A review of the role of apolipoprotein C-II in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease

Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental

Volumn 61, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 906-921

  Kei, Anastazia A ^a   Filippatos, Theodosios D ^a   Tsimihodimos, Vasilios ^a   Elisaf, Moses S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; APOLIPOPROTEIN C2; ATORVASTATIN; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; LIFESTYLE; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; LIPOPROTEINS; MALE; MICE; MUTATION; RATS;

EID: 84862117973     PISSN: 00260495     EISSN: 15328600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. M.C. Jong, M.H. Hofker, and L.M. Havekes Role of ApoCs in lipoprotein metabolism: functional differences between ApoC1, ApoC2, and ApoC3 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 1999 472 484 (Pubitemid 29135144)
2. E.M. Ooi, P.H. Barrett, and D.C. Chan Apolipoprotein C-III: understanding an emerging cardiovascular risk factor Clin Sci (Lond) 114 2008 611 624 (Pubitemid 351589061)
3. G.H. Tomkin The intestine as a regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in diabetes Atheroscler Suppl 9 2008 27 32
4. A.C. Rutledge, Q. Su, and K. Adeli Apolipoprotein B100 biogenesis: a complex array of intracellular mechanisms regulating folding, stability, and lipoprotein assembly Biochem Cell Biol 88 2010 251 267
5. B. Verges Abnormal hepatic apolipoprotein B metabolism in type 2 diabetes Atherosclerosis 211 2010 353 360
6. I.J. Goldberg, Y. Kako, and E.P. Lutz Responses to eating: lipoproteins, lipolytic products and atherosclerosis Curr Opin Lipidol 11 2000 235 241 (Pubitemid 30336020)
7. I.J. Goldberg Lipoprotein lipase and lipolysis: central roles in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis J Lipid Res 37 1996 693 707 (Pubitemid 26140808)
8. J. Bjorkegren, F. Karpe, and R.W. Milne Differences in apolipoprotein and lipid composition between human chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoproteins isolated from fasting and postprandial plasma J Lipid Res 39 1998 1412 1420 (Pubitemid 28332475)
9. F. Karpe Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis J Intern Med 246 1999 341 355 (Pubitemid 29479916)
10. R.W. Mahley, and Z.S. Ji Remnant lipoprotein metabolism: key pathways involving cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and apolipoprotein E J Lipid Res 40 1999 1 16 (Pubitemid 29022581)
11. A.P. Lillis, L.B. Van Duyn, and J.E. Murphy-Ullrich LDL receptor-related protein 1: unique tissue-specific functions revealed by selective gene knockout studies Physiol Rev 88 2008 887 918
12. K.I. Stanford, J.R. Bishop, and E.M. Foley Syndecan-1 is the primary heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediating hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mice J Clin Invest 119 2009 3236 3245
13. R.W. Mahley, and Y. Huang Atherogenic remnant lipoproteins: role for proteoglycans in trapping, transferring, and internalizing J Clin Invest 117 2007 94 98 (Pubitemid 46048456)
14. K.J. Williams Molecular processes that handle - and mishandle - dietary lipids J Clin Invest 118 2008 3247 3259
15. G.F. Lewis, and D.J. Rader New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport Circ Res 96 2005 1221 1232 (Pubitemid 40962099)
16. W. Jin, D. Marchadier, and D.J. Rader Lipases and HDL metabolism Trends Endocrinol Metab 13 2002 174 178 (Pubitemid 36733992)
17. C. Lenich, P. Brecher, and S. Makrides Apolipoprotein gene expression in the rabbit: abundance, size, and distribution of apolipoprotein mRNA species in different tissues J Lipid Res 29 1988 755 764
18. V.I. Zannis, F.S. Cole, and C.L. Jackson Distribution of apolipoprotein A-I, C-II, C-III, and E mRNA in fetal human tissues. Time-dependent induction of apolipoprotein E mRNA by cultures of human monocyte-macrophages Biochemistry 24 1985 4450 4455 (Pubitemid 15228451)
19. O. Myklebost, B. Williamson, and A.F. Markham The isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for human apolipoprotein CII J Biol Chem 259 1984 4401 4404 (Pubitemid 14127805)
20. E.M. Chun, Y.J. Park, and H.S. Kang Expression of the apolipoprotein C-II gene during myelomonocytic differentiation of human leukemic cells J Leukoc Biol 69 2001 645 650
21. P.A. Mak, B.A. Laffitte, and C. Desrumaux Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical role for nuclear liver X receptors alpha and beta J Biol Chem 277 2002 31900 31908 (Pubitemid 34968998)
22. M.J. Hoffer, M.M. van Eck, and L.M. Havekes Structure and expression of the mouse apolipoprotein C2 gene Genomics 17 1993 45 51 (Pubitemid 23205056)
23. P. Wang-Iverson, J.C. Gibson, and W.V. Brown Plasma apolipoprotein secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages Biochim Biophys Acta 834 1985 256 262 (Pubitemid 15072787)
24. C.L. Jackson, G.A. Bruns, and J.L. Breslow Isolation and sequence of a human apolipoprotein CII cDNA clone and its use to isolate and map to human chromosome 19 the gene for apolipoprotein CII Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81 1984 2945 2949 (Pubitemid 14109502)
25. W.H. Li, M. Tanimura, and C.C. Luo The apolipoprotein multigene family: biosynthesis, structure, structure-function relationships, and evolution J Lipid Res 29 1988 245 271
26. C.M. Allan, S. Taylor, and J.M. Taylor Two hepatic enhancers, HCR.1 and HCR.2, coordinate the liver expression of the entire human apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster J Biol Chem 272 1997 29113 29119 (Pubitemid 27498200)
