Lactoferrina multifunctional protein with antimicrobial properties. Mol. Immunol. 40, 395-405.
23. Fong, B. Y., Norris, C. S., and Palmano, K. P. (2008). Fractionation of bovine whey proteins and characterisation by proteomic techniques. Int. Dairy J. 18,23-46.
24. Frey, U. H., Hauner, H., Jockel, K. H., Manthey, I., Brockmeyer, N., and Siffert, W. (2008). A novel promoter polymorphism in the human gene GNAS affects binding of transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor 1, Galphas protein expression and body weight regulation. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 18, 141-151.
25. Gao, L., Wang, A., Li, X., Dong, K., Wang, K., Appels, R., Ma, W., and Yan, Y. (2009). Wheat quality related differential expressions of albumins and globulins revealed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). J. Proteomics 73, 279-296.
26. Gautam, N., Downes, G. B., Yan, K., and Kisselev, O. (1998). The G-protein betagamma complex. Cell. Signal. 10,447-455.
27. Geleijnse, J. M., and Engberink, M. F. (2010). Lactopeptides and human blood pressure. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 21,58-63.
28. German, J. B., and Dillard, C. J. (2006). Composition, structure and absorption of milk lipids: a source of energy, fatsoluble nutrients and bioactive molecules. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 46, 57-92.
29. Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Buklijas, T., Low, F. M., and Beedle, A. S. (2009). Epigenetic mechanisms that underpin metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 5,401-408.
30. Gluckman, P. D., Lillycrop, K. A., Vickers, M. H., Pleasants, A. B., Phillips, E. S., Beedle, A. S., Burdge, G. C., and Hanson, M. A. (2007). Metabolic plasticity during mammalian development is directionally dependent on early nutritional status. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 12796-12800.
31. Gos, M. Jr., and Szpecht-Potocka, A. (2002). Genetic basis of neural tube defects. II. Genes correlated with folate and methionine metabolism. J. Appl. Genet. 43, 511-524.
32. Grigorov, M. G., and van Bladeren, P. J. (2007). Functional peptides by genome reverse engineering. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 10, 341-346.
33. Gutersohn, A., Naber, C., Muller, N., Erbel, R., and Siffert, W. (2000). G protein beta3 subunit 825 TT genotype and post-pregnancy weight retention. Lancet 355, 1240-1241.
34. Hamady, M., and Knight, R. (2009). Microbial community profiling for human microbiome projects: tools, techniques, and challenges. Genome Res. 19, 1141-1152.
35. Hauner, H., Meier, M., Jockel, K. H., Frey, U. H., and Siffert, W. (2003). Prediction of successful weight reduction under sibutramine therapy through genotyping of the G-protein beta3 subunit gene (GNB3) C825T polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics 13,453-459.
36. Heijmans, B. T., Tobi, E. W., Stein, A. D., Putter, H., Blauw, G. J., Susser, E. S., Slagboom, P. E., and Lumey, L. H. (2008). Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 17046-17049.
37. Holmes, E., Loo, R. L., Stamler, J., Bictash, M., Yap, I. K., Chan, Q., Ebbels, T., De Iorio, M., Brown, I. J., Veselkov, K. A., Daviglus, M. L., Kesteloot, H., Ueshima, H., Zhao, L., Nicholson, J. K., and Elliott, P. (2008). Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature 453, 396-400.
38. Holtmann, G., Siffert, W., Haag, S., Mueller, N., Langkafel, M., Senf, W., Zotz, R., and Talley, N. J. (2004). G-protein beta 3 subunit 825 CC genotype is associated with unexplained (functional) dyspepsia. Gas-troenterology 126,971-979.
39. Hooper, L. V., and Gordon, J. I. (2001). Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science 292, 1115-1118.
40. Hooper, L. V., Midtvedt, T., and Gordon, J. I. (2002). How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22,283-307.
41. Hooper, L. V., Wong, M. H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P. G., and Gordon, J. I. (2001). Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science 291, 881-884.
