Empirical evaluation of age groups and age-subgroup analyses in pediatric randomized trials and pediatric meta-analyses

Pediatrics

Volumn 129, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2012, Pages

  Contopoulos Ioannidis, Despina G ^a,b   Seto, Iva ^c   Hamm, Michele P ^d   Thomson, Denise ^c,d   Hartling, Lisa ^c,d   Ioannidis, John P A ^a   Curtis, Sarah ^c   Constantin, Evelyn ^e   Batmanabane, Gitanjali ^f   Klassen, Terry ^c,g   Williams, Katrina ^h,i,j  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b PALO ALTO MEDICAL FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^e MONTREAL CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^f WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

ⁱ ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^j MURDOCH CHILDREN'S RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

Age groups; Evidence report; StaR child health; Technical report

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ADRENALIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ATOMOXETINE; CEFALEXIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CLONIDINE; CORTICOSTEROID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; EMLA; INFLUENZA VACCINE; NITROUS OXIDE PLUS OXYGEN; PLACEBO; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; RETINOL; SUCROSE; ZINC;

2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA; ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA; ADD ON THERAPY; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COCHRANE LIBRARY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSTIPATION; CROUP; DATA ANALYSIS; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; MEASLES; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING; NONINVASIVE VENTILATION; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN INFECTION; STANDARDIZATION; STRIDOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VEIN PUNCTURE;

AGE FACTORS; CHILD; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; PATIENT SELECTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RESEARCH DESIGN;

EID: 84861847171     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0055J     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (106)