27. P. Vorgia, V.I. Zannis, and D. Kardassis A short proximal promoter and the distal hepatic control region-1 (HCR-1) contribute to the liver specificity of the human apolipoprotein C-II gene. Hepatic enhancement by HCR-1 requires two proximal hormone response elements which have different binding specificities for orphan receptors HNF-4, ARP-1, and EAR-2 J Biol Chem 273 1998 4188 4196 (Pubitemid 28103289)
28. D. Kardassis, A. Roussou, and P. Papakosta Synergism between nuclear receptors bound to specific hormone response elements of the hepatic control region-1 and the proximal apolipoprotein C-II promoter mediate apolipoprotein C-II gene regulation by bile acids and retinoids Biochem J 372 2003 291 304 (Pubitemid 36723875)
29. T.A. Melhuish, D.D. Chung, and G.A. Bjerke Tgif1 represses apolipoprotein gene expression in liver J Cell Biochem 111 2010 380 390
30. Y. Andersson, Z. Majd, and A.M. Lefebvre Developmental and pharmacological regulation of apolipoprotein C-II gene expression. Comparison with apo C-I and apo C-III gene regulation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 1999 115 121 (Pubitemid 29031919)
31. J. Girard, D. Perdereau, and F. Foufelle Regulation of lipogenic enzyme gene expression by nutrients and hormones Faseb J 8 1994 36 42 (Pubitemid 24047409)
32. C.H. Chen, Y.L. Cao, and W.C. Hu Apolipoprotein C-II promoter T->A substitution at position -190 affects on the transcription of the gene and its relationship to hyperlipemia Biochem Biophys Res Commun 354 2007 62 65
33. A. Kuniyoshi, Y. Okamoto, and T. Tamagawa A thymidine to cytosine substitution for codon 26 of exon 3 of apolipoprotein C-II gene in a patient with apolipoprotein C-II deficiency Intern Med 38 1999 140 144
34. M.S. Nauck, H. Nissen, and M.M. Hoffmann Detection of mutations in the apolipoprotein CII gene by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Identification of the splice site variant apolipoprotein CII-Hamburg in a patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia Clin Chem 44 1998 1388 1396 (Pubitemid 28309096)
35. R. Streicher, H. Avci, and M. Munck Structure of the human apolipoprotein C-II gene promoter Z Gastroenterol 34 Suppl 3 1996 49 50
36. S. Tuzgol, S.M. Bijvoet, and T. Bruin Apolipoprotein CII-Padova (Tyr37->stop) as a cause of chylomicronaemia in an Italian kindred from Siculiana J Med Genet 31 1994 622 626
37. B.R. Zysow, C.R. Pullinger, and L.K. Hennessy The apolipoprotein C-II variant apoC-IILys19->Thr is not associated with dyslipidemia in an affected kindred Clin Genet 45 1994 292 297 (Pubitemid 24195300)
38. T. Zanelli, A.L. Catapano, and M.R. Averna A new case of apo C-II deficiency with a nonsense mutation in the apo C-II gene Clin Chim Acta 224 1994 111 118 (Pubitemid 24078583)
39. H. Inadera, A. Hibino, and J. Kobayashi A missense mutation (Trp 26->Arg) in exon 3 of the apolipoprotein CII gene in a patient with apolipoprotein CII deficiency (apo CII-Wakayama) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193 1993 1174 1183 (Pubitemid 23209718)
40. A. Capurso, F. Resta, and F. Turturro Apo C-II deficiency type Bari Eur J Epidemiol 8 Suppl 1 1992 64 70
41. C.L. Parrott, N. Alsayed, and R. Rebourcet ApoC-IIParis2: a premature termination mutation in the signal peptide of apoC-II resulting in the familial chylomicronemia syndrome J Lipid Res 33 1992 361 367
42. F.U. Beil, S.S. Fojo, and H.B. Brewer Jr Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome due to apo C-IIHamburg: clinical and biochemical features and HphI restriction enzyme polymorphism Eur J Clin Invest 22 1992 88 95
43. S.S. Fojo, G. Baggio, and C. Gabelli Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency: identification of a structural variant ApoC-II Padova Biochem Biophys Res Commun 154 1988 73 79
44. G.F. Maguire, J.A. Little, and G. Kakis Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency associated with nonfunctional mutant forms of apolipoprotein C-II Can J Biochem Cell Biol 62 1984 847 852 (Pubitemid 15224385)
45. S.S. Fojo, U. Beisiegel, and U. Beil Donor splice site mutation in the apolipoprotein (Apo) C-II gene (Apo C-IIHamburg) of a patient with Apo C-II deficiency J Clin Invest 82 1988 1489 1494 (Pubitemid 19007749)
46. M. Okubo, Y. Hasegawa, and Y. Aoyama A G+1 to C mutation in a donor splice site of intron 2 in the apolipoprotein (apo) C-II gene in a patient with apo C-II deficiency. A possible interaction between apo C-II deficiency and apo E4 in a severely hypertriglyceridemic patient Atherosclerosis 130 1997 153 160 (Pubitemid 27191035)
47. S.S. Fojo, J.L. de Gennes, and J. Chapman An initiation codon mutation in the apoC-II gene (apoC-II Paris) of a patient with a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II J Biol Chem 264 1989 20839 20842 (Pubitemid 20017881)
48. P.W. Connelly, G.F. Maguire, and T. Hofmann Structure of apolipoprotein C-IIToronto, a nonfunctional human apolipoprotein Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84 1987 270 273 (Pubitemid 17013616)
49. S.S. Fojo, A.F. Stalenhoef, and K. Marr A deletion mutation in the ApoC-II gene (ApoC-II Nijmegen) of a patient with a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II J Biol Chem 263 1988 17913 17916 (Pubitemid 19005064)
50. W.J. Xiong, W.H. Li, and I. Posner No severe bottleneck during human evolution: evidence from two apolipoprotein C-II deficiency alleles Am J Hum Genet 48 1991 383 389 (Pubitemid 21891602)