42. Huyghe, A., Francois, P., Charbonnier, Y., Tangomo-Bento, M., Bonetti, E. J., Paster, B. J., Bolivar, I., Baratti-Mayer, D., Pittet, D., and Schrenzel, J. (2008). Novel microarray design strategy to study complex bacterial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 1876-1885.
43. Jirtle, R. L., and Skinner, M. K. (2007). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8,253-262.
44. Klose, R. J., and Bird, A. P. (2006). Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem. Sci. 31,89-97.
45. Kussmann, M., Affolter, M., and Fay, L. B. (2005). Proteomics in nutrition and health. Comb. Chem. High Throughput. Screen. 8, 679-696.
46. Kussmann, M., and Daniel, H. (2008). Editorial overview. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19, 63-65.
47. Kussmann, M., and Fay, L. B. (2008). Nutrigenomics and personalized nutrition: science and concept. Per. Med. 5, 447-455.
48. Kussmann, M., Panchaud, A., and Affolter, M. (2010). Proteomics in nutrition: status quo and outlook for biomarkers and bioactives. J. Proteome Res. 9, 4876-4887.
49. Kussmann, M., Raymond, F., and Affolter, M. (2006). OMICS-driven biomarker discovery in nutrition and health. J. Biotechnol. 124, 758-787.
50. Labeta, M. O., Vidal, K., Nores, J. E., Arias, M., Vita, N., Morgan, B. P. Guillemot, J. C., Loyaux, D., Ferrara, P., Schmid, D., Affolter, M., Borysiewicz, L. K., Donnet-Hughes, A., and Schiffrin, E. J. (2000). Innate recognition of bacteria in human milk is mediated by a milk-derived highly expressed pattern recognition receptor, soluble CD 14. J. Exp. Med. 191,1807-1812.
51. Lampreave, F., Pineiro, A., Brock, J. H., Castillo, H., Sanchez, L., and Calvo, M. (1990). Interaction of bovine lactoferrin with other proteins of milk whey. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 12, 2-5.
52. LeBouder, E., Rey-Nores, J. E., Rushmere, N. K., Grigorov, M., Lawn, S. D., Affolter, M., Griffin, G. E., Ferrara, P., Schiffrin, E. J., Morgan, B. P., and Labéta, M. O. (2003). Soluble forms of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 capable of modulating TLR2 signaling are present in human plasma and breast milk. J. Immunol. 171, 6680-6689.
53. Levy, J. (1998). Immunonutrition: the pediatric experience. Nutrition 14, 641-647.
54. Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., and Gordon, J. I. (2006). Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature Hi, 1022-1023.
55. Lillycrop, K. A., Phillips, E. S., Jackson, A. A., Hanson, M. A., and Burdge, G. C. (2005). Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring. J. Nutr. 135, 1382-1386.
56. Macpherson, A. J., and Harris, N. L. (2004). Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 478-485.
57. Madureira, A. R., Pereira, C. I., Gomes, A.-M. P., Pintado, M. E., and Malcata, F. X. (2007). Bovine whey proteins overview on their main biological properties. Food Res. Int. 40, 1197-1211.
58. Martin, F. P., Dumas, M. E., Wang, Y., Legido-Quigley, C., Yap, I. K., Tang, H.,Zirah, S., Murphy, G. M., Cloarec, O., Lindon, J. C., Sprenger, N., Fay, L. B., Kochhar, S., van Bladeren, P., Holmes, E., and Nicholson, J. K. (2007). A top-down systems biology view of microbiome-mammalian metabolic interactions in a mouse model. Mol. Syst. Biol. 3, 112.
59. Martin, F. P., Verdu, E. F., Wang, Y., Dumas, M. E., Yap, I. K., Cloarec, O., Bergonzelli, G. E., Corthesy-Theulaz, I., Kochhar, S., Holmes, E., Lindon, J. C., Collins, S. M., and Nicholson, J. K. (2006). Transgenomic metabolic interactions in a mouse disease model: interactions of Trichinella spiralis infection with dietary Lactobacillus paracasei supplementation. J. Proteome Res. 5, 2185-2193.