1. Klassen TP, Hartling L, Craig JC, Offringa M. Children are not just small adults: the urgent need for high-quality trial evidence in children. PLoS Med. 2008;5(8): e172
2. 't Jong GW, Vulto AG, de Hoog M, Schimmel KJ, Tibboel D, van den Anker JN. Unapproved and off-label use of drugs in a children's hospital. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(15):1125
3. Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Baltogianni MS, Ioannidis JP. Comparative effectiveness of medical interventions in adults versus children. J Pediatr. 2010;157(2):322-330. e17
4. Klassen TP, Hartling L, Hamm M, van der Lee JH, Ursum J, Offringa M. StaR Child Health: an initiative for RCTs in children. Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1310- 1312
5. Hamm MP, Hartling L, Milne A, et al. A descriptive analysis of a representative sample of pediatric randomized controlled trials published in 2007. BMC Pediatr. 2010; 10:96
6. Reinoso-Barbero F, Pascual-Pascual SI, de Lucas R, et al. Equimolar nitrous oxide/oxygen versus placebo for procedural pain in children: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6). Available at: www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/6/e1464
7. Kollins SH, Jain R, Brams M, et al. Clonidine extended-release tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6). Available at: www.pediatrics. org/cgi/content/full/127/ 6/e1406
8. O'Lonergan TA, Forster-Harwood JE. Novel approach to parental permission and child assent for research: improving comprehension. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):917-924
9. Collins CE, Okely AD, Morgan PJ, et al. Parent diet modification, child activity, or both in obese children: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4):619-627
10. Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Stoner JA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in young children with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/4/e862
11. Magarey AM, Perry RA, Baur LA, et al. A parent-led family-focused treatment program for overweight children aged 5 to 9 years: the PEACH RCT. Pediatrics. 2011;127 (2):214-222
12. Lanphear BP, Hornung RW, Khoury J, Yolton K, Lierl M, Kalkbrenner A. Effects of HEPA air cleaners on unscheduled asthma visits and asthma symptoms for children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):93-101
13. Esposito S, Pugni L, Daleno C, et al. Influenza A/H1N1 MF59-adjuvanted vaccine in preterm and term children aged 6 to 23 months. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/5/e1161
14. Audrain-McGovern J, Stevens S, Murray PJ, et al. The efficacy of motivational interviewing versus brief advice for adolescent smoking behavior change. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1). Available at: www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ full/128/1/e101
15. Biran V, Gourrier E, Cimerman P, Walter-Nicolet E, Mitanchez D, Carbajal R. Analgesic effects of EMLA cream and oral sucrose during venipuncture in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1). Available at: www.pediatrics. org/cgi/content/full/128/1/e63
16. Bryant KA, Marshall GS, Marchant CD, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of H influenzae type b-N meningitidis C/Y conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatrics. 2011; 127(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/6/e1375
17. Tabbers MM, Chmielewska A, Roseboom MG, et al. Fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 in childhood constipation: a randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;127 (6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/127/6/e1392
18. Kristoffersen L, Skogvoll E, Hafström M. Pain reduction on insertion of a feeding tube in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/ 6/e1449
19. Calderon Y, Cowan E, Nickerson J, et al. Educational effectiveness of an HIV pretest video for adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5): 911-916
20. Smits-Wintjens VE, Walther FJ, Rath ME, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;127 (4):680-686
21. Zachariassen G, Faerk J, Grytter C, et al. Nutrient enrichment of mother's milk and growth of very preterm infants after hospital discharge. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ full/127/4/e995
22. Taddio A, Shah V, Stephens D, et al. Effect of liposomal lidocaine and sucrose alone and in combination for venipuncture pain in newborns. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ full/127/4/e940
23. Chen AE, Carroll KC, Diener-West M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cephalexin versus clindamycin for uncomplicated pediatric skin infections. Pediatrics. 2011;127 (3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/ 3/e573
24. Brurås KR, Aukland SM, Markestad T, Sera F, Dezateux C, Rosendahl K. Newborns with sonographically dysplastic and potentially unstable hips: 6-year follow-up of an RCT. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3). Available at: www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/127/3/e661
25. Savoye M, Nowicka P, Shaw M, et al. Longterm results of an obesity program in an ethnically diverse pediatric population. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):402-410
26. Meneses J, Bhandari V, Alves JG, Herrmann D. Noninvasive ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2): 300-307
27. Mennella JA, Ventura AK, Beauchamp GK. Differential growth patterns among healthy infants fed protein hydrolysate or cow-milk formulas. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1): 110-118
28. Harris JL, Schwartz MB, Ustjanauskas A, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Brownell KD. Effects of serving high-sugar cereals on children's breakfast-eating behavior. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):71-76
29. Manley BJ, Makrides M, Collins CT, et al DINO Steering Committee. High-dose docosahexaenoic acid supplementation of preterm infants: respiratory and allergy outcomes. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/128/1/e71
30. Roye C, Perlmutter Silverman P, Krauss B. A brief, low-cost, theory-based intervention to promote dual method use by black and Latina female adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. Health Educ Behav. 2007; 34(4):608-621
31. Alfvén G, Lindstrom A. A new method for the treatment of recurrent abdominal pain of prolonged negative stress origin. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(1):76-81