51. S.S. Fojo, P. Lohse, and C. Parrott A nonsense mutation in the apolipoprotein C-IIPadova gene in a patient with apolipoprotein C-II deficiency J Clin Invest 84 1989 1215 1219 (Pubitemid 19247593)
52. C. Crecchio, A. Capurso, and G. Pepe Identification of the mutation responsible for a case of plasmatic apolipoprotein CII deficiency (Apo CII-Bari) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168 1990 1118 1127 (Pubitemid 20175996)
53. C.S. Wang Structure and functional properties of apolipoprotein C-II Prog Lipid Res 30 1991 253 258
54. J. Zdunek, G.V. Martinez, and J. Schleucher Global structure and dynamics of human apolipoprotein CII in complex with micelles: evidence for increased mobility of the helix involved in the activation of lipoprotein lipase Biochemistry 42 2003 1872 1889 (Pubitemid 36261986)
55. C.E. MacPhee, G.J. Howlett, and W.H. Sawyer Helix-helix association of a lipid-bound amphipathic alpha-helix derived from apolipoprotein C-II Biochemistry 38 1999 10878 10884
56. T.A. Musliner, P.N. Herbert, and E.C. Church Activation of lipoprotein lipase by native and acylated peptides of apolipoprotein C-II Biochim Biophys Acta 573 1979 501 509 (Pubitemid 9208084)
57. Y. Shen, A. Lookene, and S. Nilsson Functional analyses of human apolipoprotein CII by site-directed mutagenesis: identification of residues important for activation of lipoprotein lipase J Biol Chem 277 2002 4334 4342 (Pubitemid 34968699)
58. C.A. MacRaild, D.M. Hatters, and G.J. Howlett NMR structure of human apolipoprotein C-II in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate Biochemistry 40 2001 5414 5421 (Pubitemid 32458242)
59. Y. Shen, A. Lookene, and L. Zhang Site-directed mutagenesis of apolipoprotein CII to probe the role of its secondary structure for activation of lipoprotein lipase J Biol Chem 285 2010 7484 7492
60. R. Storjohann, A. Rozek, and J.T. Sparrow Structure of a biologically active fragment of human serum apolipoprotein C-II in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecylphosphocholine Biochim Biophys Acta 1486 2000 253 264 (Pubitemid 30618865)
61. C.A. MacRaild, G.J. Howlett, and P.R. Gooley The structure and interactions of human apolipoprotein C-II in dodecyl phosphocholine Biochemistry 43 2004 8084 8093 (Pubitemid 38808263)
62. C.W. Lam, Y.P. Yuen, and W.F. Cheng Missense mutation Leu72Pro located on the carboxyl terminal amphipathic helix of apolipoprotein C-II causes familial chylomicronemia syndrome Clin Chim Acta 364 2006 256 259
63. D.M. Hatters, C.E. MacPhee, and L.J. Lawrence Human apolipoprotein C-II forms twisted amyloid ribbons and closed loops Biochemistry 39 2000 8276 8283 (Pubitemid 30460979)
64. C.L. Pham, D.M. Hatters, and L.J. Lawrence Cross-linking and amyloid formation by N- and C-terminal cysteine derivatives of human apolipoprotein C-II Biochemistry 41 2002 14313 14322 (Pubitemid 35403352)
65. D.M. Hatters, C.A. MacRaild, and R. Daniels The circularization of amyloid fibrils formed by apolipoprotein C-II Biophys J 85 2003 3979 3990 (Pubitemid 37490307)
66. C.L. Teoh, C.L. Pham, and N. Todorova A structural model for apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibrils: experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations J Mol Biol 405 2011 1246 1266
67. D.M. Hatters, and G.J. Howlett The structural basis for amyloid formation by plasma apolipoproteins: a review Eur Biophys J 31 2002 2 8
68. C.R. Stewart, L.M. Wilson, and Q. Zhang Oxidized cholesterol metabolites found in human atherosclerotic lesions promote apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibril formation Biochemistry 46 2007 5552 5561 (Pubitemid 46717277)
69. C.L. Teoh, I.B. Bekard, and P. Asimakis Shear flow induced changes in apolipoprotein C-II conformation and amyloid fibril formation Biochemistry 50 2011 4046 4057
70. F.S. Legge, K.J. Binger, and M.D. Griffin Effect of oxidation and mutation on the conformational dynamics and fibril assembly of amyloidogenic peptides derived from apolipoprotein C-II J Phys Chem B 113 2009 14006 14014
71. D.M. Hatters, R.A. Lindner, and J.A. Carver The molecular chaperone, alpha-crystallin, inhibits amyloid formation by apolipoprotein C-II J Biol Chem 276 2001 33755 33761
72. D.M. Hatters, M.R. Wilson, and S.B. Easterbrook-Smith Suppression of apolipoprotein C-II amyloid formation by the extracellular chaperone, clusterin Eur J Biochem 269 2002 2789 2794 (Pubitemid 34595647)
73. L.A. Medeiros, T. Khan, and J.B. El Khoury Fibrillar amyloid protein present in atheroma activates CD36 signal transduction J Biol Chem 279 2004 10643 10648 (Pubitemid 38372676)
74. C.R. Stewart, A. Haw 3rd, and R. Lopez Serum amyloid P colocalizes with apolipoproteins in human atheroma: functional implications J Lipid Res 48 2007 2162 2171 (Pubitemid 47529559)
75. M.D. Curry, W.J. McConathy, and J.D. Fesmire Quantitative determination of apolipoproteins C-I and C-II in human plasma by separate electroimmunoassays Clin Chem 27 1981 543 548 (Pubitemid 11109746)
76. L. Tornoci, C.A. Scheraldi, and X. Li Abnormal activation of lipoprotein lipase by non-equilibrating apoC-II: further evidence for the presence of non-equilibrating pools of apolipoproteins C-II and C-III in plasma lipoproteins J Lipid Res 34 1993 1793 1803 (Pubitemid 23298723)
77. I.J. Goldberg, C.A. Scheraldi, and L.K. Yacoub Lipoprotein ApoC-II activation of lipoprotein lipase. Modulation by apolipoprotein A-IV J Biol Chem 265 1990 4266 4272