60. Martin, F. P., Wang, Y., Sprenger, N., Yap, I. K., Lundstedt, T., Lek, P., Rezzi, S., Ramadan, Z., van Bladeren, P., Fay, L. B., Kochhar, S., Lindon, J. C., Holmes, E., and Nicholson, J. K. (2008). Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial-host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model. Mol. Syst. Biol. 4,157.
61. Masuda, O., Nakamura, Y., and Takano, T. (1996). Antihypertensive peptides are present in aorta after oral administration of sour milk containing these peptides to spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Nutr. 126, 3063-3068.
62. Meisel, H. (2004). Multifunctional peptides encrypted in milk proteins. Biofactors 21, 55-61.
63. Meisel, H., and Bockelmann, W (1999). Bioactive peptides encrypted in milk proteins: proteolytic activation and thropho-functional properties. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 76, 207-215.
64. Minkiewicz, P., Dziuba, J., Iwaniak, A., Dziuba, M., and Darewicz, M. (2008). BIOPEP database and other programs for processing bioactive peptide sequences. J. AOAC Int. 91, 965-980.
65. Mitchell, A., Rushentsova, U., Siffert, W., Philipp, T., and Wenzel, R. R. (2006). The angiotensin II receptor antagonist valsartan inhibits endothelin 1-induced vasoconstriction in the skin microcirculation in humans in vivo: influence of the G-protein beta3 subunit (GNB3) C825T polymorphism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 79, 274-281.
66. Moller, N. P., Scholz-Ahrens, K. E., Roos, N., and Schrezenmeir, J. (2008). Bioactive peptides and proteins from foods: indication for health effects. Eur. I Nutr. 47,171-182.
67. Nafee, T. M., Farrell, W E., Carroll, W. D., Fryer, A. A., and Ismail, K. M. (2008). Epigenetic control of fetal gene expression. BJOG 115, 158-168.
68. Need, A. C., Attix, D. K., McEvoy, J. M., Cirulli, E. T., Linney, K. L., Hunt, P., Ge, D., Heinzen, E. L., Maia, J. M., Shianna, K. V., Weale, M. E., Cherkas, L. F., Clement, G., Spector, T. D., Gibson, G., and Goldstein, D. B. (2009). A genome-wide study of common SNPs and CNVs in cognitive performance in the CANTAB. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18,4650-4661.
69. Nelson, M. R., Marnellos, G., Kammerer, S., Hoyal, C. R., Shi, M. M., Cantor, C. R., and Braun, A. (2004). Large-scale validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in gene regions. Genome Res. 14,1664- 1668.
70. Ng, S. C., Benjamin, J. L., McCarthy, N. E., Hedin, C. R., Koutsoumpas, A., Plamondon, S., Price, C. L., Hart, A. L., Kamm, M. A., Forbes, A., Knight, S. C., Lindsay, J. O., Whelan, K., and Stagg, A. J. (2010). Relationship between human intestinal dendritic cells, gut microbiota, and disease activity in Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21590. [Epub ahead of print].
71. Nicholls, A. W., Mortishire-Smith, R. J., and Nicholson, J. K. (2003). NMR spectroscopic-based metabonomic studies of urinary metabolite variation in acclimatizing germ-free rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16, 1395-1404.
72. Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., and Wilson, I. D. (2005). Gut microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3,431-438.
73. Nicholson, J. K., and Wilson, I. D. (2003). Opinion: understanding "global" systems biology: metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2, 668-676.
74. Ninonuevo, M. R., Youmie, P., Hongfeng, Y., Jinhua, Z., Ward, R. E., Clowers, B. H., German, J. B., Freeman, S. L., Killeen, K., Grimm, R., and Lebrilla, C. B. (2006). A strategy for annotating the human milk glycome. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 7471-7480.
75. Nurnberger, J., Dammer, S., Mitchell, A., Siffert, W., Wenzel, R. R., Gossl, M., Philipp, T., Michel, M. C., and Schäfers, R. F. (2003). Effect of the C825T polymorphism of the G protein beta 3 subunit on the systolic blood pressure-lowering effect of clonidine in young, healthy male subjects. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. 74, 53-60.