32. Buitelaar JK, Michelson D, Danckaerts M, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of continuation treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after 1 year. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(5):694-699 (Pubitemid 46328852)
33. Ingelmo PM, Bendall EJ, Frawley G, et al. Bupivacaine caudal epidural anesthesia: assessing the effect of general anesthetic technique on block onset. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17(3):255-262 (Pubitemid 46181388)
34. Oh AY, Yun MJ, Kim HJ, Kim HS. Comparison of desflurane with sevoflurane for the incidence of oculocardiac reflex in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(2):262-265 (Pubitemid 47249398)
35. Paul IM, Beiler J, McMonagle A, Shaffer ML, Duda L, Berlin CM Jr. Effect of honey dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(12):1140-1146 (Pubitemid 350223570)
36. Koller DM, Myers AB, Lorenz D, Godambe SA. Effectiveness of oxycodone, ibuprofen, or the combination in the initial management of orthopedic injury-related pain in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23 (9):627-633 (Pubitemid 47429057)
37. Bieber T, Vick K, Fölster-Holst R, et al. Efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone aceponate ointment 0.1% compared to tacrolimus 0.03% in children and adolescents with an acute flare of severe atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2007;62(2):184-189 (Pubitemid 46090301)
38. Vlieger AM, Menko-Frankenhuis C, Wolfkamp SC, Tromp E, Benninga MA. Hypnotherapy for children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2007;133 (5):1430-1436 (Pubitemid 350029753)
39. Ntab B, Cissé B, Boulanger D, et al. Impact of intermittent preventive anti-malarial treatment on the growth and nutritional status of preschool children in rural Senegal (west Africa). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(3):411-417 (Pubitemid 351844311)
40. Robertson KJ, Schoenle E, Gucev Z, Mordhorst L, Gall MA, Ludvigsson J. Insulin detemir compared with NPH insulin in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2007;24(1):27-34 (Pubitemid 46103068)
41. Willemsen RH, Arends NJ, Bakker-van Waarde WM, et al. Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on body composition and bone mineral density in short children born small-for-gestationalage: six-year follow-up of a randomized controlled GH trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67(4):485-492 (Pubitemid 47416303)
42. Breschan C, Platzer M, Jost R, Stettner H, Likar R. Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17 (4):347-352 (Pubitemid 46365110)
43. Kumar R, Gupta N; Shalini. Multidrugresistant typhoid fever. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74(1):39-42
44. Burgess SW, Sly PD, Cooper DM, Devadason SG. Novel spacer device does not improve adherence in childhood asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(8):736-739 (Pubitemid 47242872)
45. Camargos P, Ibiapina C, Lasmar L, Cruz AA. Obtaining concomitant control of allergic rhinitis and asthma with a nasally inhaled corticosteroid. Allergy. 2007;62(3):310-316
46. Schöndorf I, Banzhoff A, Nicolay U, Diaz-Mitoma F. Overcoming the need for a cold chain with conjugated meningococcal Group C vaccine: A controlled, randomized, double-blind study in toddlers on the safety and immunogenicity of Menjugate, stored at room temperature for 6 months. Vaccine. 2007;25(7): 1175-1182 (Pubitemid 46027350)
47. Meier CM, Simonetti GD, Ghiglia S, et al CHIld Project. Palatability of angiotensin II antagonists among nephropathic children. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(5): 628-631 (Pubitemid 46632576)
48. Przkora R, Herndon DN, Sherrard DJ, Chinkes DL, Klein GL. Pamidronate preserves bone mass for at least 2 years following acute administration for pediatric burn injury. Bone. 2007;41(2):297-302 (Pubitemid 47001826)
49. Mercuri E, Bertini E, Messina S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of phenylbutyrate in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurology. 2007;68(1):51-55 (Pubitemid 46058552)
50. Grüber C, Wendt M, Sulser C, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Allergy. 2007; 62(11):1270-1276 (Pubitemid 47537520)
51. Moghrabi A, Levy DE, Asselin B, et al. Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109(3):896-904 (Pubitemid 46220632)
52. Subramaniam K, Pandia MP, Dash M, et al. Scheduled prophylactic ondansetron administration did not improve its antiemetic efficacy after intracranial tumour resection surgery in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24(7):615-619 (Pubitemid 47289760)
53. Banu SH, Jahan M, Koli UK, Ferdousi S, Khan NZ, Neville B. Side effects of phenobarbital and carbamazepine in childhood epilepsy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;334(7605):1207
54. Sowunmi A, Gbotosho GO, Happi CT, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and effects of artemether-lumefantrine and amodiaquine-sulfalene-pyrimethamine on gametocyte carriage in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southwestern Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007; 77(2):235-241 (Pubitemid 351859269)
55. Vaillancourt S, McGillivray D, Zhang X, Kramer MS. To clean or not to clean: effect on contamination rates in midstream urine collections in toilet-trained children. Pediatrics. 2007;119(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/119/6/e1288
56. Meakin GH, Meretoja OA, Perkins RJ, et al. Tracheal intubating conditions and pharmacodynamics following cisatracurium in infants and children undergoing halothane and thiopental-fentanyl anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17(2):113-120 (Pubitemid 46089375)
57. Hatakka K, Blomgren K, Pohjavuori S, et al. Treatment of acute otitis media with probiotics in otitis-prone children-a doubleblind, placebo-controlled randomised study. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(3):314-321 (Pubitemid 46760476)
58. Klassen TP, Hartling L, Wiebe N, Belseck EM. Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (4): CD002980
59. Lim J, McKean MC. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (2): CD003136
60. Kuhle S, Urschitz MS. Anti-inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (1):CD007074
61. Spurling GK, Doust J, Del Mar CB, Eriksson L. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (6): CD005189
62. Kabra SK, Lodha R, Hilton DJ. Antibiotics for preventing complications in children with measles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (3):CD001477
63. Marchant JM, Morris P, Gaffney JT, Chang AB. Antibiotics for prolonged moist cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (4):CD004822