78. M. Yamamoto, S.Y. Morita, and M. Kumon Effects of plasma apolipoproteins on lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis of small and large lipid emulsions Biochim Biophys Acta 1632 2003 31 39 (Pubitemid 36628113)
79. M. Hara, O.N. Iso, and H. Satoh Differential effects of apolipoprotein E isoforms on lipolysis of very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides Metabolism 55 2006 1129 1134 (Pubitemid 44040986)
80. I. Sakurabayashi, Y. Saito, and T. Kita Reference intervals for serum apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E in healthy Japanese determined with a commercial immunoturbidimetric assay and effects of sex, age, smoking, drinking, and Lp(a) level Clin Chim Acta 312 2001 87 95 (Pubitemid 32913584)
81. J.C. LaRosa, R.I. Levy, and P. Herbert A specific apoprotein activator for lipoprotein lipase Biochem Biophys Res Commun 41 1970 57 62
82. R.L. Jackson, S. Tajima, and T. Yamamura Comparison of apolipoprotein C-II-deficient triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and trioleoylglycerol/ phosphatidylcholine-stabilized particles as substrates for lipoprotein lipase Biochim Biophys Acta 875 1986 211 219 (Pubitemid 16149043)
83. G. Baggio, E. Manzato, and C. Gabelli Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency syndrome. Clinical features, lipoprotein characterization, lipase activity, and correction of hypertriglyceridemia after apolipoprotein C-II administration in two affected patients J Clin Invest 77 1986 520 527 (Pubitemid 16037652)
84. G. AbouRjaili, N. Shtaynberg, and R. Wetz Current concepts in triglyceride metabolism, pathophysiology, and treatment Metabolism 59 2010 1210 1220
85. I.F. Gazi, V. Tsimihodimos, and A.D. Tselepis Clinical importance and therapeutic modulation of small dense low-density lipoprotein particles Expert Opin Biol Ther 7 2007 53 72 (Pubitemid 46091576)
86. R. Fellin, G. Baggio, and A. Poli Familial lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-II deficiency. Lipoprotein and apoprotein analysis, adipose tissue and hepatic lipoprotein lipase levels in seven patients and their first degree relatives Atherosclerosis 49 1983 55 68 (Pubitemid 14227975)
87. L. Tian, Y. Xu, and M. Fu Influence of apolipoproteinCII concentrations on HDL subclass distribution J Atheroscler Thromb 16 2009 611 620
88. H. Yanai, N. Tada, and H. Yoshida Diacylglycerol oil for apolipoprotein C-II deficiency QJM 100 2007 247 248 (Pubitemid 47061694)
89. D.W. Cox, W.C. Breckenridge, and J.A. Little Inheritance of apolipoprotein C-II deficiency with hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis N Engl J Med 299 1978 1421 1424 (Pubitemid 9192303)
90. C. Gabelli, C. Bilato, and S. Santamarina-Fojo Heterozygous apolipoprotein C-II deficiency: lipoprotein and apoprotein phenotype and RsaI restriction enzyme polymorphism in the Apo C-IIPadova kindred Eur J Clin Invest 23 1993 522 528 (Pubitemid 23283058)
91. W.C. Breckenridge, P. Alaupovic, and D.W. Cox Apolipoprotein and lipoprotein concentrations in familial apolipoprotein C-II deficiency Atherosclerosis 44 1982 223 235 (Pubitemid 12098830)
92. H. Wiebusch, J.R. Nofer, and A. von Eckardstein Electrophoretic screening for human apolipoprotein C-II variants: repeated identification of apolipoprotein C-II(K19T) J Mol Med 73 1995 373 378
93. R.A. Hegele, W.C. Breckenridge, and D.W. Cox Interaction between variant apolipoproteins C-II and E that affects plasma lipoprotein concentrations Arterioscler Thromb 11 1991 1303 1309
94. T.V. Pogoda, A.L. Nikonova, and T.V. Kolosova Allelic variants of apolipoproteins B and CII genes in patients with ischemic heart disease and in healthy persons from the Moscow population Genetika 31 1995 1001 1009
95. P. Fornengo, A. Bruno, and R. Gambino Resistant hypertriglyceridemia in a patient with high plasma levels of apolipoprotein CII Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 2000 2329
96. N.S. Shachter, T. Hayek, and T. Leff Overexpression of apolipoprotein CII causes hypertriglyceridemia in transgenic mice J Clin Invest 93 1994 1683 1690 (Pubitemid 24116409)
97. K. Shirai, N. Matsuoka, and R.L. Jackson Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with phospholipid vesicles. Role of apolipoprotein C-II and heparin Biochim Biophys Acta 665 1981 504 510 (Pubitemid 11011390)
98. R.C. Kowal, J. Herz, and K.H. Weisgraber Opposing effects of apolipoproteins E and C on lipoprotein binding to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein J Biol Chem 265 1990 10771 10779
99. E. Sehayek, and S. Eisenberg Mechanisms of inhibition by apolipoprotein C of apolipoprotein E-dependent cellular metabolism of human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins through the low density lipoprotein receptor pathway J Biol Chem 266 1991 18259 18267 (Pubitemid 21908074)
100. V. Clavey, S. Lestavel-Delattre, and C. Copin Modulation of lipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor by exogenous lipids and apolipoproteins CI, CII, CIII, and E. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 1995 963 971
101. K. Huard, P. Bourgeois, and D. Rhainds Apolipoproteins C-II and C-III inhibit selective uptake of low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesteryl esters in HepG2 cells Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 2005 1308 1318 (Pubitemid 40381205)
