The effects of crisis, cynicism about change, and value congruence on perceptions of authentic leadership and attributed charisma in the 2008 presidential election

Leadership Quarterly

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 324-341

  Williams, Ethlyn A ^a   Pillai, Rajnandini ^b   Deptula, Bryan ^a   Lowe, Kevin B ^c  

^a FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

Author keywords

Authentic; Charisma; Cynicism; Election; Leadership; Value congruence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860322703     PISSN: 10489843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.003     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Ajzen I. Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology 2001, 52:27.
2. Albrecht S.L. Information, involvement and trust in senior management as determinants of cynicism toward change. The abstracts of the 5th Australian industrial and organisational psychology conference 2003.
3. Alex-Assensoh Y.M. Change and the 2008 American presidential election. Politicka Misao 2008, 55:235-243.
4. Andersson L.M. Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations 1996, 49:1395-1418.
5. Avolio B.J., Bass B.M. Unlocking the essence of individualized consideration: A view from the inside out. Monographs in Organizational Behavior and Industrial Relations 1998, vol. 24. JAI Press, Stamford, Conn. and London, part B. F. Dansereau, F.J. Yammarino (Eds.).
6. Avolio B.J., Gardner W.L. Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:315-338.
7. Avolio B.J., Gardner W.L., Walumbwa F.O., Luthans F., May D.R. Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly 2004, 15:801-823.
8. Bass B. Leadership and performance beyond expectations 1985, Free Press, New York.
9. Bass B. Bass and Stodgill's handbook of leadership 1990, Free Press, New York.
10. Bass B.M., Avolio B.J. The multifactor leadership questionnaire 1991, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
11. Bligh M.C., Kohles J.C. The enduring allure of charisma: How Barack Obama won the historic 2008 presidential election. The Leadership Quarterly 2009, 20:483-492.
12. Bligh M.C., Kohles J.C., Meindl J.R. Charisma under crisis: Presidential leadership, rhetoric, and media responses before and after the September 11th terrorist attacks. The Leadership Quarterly 2004, 15:211-239.
13. Bowden G. Obama, Palin, and Weber: Charisma and social change in the 2008 U.S. Election. Canadian Review of Sociology 2010, 47:171-190.
14. Bretz R.D., Judge T.A. The role of human resource systems in job applicant decision processes. Journal of Management 1994, 20:531-551.
15. Broder J.M. Obama dials back the pace of events. The Caucus: The New York Times Politics Blog http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/obama-dials-back-the-pace-of-events/.
16. Cappella J.N., Jamieson K.H. News frames, political cynicism, and media cynicism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1996, 546:71-84.
17. CBS News Bush likely to leave office as the least popular president in polling history http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/15/opinion/pollpositions/main4724068.shtml.
18. Chatterjee S., Price B. Regression Analysis by Example 1977, Wiley, New York.
19. Conger J.A., Kanungo R.N. The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review 1988, 13:471-482.
20. Conger J.A., Kanungo R.N., Menon S.T. Charismatic leadership and follower effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2000, 21:747.
21. Cooper C.D., Scandura T.A., Schriesheim C.A. Looking forward but learning from our past: Potential challenges to developing authentic leadership theory and authentic leaders. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:475-493.
22. Crespi I. Pre-election polling: Sources of accuracy and error 1988, Russell Sage, New York, NY.
23. Cronin T.E. "All the world's a stage. . ." acting and the art of political leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2008, 19:459-468.
24. Crowne D.P., Marlowe D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology 1960, 24:349-354.
25. Cyert R.M., March J.G. A behavioral theory of the firm 1963, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
26. Davis W.D., Gardner W.L. Perceptions of politics and organizational cynicism: An attributional and leader-member exchange perspective. The Leadership Quarterly 2004, 15:439-465.
27. Day D.V. Leadership development: A review in context. The Leadership Quarterly 2000, 11:581.
28. Dean J.W., Brandes P., Dharwadkar R. Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review 1998, 23:341-352.
29. Diener E., Larsen R.J. Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47:871-883.
30. Dirks K., Ferrin D. The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization Science 2001, 12:450-467.
31. Dirks K.T., Ferrin D.L. Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, 87:611-628.
32. Driskell R., Embry E., Lyon L. Faith and politics: The influence of religious beliefs on political participation. Social Science Quarterly 2008, 89:294-314.
33. Ellingson J.E., Smith D.B., Sackett P.R. Investigating the influence of social desirability in personality factor structure. Journal of Applied Psychology 2001, 86:122-133.
34. Emrich C.G. Context effects in leadership perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1999, 25:991-1006.
35. Emrich C. G., Brower, H. H., Feldman, J. M., & Garland, H. (submitted for publication). Images in words: Presidential rhetoric, charisma, and greatness. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
36. Fiol C.M., Harris D., House R. Charismatic leadership: Strategies for effecting social change. The Leadership Quarterly 1999, 10:449-482.
37. Fischer D.G., Fick C. Measuring social desirability: Short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1993, 53:417-424.
38. Foti R.J. Levels issues in follower's perceptions of leadership. Leadership: The Multiple-Level Approaches (Part A & Part B) 1998, Vol. 199-204. JAI Press, Stamford, CT. F. Dansereau, F.J. Yammarino (Eds.).
39. Foti R.J., Knee R.E., Backert R.S.G. Multi-level implications of framing leadership perceptions as a dynamic process. The Leadership Quarterly 2008, 19:178-194.
40. Gardner W.L., Avolio B.J. The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgical perspective. The Academy of Management Review 1998, 23:32-58.