64. Leach AJ, Morris PS. Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4): CD004401
65. Standing JF, Savage I, Pritchard D, Waddington M. Diclofenac for acute pain in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (4):CD005538
66. Gregorio GV, Dans LF, Silvestre MA. Early versus Delayed Refeeding for Children with Acute Diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (7):CD007296
67. Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Gaffney J, Connor FL, Garske LA. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (1):CD004823
68. McDonald S, Langton Hewer CD, Nunez DA. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (4): CD004741
69. Shah PS, Shah N. Heparin-bonded catheters for prolonging the patency of central venous catheters in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (4):CD005983
70. Yalçin B, Kremer LC, Caron HN, van Dalen EC. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell rescue for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (5): CD006301
71. Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Espinosa Rosales F, Flenady V, Sienra-Monge JJ. Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4):CD004974
72. Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (1):CD001478
73. Kaminski A, Kamper A, Thaler K, Chapman A, Gartlehner G. Antidepressants for the treatment of abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (7):CD008013
74. Fedorowicz Z, Jagannath VA, Carter B. Antiemetics for reducing vomiting related to acute gastroenteritis in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9(9):CD005506
75. Blyth CC, Hale K, Palasanthiran P, O'Brien T, Bennett MH. Antifungal therapy in infants and children with proven, probable or suspected invasive fungal infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (2): CD006343
76. Griffin G, Flynn CA. Antihistamines and/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9(9):CD003423
77. Sharek PJ, Bergman DA. Beclomethasone for asthma in children: effects on linear growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2):CD001282
78. Rodriguez C, Sossa M, Lozano JM. Commercial versus home-made spacers in delivering bronchodilator therapy for acute therapy in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (2):CD005536
79. Shah PS, Ohlsson A, Shah JP. Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure or continuous positive airway pressure for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (1):CD003699
80. Khemani RG, Randolph A, Markovitz B. Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (3):CD001000
81. De-Regil LM, Suchdev PS, Vist GE, Walleser S, Peña-Rosas JP. Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9(9):CD008959
82. Chang AB, Taylor B, Masters IB, Laifoo Y, Brown AD. Indigenous healthcare worker involvement for Indigenous adults and children with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (5):CD006344
83. Barlow J, Smailagic N, Bennett C, Huband N, Jones H, Coren E. Individual and group based parenting programmes for improving psychosocial outcomes for teenage parents and their children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (3): CD002964
84. van der Wouden JC, Uijen JH, Bernsen RM, Tasche MJ, de Jongste JC, Ducharme F. Inhaled sodium cromoglycate for asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (4):CD002173
85. Oyo-Ita A, Nwachukwu CE, Oringanje C, Meremikwu MM. Interventions for improving coverage of child immunization in lowand middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (7):CD008145
86. Chang AB, Winter D, Acworth JP. Leukotriene receptor antagonist for prolonged non-specific cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (2):CD005602
87. Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (3):CD001534
88. van Dalen EC, van As JW, de Camargo B. Methotrexate for high-grade osteosarcoma in children and young adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (5): CD006325
89. Irlam JH, Visser MM, Rollins NN, Siegfried N. Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (12): CD003650
90. Maas T, Kaper J, Sheikh A, et al. Mono and multifaceted inhalant and/or food allergen reduction interventions for preventing asthma in children at high risk of developing asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (3):CD006480
91. Bjornson C, Russell KF, Vandermeer B, Durec T, Klassen TP, Johnson DW. Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (2): CD006619
92. Jones L, Watling RM, Wilkins S, Pizer B. Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (7):CD003298
93. Simpson SA, Lewis R, van der Voort J, Butler CC. Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (5):CD001935
94. Lazzerini M, Ronfani L. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (3):CD005436
95. Evans DJ, Bara AI, Greenstone M. Prolonged antibiotics for purulent bronchiectasis in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (2): CD001392
96. Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Oduwole O. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (4): CD007719
97. Guo J, Li C, Zhang Q, et al. Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (6):CD008050
98. Haider BA, Saeed MA, Bhutta ZA. Shortcourse versus long-course antibiotic therapy for non-severe community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (2):CD005976
99. Wurzel D, Marchant JM, Yerkovich ST, Upham JW, Masters IB, Chang AB. Short courses of antibiotics for children and adults with bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (6): CD008695
100. Vuorio A, Kuoppala J, Kovanen PT, et al. Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (7):CD006401
101. Umoren R, Odey F, Meremikwu MM. Steam inhalation or humidified oxygen for acute bronchiolitis in children up to three years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (1):CD006435
102. Steward DL, Grisel J, Meinzen-Derr J. Steroids for improving recovery following tonsillectomy in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (8): CD003997
103. Chen H, Zhuo Q, Yuan W, Wang J, Wu T. Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (1):CD006090
104. Huiming Y, Chaomin W, Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (4): CD001479
105. Imdad A, Herzer K, Mayo-Wilson E, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (12): CD008524
106. Williams K, Thomson D, Seto I, et al. Klassen T for the Star Child Health group. Standards for child health trial design, conduct and reporting. STANDARD 6: Age groups for pediatric trials. Pediatrics. 2012 (in press)