102. L. Tian, and M. Fu The relationship between high density lipoprotein subclass profile and apolipoprotein concentrations J Endocrinol Invest 34 2011 461 472
103. L. Tian, J. Wu, and M. Fu Relationship between apolipoprotein C-III concentrations and high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution Metabolism 58 2009 668 674
104. G.J. Howlett, and K.J. Moore Untangling the role of amyloid in atherosclerosis Curr Opin Lipidol 17 2006 541 547 (Pubitemid 44372685)
105. M. Miller, C.P. Cannon, and S.A. Murphy Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 724 730 (Pubitemid 351221217)
106. M.S. Kostapanos, H.J. Milionis, and T.D. Filippatos A 12-week, prospective, open-label analysis of the effect of rosuvastatin on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in patients with primary dyslipidemia Clin Ther 29 2007 1403 1414 (Pubitemid 47348117)
107. K.G. Lagos, T.D. Filippatos, and V. Tsimihodimos Alterations in the high density lipoprotein phenotype and HDL-associated enzymes in subjects with metabolic syndrome Lipids 44 2009 9 16
108. T. Filippatos, V. Tsimihodimos, and M. Kostapanos Small dense LDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins C-II and C-III in non-diabetic obese subjects with metabolic syndrome Arc Med Sci 3 2008 263 269
109. G. Roselli della Rovere, A. Lapolla, and G. Sartore Plasma lipoproteins, apoproteins and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. A nine-year follow-up study Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 13 2003 46 51 (Pubitemid 38561086)
110. Y. Gerber, U. Goldbourt, and H. Cohen Association between serum apolipoprotein C(II) concentration and coronary heart disease Prev Med 35 2002 42 47 (Pubitemid 34762084)
111. S.K. Flood-Nichols, J.D. Stallings, and J.L. Gotkin Elevated ratio of maternal plasma ApoCIII to ApoCII in preeclampsia Reprod Sci 18 2011 493 502
112. S. Araki, M. Okazaki, and S. Goto Impaired lipid metabolism in aged mice as revealed by fasting-induced expression of apolipoprotein mRNAs in the liver and changes in serum lipids Gerontology 50 2004 206 215 (Pubitemid 39140313)
113. E. Lecomte, B. Herbeth, and F. Paille Changes in serum apolipoprotein and lipoprotein profile induced by chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal: determinant effect on heart disease? Clin Chem 42 1996 1666 1675 (Pubitemid 26354747)
114. N. Sasaki, G. Holdsworth, and R.L. Barnhart Effect of a high carbohydrate diet on the content of apolipoproteins C-II, C-III and E in human plasma high density lipoprotein subfractions Atherosclerosis 46 1983 341 352 (Pubitemid 13148188)
115. G. Schonfeld, S.W. Weidman, and J.L. Witztum Alterations in levels and interrelations of plasma apolipoproteins induced by diet Metabolism 25 1976 261 275
116. M.J. Puglisi, G. Mutungi, and P.J. Brun Raisins and walking alter appetite hormones and plasma lipids by modifications in lipoprotein metabolism and up-regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor Metabolism 58 2009 120 128
117. V. Guay, B. Lamarche, and A. Charest Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects Metabolism 61 2012 76 83
118. A.L. Borel, J.A. Nazare, and J. Smith Improvement in insulin sensitivity following a 1-year lifestyle intervention program in viscerally obese men: contribution of abdominal adiposity Metabolism 61 2012 262 272
119. T. Tzotzas, T.D. Filippatos, and A. Triantos Effects of a low-calorie diet associated with weight loss on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity in healthy obese women Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18 2008 477 482
120. J. Koprovicova, J. Kollar, and D. Petrasova Nutrition, body weight and deterioration of familial combined hyperlipidemia Coll Antropol 30 2006 777 782
121. T.D. Filippatos, H.S. Randeva, and C.S. Derdemezis Visfatin/PBEF and atherosclerosis-related diseases Curr Vasc Pharmacol 8 2010 12 28
122. T. Siahanidou, A. Margeli, and A. Kappis Circulating visfatin levels in healthy preterm infants are independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Metabolism 60 2011 389 393
123. H.O. El-Mesallamy, D.H. Kassem, and E. El-Demerdash Vaspin and visfatin/Nampt are interesting interrelated adipokines playing a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus Metabolism 60 2011 63 70
124. T.D. Filippatos, C.S. Derdemezis, and I.F. Gazi Increased plasma visfatin levels in subjects with the metabolic syndrome Eur J Clin Invest 38 2008 71 72 (Pubitemid 350293863)
125. T.D. Filippatos, C.S. Derdemezis, and D.N. Kiortsis Increased plasma levels of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in obese and overweight patients with metabolic syndrome J Endocrinol Invest 30 2007 323 326 (Pubitemid 47008083)
126. T.D. Filippatos, V. Tsimihodimos, and C.S. Derdemezis Increased plasma visfatin concentration is a marker of an atherogenic metabolic profile Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011 [in press]
127. S. Beliard, J.P. Nogueira, and M. Maraninchi Parallel increase of plasma apoproteins C-II and C-III in type 2 diabetic patients Diabet Med 26 2009 736 739
128. Y. Duan, Z. Wu, and B. Liu Relation of plasma glucose levels to serum lipids and apolipoproteins levels in middle and old age males Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 32 2001 382 384 (Pubitemid 33702920)
129. Ren Y, Tian H, Liu B, et al, The abnormal changes of apolipoprotein(s) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2001; 32:48-51, 69.