76. Painter, R. C., Roseboom, T. J., and Bleker, O. P. (2005). Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine and disease in later life: an overview. Reprod. Toxicol. 20, 345-352.
77. Panchaud, A., Affolter, M., Moreillon, P., and Kussmann, M. (2008). Experimental and computational approaches to quantitative proteomics: status quo and outlook. J. Proteomics 71, 19-33.
78. Park, J. H., Jeong, H. J., and de Lumen, B. O. (2005) Contents and bioactivities of lunasin, bowman-birk inhibitor, and isoflavones in soybean seed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 7686-7690.
79. Payton, A., Gibbons, L., Davidson, Y., Ollier, W., Rabbitt, P., Worthington, J., Pickles, A., Pendleton, N., and Horan, M. (2005). Influence of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms on cognitive decline and cognitive abilities in a nondemented elderly population. Mol. Psychiatry 10,1133-1139.
80. Pruteanu, M., Hyland, N. P., Clarke, D. J.,Kiely,B.,andShanahan,F. (2011). Degradation of the extracellular matrix components by bacterial-derived metalloproteases: implications for inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17, 1189-1200.
81. Rabot, S., Membrez, M., Bruneau, A., Gerard, P., Harach, T., Moser, M., Raymond, F., Mansourian, R., and Chou, C. J. (2010). Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism. FASEB J. 24, 4948-4959.
82. Robinson, S. M., Crozier, S. R., Borland, S. E., Hammond, J., Barker, D. J., and Inskip, H. M. (2004). Impact of educational attainment on the quality of young women's diets. Eur. I Clin. Nutr. 58,1174-1180.
83. Sakata, K., Ohyanagi, H., Nobori, H., Nakamura, T., Hashiguchi, A., Nanjo, Y., Mikami, Y., Yunokawa, H., and Komatsu, S. (2009). Soybean proteome database: a data resource for plant differential omics. J. Proteome Res. 8, 3539-3548.
84. Sanchez, L., Calvo, M., and Brock, J. H. (1992). Biological role of lactoferrin. Arch. Dis. Child. 67, 657-661.
85. Savage, D. C. (1977). Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 31, 107-133.
86. Savage, D. C. (1986). Gastrointestinal microflora in mammalian nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6, 155-178.
87. Schack-Nielsen, L., and Michaelsen, K. F. (2007). Advances in our understanding of the biology of human milk and its effects on the offspring. J.Nutr. 137, 503S-510S.
88. Schaefer-Graf, U. M., Pawliczak, J., Passow, D., Hartmann, R., Rossi, R., Buhrer, C., Harder, T., Plagemann, A., Vetter, K., and Kordonouri, O. (2005). Birth weight and parental BMI predict overweight in children from mothers with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 28, 1745-1750.
89. Schlimme, E., and Meisel, H. (1995). Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins. Structural, physiological and analytical aspects. Nahrung 39, 1-20.
90. Severin, S., and Xia, W. (2005). Milk biologically active components as nutraceuticals: review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45, 645-656.
91. Siffert, W. (2005). G protein polymorphisms in hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Annu. Rev. Med. 56, 17-28.
92. Sinclair, K. D., Allegrucci, C., Singh, R., Gardner, D. S., Sebastian, S., Bispham, J., Thurston, A., Huntley, J. F., Rees, W D., Maloney, C. A., Lea, R. G., Craigon, J., McEvoy, T. G., and Young, L. E. (2007). DNA methylation, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in offspring determined by maternal periconceptional B vitamin and methionine status. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 19351-19356.
93. Singhal, A. (2006). Early nutrition and long-term cardiovascular health. Nutr. Rev. 64, S44-S49.
94. Slotkin, R. K., and Martienssen, R. (2007). Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8, 272-285.
95. Smith, E. D., Tsuchiya, M., Fox, L. A., Dang, N., Hu, D., Kerr, E. O., Johnston, E. D., Tchao, B. N., Pak, D. N., Welton, K. L., Promislow, D. E., Thomas, J. H., Kaeberlein, M., Kennedy, B. K. (2008). Quantitative evidence for conserved longevity pathways between divergent eukaryotic species. Genome Res. 18, 564-570.