130. A. Hiukka, J. Fruchart-Najib, and E. Leinonen Alterations of lipids and apolipoprotein CIII in very low density lipoprotein subspecies in type 2 diabetes Diabetologia 48 2005 1207 1215 (Pubitemid 40909658)
131. R. Trevisan, A.R. Dodesini, and G. Lepore Lipids and renal disease J Am Soc Nephrol 17 2006 S145 S147
132. J. Liu, and M.H. Rosner Lipid abnormalities associated with end-stage renal disease Semin Dial 19 2006 32 40 (Pubitemid 43479009)
133. P. Grutzmacher, W. Marz, and B. Peschke Lipoproteins and apolipoproteins during the progression of chronic renal disease Nephron 50 1988 103 111
134. G.A. Kaysen, P. Kotanko, and F. Zhu Relationship between adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in prevalent hemodialysis patients J Ren Nutr 19 2009 357 364
135. V. Atger, P. Beyne, and K. Frommherz Presence of Apo B48, and relative Apo CII deficiency and Apo CIII enrichment in uremic very-low density lipoproteins Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 47 1989 497 501 (Pubitemid 19277136)
136. F. Bergesio, G. Monzani, and R. Ciuti Lipids and apolipoproteins change during the progression of chronic renal failure Clin Nephrol 38 1992 264 270
137. G. Monzani, F. Bergesio, and R. Ciuti Lipoprotein abnormalities in chronic renal failure and dialysis patients Blood Purif 14 1996 262 272 (Pubitemid 26152300)
138. T.A. Hughes, A.O. Gaber, and H.S. Amiri Lipoprotein composition in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure: effect of kidney and pancreas transplantation Metabolism 43 1994 333 347 (Pubitemid 24100504)
139. M.J. Haas, and A.D. Mooradian Inflammation, high-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular dysfunction Curr Opin Infect Dis 24 2011 265 272
140. I.F. Gazi, F.A. Apostolou, and E.N. Liberopoulos Leptospirosis is associated with markedly increased triglycerides and small dense low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein Lipids 46 2011 953 960
141. B. Ripolles Piquer, H. Nazih, and A. Bourreille Altered lipid, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein profiles in inflammatory bowel disease: consequences on the cholesterol efflux capacity of serum using Fu5AH cell system Metabolism 55 2006 980 988 (Pubitemid 43922372)
142. C. Baigent, A. Keech, and P.M. Kearney Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins Lancet 366 2005 1267 1278
143. J.C. LaRosa, J. He, and S. Vupputuri Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials JAMA 282 1999 2340 2346 (Pubitemid 30013066)
144. V.G. Athyros, A.I. Kakafika, and K. Tziomalos Pleiotropic effects of statins - clinical evidence Curr Pharm Des 15 2009 479 489
145. A.P. Agouridis, V. Tsimihodimos, and T.D. Filippatos High doses of rosuvastatin are superior to low doses of rosuvastatin plus fenofibrate or n-3 fatty acids in mixed dyslipidemia Lipids 46 2011 521 528
146. M.S. Kostapanos, C.S. Derdemezis, and T.D. Filippatos Effect of rosuvastatin treatment on plasma visfatin levels in patients with primary hyperlipidemia Eur J Pharmacol 578 2008 249 252 (Pubitemid 350309584)
147. T.D. Filippatos, and D.P. Mikhailidis Statins and heart failure Angiology 59 2008 58S 61S
148. M.S. Kostapanos, H.J. Milionis, and T.D. Filippatos Dose-dependent effect of rosuvastatin treatment on HDL-subfraction phenotype in patients with primary hyperlipidemia J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 14 2009 5 13
149. H.J. Milionis, I.F. Gazi, and T.D. Filippatos Starting with rosuvastatin in primary hyperlipidemia-Is there more than lipid lowering? Angiology 56 2005 585 592 (Pubitemid 41383312)
150. H.J. Milionis, E. Rizos, and M. Kostapanos Treating to target patients with primary hyperlipidaemia: comparison of the effects of ATOrvastatin and ROSuvastatin (the ATOROS study) Curr Med Res Opin 22 2006 1123 1131 (Pubitemid 44000732)
151. D.N. Kiortsis, T.D. Filippatos, and D.P. Mikhailidis Statin-associated adverse effects beyond muscle and liver toxicity Atherosclerosis 195 2007 7 16 (Pubitemid 47561937)
152. H. Mabuchi, N. Kamon, and H. Fujita Effects of CS-514 on serum lipoprotein lipid and apolipoprotein levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia Metabolism 36 1987 475 479 (Pubitemid 17072115)
153. G. Yoshino, T. Kazumi, and M. Iwai Effects of CS-514 on plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition in hypercholesterolemic subjects Atherosclerosis 71 1988 95 101
154. J. Plat, G. Brufau, and G.M. Dallinga-Thie A plant stanol yogurt drink alone or combined with a low-dose statin lowers serum triacylglycerol and non-HDL cholesterol in metabolic syndrome patients J Nutr 139 2009 1143 1149
155. A. Wakatsuki, Y. Okatani, and N. Ikenoue Effects of combination therapy with estrogen plus simvastatin on lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women with type IIa hypercholesterolemia Atherosclerosis 150 2000 103 111
156. N.A. Le, W. Innis-Whitehouse, and X. Li Lipid and apolipoprotein levels and distribution in patients with hypertriglyceridemia: effect of triglyceride reductions with atorvastatin Metabolism 49 2000 167 177 (Pubitemid 30090879)
157. M. Hu, S.S. Lui, and V.W. Mak Pharmacogenetic analysis of lipid responses to rosuvastatin in Chinese patients Pharmacogenet Genomics 20 2010 634 637
158. B. Zhang, A. Matsunaga, and D.L. Rainwater Effects of rosuvastatin on electronegative LDL as characterized by capillary isotachophoresis: the ROSARY Study J Lipid Res 50 2009 1832 1841
159. T. Filippatos, and H.J. Milionis Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with fenofibrate and related fibrates Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17 2008 1599 1614
160. T.D. Filippatos, and M.S. Elisaf Fenofibrate plus simvastatin (fixed-dose combination) for the treatment of dyslipidaemia Expert Opin Pharmacother 12 2011 1945 1958
161. A.P. Agouridis, T.D. Filippatos, and C.S. Derdemezis Combination of fenofibrate with non-statin drug regimens Curr Pharm Des 16 2010 3401 3416
162. V. Tsimihodimos, E. Liberopoulos, and M. Elisaf Pleiotropic effects of fenofibrate Curr Pharm Des 15 2009 517 528
163. T.D. Filippatos, D.N. Kiortsis, and E.N. Liberopoulos Effect of orlistat, micronised fenofibrate and their combination on metabolic parameters in overweight and obese patients with the metabolic syndrome: the FenOrli study Curr Med Res Opin 21 2005 1997 2006 (Pubitemid 41803111)
164. T.D. Filippatos, I.F. Gazi, and E.N. Liberopoulos The effect of orlistat and fenofibrate, alone or in combination, on small dense LDL and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in obese patients with metabolic syndrome Atherosclerosis 193 2007 428 437 (Pubitemid 47058108)
165. M. Florentin, E.N. Liberopoulos, and T.D. Filippatos Effect of rimonabant, micronised fenofibrate and their combination on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients: a pilot study Expert Opin Pharmacother 9 2008 2741 2750
166. T.D. Filippatos, E.N. Liberopoulos, and M. Kostapanos The effects of orlistat and fenofibrate, alone or in combination, on high-density lipoprotein subfractions and pre-beta1-HDL levels in obese patients with metabolic syndrome Diabetes Obes Metab 10 2008 476 483 (Pubitemid 351639090)
167. V. Tsimihodimos, G. Miltiadous, and S.S. Daskalopoulou Fenofibrate: metabolic and pleiotropic effects Curr Vasc Pharmacol 3 2005 87 98 (Pubitemid 40089531)
168. R.S. Rosenson Fenofibrate reduces lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 mass and oxidative lipids in hypertriglyceridemic subjects with the metabolic syndrome Am Heart J 155 499 2008 e499 416
169. D.C. Chan, G.F. Watts, and E.M. Ooi Atorvastatin and fenofibrate have comparable effects on VLDL-apolipoprotein C-III kinetics in men with the metabolic syndrome Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 2008 1831 1837
170. R.S. Rosenson Effect of fenofibrate on adiponectin and inflammatory biomarkers in metabolic syndrome patients Obesity (Silver Spring) 17 2009 504 509
171. R. Belfort, R. Berria, and J. Cornell Fenofibrate reduces systemic inflammation markers independent of its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with the metabolic syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 2010 829 836
172. D.L. Tribble, M. Farnier, and G. Macdonell Effects of fenofibrate and ezetimibe, both as monotherapy and in coadministration, on cholesterol mass within lipoprotein subfractions and low-density lipoprotein peak particle size in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia Metabolism 57 2008 796 801 (Pubitemid 351697911)
173. A.P. Agouridis, V. Tsimihodimos, and T.D. Filippatos The effects of rosuvastatin alone or in combination with fenofibrate or omega 3 fatty acids on inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with mixed dyslipidemia Expert Opin Pharmacother 12 2011 2605 2611
174. J.C. Fruchart, J. Davignon, and J.M. Bard Effect of fenofibrate treatment on type III hyperlipoproteinemia Am J Med 83 1987 71 74
175. C.L. Malmendier, J.F. Lontie, and C. Delcroix Apolipoproteins C-II and C-III metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Effect of a drastic triglyceride reduction by combined diet restriction and fenofibrate administration Atherosclerosis 77 1989 139 149 (Pubitemid 19136714)
176. T.D. Filippatos, V. Tsimihodimos, and M. Kostapanos Analysis of 6-month effect of orlistat administration alone or with combination with fenofibrate, on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in overweight and obese patients with metabolic syndrome J Clin Lip 2 2008 279 284
177. G.L. Vega, P.T. Ma, and N.B. Cater Effects of adding fenofibrate (200 mg/day) to simvastatin (10 mg/day) in patients with combined hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome Am J Cardiol 91 2003 956 960 (Pubitemid 36398528)
178. D.E. Telford, B.G. Sutherland, and J.Y. Edwards The molecular mechanisms underlying the reduction of LDL apoB-100 by ezetimibe plus simvastatin J Lipid Res 48 2007 699 708 (Pubitemid 46397473)