96. Sonnenburg, J. L., Chen, C. T., and Gordon, J. I. (2006). Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS Biol. 4, e413. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio. 0040413
97. Sonnenburg, J. L., Xu, J., Leip, D. D., Chen, C. H., Westover, B. P., Weatherford, J., Buhler, J. D., and Gordon, J. I. (2005). Glycan foraging in vivo by an intestine-adapted bacterial symbiont. Science 307, 1955-1959.
98. Talbert, P. B., and Henikoff, S. (2006). Spreading of silent chromatin: inaction at a distance. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7, 793-803.
99. Turnbaugh, P. J., and Gordon, J. I. (2009). The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity. J. Physiol. 587,4153-4158.
100. Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., Egholm, M., Henrissat, B., Heath, A. C., Knight, R., and Gordon, J. I. (2009). A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457, 480-484.
101. Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., and Gordon, J. I. (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027-1031.
102. Ver Berkmoes, N. C., Russell, A. L., Shah, M., Godzik, A., Rosenquist, M., Halfvarson, J., Lefsrud, M. G., Apajalahti, J., Tysk, C., Hettich, R. L., and Jansson, J. K. (2009). Shotgun metaproteomics of the human distal gut microbiota. ISME J. 3, 179-189.
103. Vickers, M. H., Breier, B. H., Cutfield, W. S., Hofman, P. L., and Gluckman, P. D. (2000). Fetal origins of hyperphagia, obesity, and hypertension and postnatal amplification by hypercaloric nutrition. Am. J. Physiol Fndocrinol Metab. 279, E83-E87.
104. Vickers, M. H., Gluckman, P. D., Coveny, A. H., Hofman, P. L., Cutfield, W. S., Gertler, A., Breier, B. H., and Harris, M. (2005). Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology 146, 4211-4216.
105. Vidal, K., Labeta, M. O., Schiffrin, E. J., and Donnet-Hughes, A. (2001). Soluble CD 14 in human breast milk and its role in innate immune responses. Acta Odontol Scand. 59, 330-334.
106. Walker, W A., Goulet, O., Morelli, M., and Antoine, J. M. (2006). Progress in the science of probiotics: from cellular microbiology and applied immunology to clinical nutrition. Eur. J. Nutr. 45, 1-18.
107. Waterland, R. A., Lin, J. R., Smith, C. A., andJirtle,R. L. (2006). Post-weaning diet affects genomic imprinting at the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) locus. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 705-716.
108. Wenzel, R. R., Siffert, W., Bruck, H., Philipp, T., and Schafers, R. F. (2002). Enhanced vasoconstriction to endothelin-1, angiotensin II and noradrenaline in carriers of the GNB3 825T allele in the skin microcirculation. Pharmacogenetics 12,489-495.
109. Xu, J., and Gordon, J. I. (2003). Inaugural article: honor thy symbionts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 10452-10459.
110. Yajnik, C. S. (2004). Early life origins of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in India and other Asian countries. J. Nutr. 134,205-210.
111. Yajnik, C. S., Deshpande, S. S., Jackson, A. A., Refsum, H., Rao, S., Fisher, D. J., Bhat, D. S.,Naik, S. S.,Coyaji, K. J., Joglekar, C. V., Joshi, N., Lubree, H. G., Deshpande, V. U.,Rege,S. S., And Fall,C.H. (2008).Vitamin B12 And Folatecon centrations durIng Pregnancy and insulinresistance In The Off Spring:Thepune Maternal Nutritionstudy. Diabetologia 51, 29-38.
112. Zhao,X.J.,Li,C.,Paez,J.G.,Chin, K., Janne, P.A., Chen, T.H., Girard, L., Minna, J., Christiani, D., Leo, C., Gray, J.W., Sellers, W.R., And Meyerson, M. (2004). Anintegrated Viewofcopynumberandallelic Alterationsinthecancergenome Using Singlenucleotidepolymor Phism Arrays. Cancer Res. 64, 3060-3071.