179. T. Muraoka, K. Aoki, and T. Iwasaki Ezetimibe decreases SREBP-1c expression in liver and reverses hepatic insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet Metabolism 60 2011 617 628
180. M. Kalogirou, V. Tsimihodimos, and M. Elisaf Pleiotropic effects of ezetimibe: do they really exist? Eur J Pharmacol 633 2010 62 70
181. A.P. Agouridis, T.D. Filippatos, and V. Tsimihodimos Combinations of ezetimibe with nonstatin drug regimens affecting lipid metabolism Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 9 2011 355 366
182. M. Kalogirou, V. Tsimihodimos, and I. Gazi Effect of ezetimibe monotherapy on the concentration of lipoprotein subfractions in patients with primary dyslipidaemia Curr Med Res Opin 23 2007 1169 1176 (Pubitemid 46799601)
183. E.S. Nakou, T.D. Filippatos, and M. Georgoula The effect of orlistat and ezetimibe, alone or in combination, on serum LDL and small dense LDL cholesterol levels in overweight and obese patients with hypercholesterolaemia Curr Med Res Opin 24 2008 1919 1929
184. E.S. Nakou, T.D. Filippatos, and D.N. Kiortsis The effects of ezetimibe and orlistat, alone or in combination, on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses and HDL-associated enzyme activities in overweight and obese patients with hyperlipidaemia Expert Opin Pharmacother 9 2008 3151 3158
185. C. Derdemezis, T. Filippatos, and A. Tselepis Effects of ezetimibe, either alone or in combination with atorvastatin, on serum visfatin levels: a pilot study Expert Opin Pharmacother 9 2008 1829 1837
186. T.D. Filippatos, and M.S. Elisaf Role of ezetimibe in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease World J Hepatol 3 2011 265 267
187. D. Masuda, Y. Nakagawa-Toyama, and K. Nakatani Ezetimibe improves postprandial hyperlipidaemia in patients with type IIb hyperlipidaemia Eur J Clin Invest 39 2009 689 698
188. E.S. Nakou, T.D. Filippatos, and A.P. Agouridis The effects of ezetimibe and/or orlistat on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in obese hypercholesterolemic patients Lipids 45 2010 445 450
189. T.D. Filippatos, and D.P. Mikhailidis Lipid-lowering drugs acting at the level of the gastrointestinal tract Curr Pharm Des 15 2009 490 516
190. D.N. Kiortsis, T.D. Filippatos, and M.S. Elisaf The effects of orlistat on metabolic parameters and other cardiovascular risk factors Diabetes Metab 31 2005 15 22 (Pubitemid 40327588)
191. D.N. Kiortsis, S. Tsouli, and T.D. Filippatos Effects of sibutramine and orlistat on mood in obese and overweight subjects: a randomised study Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18 2008 207 210 (Pubitemid 351374797)
192. T. Filippatos, C. Derdemezis, and M. Elisaf Effects of orlistat, alone or combined with hypolipidemic drugs, on cardiovascular risk factors Clinical Lipidology 4 2009 331 341
193. T.D. Filippatos, and M.S. Elisaf Combination drug treatment in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease World J Hepatol 2 2010 139 142
194. T.D. Filippatos, and M.S. Elisaf Combination drug treatment in obese diabetic patients World J Diabetes 1 2010 8 11
195. A. Kei, E.N. Liberopoulos, and M.S. Elisaf What restricts the clinical use of nicotinic acid? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 9 2011 521 530
196. G. Wahlberg, L. Holmquist, and G. Walldius Effects of nicotinic acid on concentrations of serum apolipoproteins B, C-I, C-II, C-III and E in hyperlipidemic patients Acta Med Scand 224 1988 319 327 (Pubitemid 18267644)
197. S. Kado, T. Murakami, and A. Aoki Effect of acarbose on postprandial lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes Res Clin Pract 41 1998 49 55 (Pubitemid 28394284)
198. A. Nicolay, E. Lombard, and E. Arlotto Evaluation of new apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein C-III automatized immunoturbidimetric kits Clin Biochem 39 2006 935 941 (Pubitemid 44363078)
199. N. Rifai, and L.M. Silverman Immunoturbidimetric techniques for quantifying apolipoproteins CII and CIII Clin Chem 32 1986 1969 1972 (Pubitemid 17018083)
200. N.D. Bren, A. Rastogi, and B.A. Kottke Quantification of human plasma apolipoproteins C-I, C-II, and C-III by radioimmunoassays Mayo Clin Proc 68 1993 657 664 (Pubitemid 23193891)
201. R. Holmberg, E. Refai, and A. Hoog Lowering apolipoprotein CIII delays onset of type 1 diabetes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 2011 10685 10689
202. M. Cote, P.R. Provost, and M.C. Gerard-Hudon Apolipoprotein C-II and lipoprotein lipase show a temporal and geographic correlation with surfactant lipid synthesis in preparation for birth BMC Dev Biol 10 2010 111
203. A. Tavridou, G. Ragia, and V.G. Manolopoulos Emerging targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia Curr Med Chem 18 2011 909 922
204. R.M. Crooke Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutics for hyperlipidaemias Expert Opin Biol Ther 5 2005 907 917 (Pubitemid 41032848)