41. Gardner W.L., Avolio B.J., Luthans F., May D.R., Walumbwa F. "Can you see the real me?" A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:343-372.
42. Gardner W.L., Lowe K.B., Cogliser C., Moss T., Mahoney K. Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: A review of The Leadership Quarterly's second decade, 2000-2009. The Leadership Quarterly 2010, 21(6):922-958.
43. George W. Authentic leadership: Rediscovering the secrets to creating lasting value 2003, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
44. George B. True north Jossey-Bass, Sans Francisco, CA 2007.
45. Greenleaf R.K. Servant Leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness 1977, Paulist Press, Mahwah, NJ.
46. Hair J.F., Anderson, Tatham R.L., Black W.C. Multivariate data analysis with readings 1992, MacMillan, New York.
47. Harvey P., Martinko M.J., Gardner W.L. Promoting authentic behavior in organizations: An attributional perspective. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 2006, 12:1-11.
48. Hays R.D., Hayashi T., Stewart A.L. A five-item measure of socially desirable response set. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1989, 49:629-636.
49. Hofmann D.A., Jones L.M. Leadership, collective personality, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:509-522.
50. House R.J. A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership. Leadership: The cutting edge press 1977, 189-207. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL. J.G. Hunt, L.L. Larson (Eds.).
51. House R., Shamir B. Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic, and visionary theories 1993, 81-107. S.I.M.M. Chemers, R. Ayman (Eds.).
52. House R.J., Spangler W.D., Woycke J. Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly 1991, 36:364-396.
53. Ilies R., Morgeson F.P., Nahrgang J.D. Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:373-394.
54. Johnson J.L., O'Leary-Kelly A.M. The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2003, 24:627-647.
55. Judge T.A., Bono J.E., Ilies R., Gerhardt M. Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, 87:765-780.
56. Judge T.A., Piccolo R.F., Ilies R. The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of Applied Psychology 2004, 89:36-51.
57. Jung D.I., Avolio B.J. Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2000, 21:949.
58. Kanter D.L., Mirvis P.H. The cynical Americans 1989, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
59. Kark R., Shamir B. The influence of transformational leadership on follower relational versus collective self-concept. Academy of Management Proceedings 2002, D1-D6.
60. Kark R., Shamir B., Chen G. The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:246-255.
61. Kavanagh M.H., Ashkanasy N.M. The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture and individual acceptance of change duringa merger. British Journal of Management 2006, 17:81-103.
62. Kernis M.H. Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry 2003, 14:1-26.
63. Kernis M.H., Goldman B.M. A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in experimental social psychology 2006, Vol. 38:284-357. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
64. Klein K.J., House R.J. On fire: Charismatic leadership and levels of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly 1995, 6:183-198.
65. Kotabe M., Martin X., Domoto H. Gaining from vertical partnerships: Knowledge transfer, relationship duration, and supplier performance improvement in the U.S. and Japanese automotive industries. Strategic Management Journal 2003, 24:293-316.
66. Ladkin D., Taylor S.S. Enacting the 'true self': Towards a theory of embodied authentic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2010, 21:64-74.
67. Langer G. POLL: Bush seen as unwilling to change course; most would shift war control to Congress http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=3404645&page=1.
68. Lewicki R.J., Bunker B.B. Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research 1996, 114-139. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. R.M. Kramer, T.R. Tyler (Eds.).
69. Lord R.G., DeVader C.L., Alliger G.M. A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology 1986, 71:402-410.
70. Lord R.G., Emrich C.G. Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly 2000, 11:551-579.
71. Lord R.G., Foti R.J., De Vader C.L. A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 1984, 34:343-378.
72. Lord R.G., Maher K.J. Leadership and informational processing: Linking perceptions and performance 1991, Unwin-Hyman, Boston, MA.
73. Lord R.G., Maher K.J. Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and Low performance 1993, Rutledge, Boston, MA.
74. Luthans F., Avolio B.J. Authentic leadership: A positive development approach. Positive organizational scholarship 2003, 241-258. Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA. K.S. Cameron, R.J.E. Dutton, E. Quinn (Eds.).
75. May D.R., Chan A.Y.L., Hodges T.D., Avolio B.J. Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics 2003, 32:247-260.
76. Meglino B.M., Ravlin E.C., Adkins C.L. A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 1989, 74:424-432.
77. Michie S., Gooty J. Values, emotions, and authenticity: Will the real leader please stand up?. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:441-457.
78. Mumford M.D., Friedrich T.L., Caughron J.J., Byrne C.L. Leader cognition in real-world settings: How do leaders think about crises?. The Leadership Quarterly 2007, 18:515-543.
79. Newton-Small J., Scherer M. Caught in the middle. Time Magazine 2008, July 21, 40.
80. Noe R., Tews M., McConnell Dachner A. Learner engagement: A new perspective for enhancing our understanding of learner motivation and workplace learning. The Academy of Management Annals 2010, 4:279-315.
81. Norman S., Luthans B., Luthans K. The proposed contagion effect of hopeful leaders on the resiliency of employees and organizations. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 2005, 12:55-64.
82. Novicevic M., Davis W., Dorn F., Buckley M., Brown J. Barnard on conflicts of responsibility: Implications for today's perspectives on transformational and authentic leadership. Management Decisions 2005, 43:1396-1409.
83. Nunnally J.C. Psychometric theory 1978, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
84. Nunnally J.C., Bernstein I.H. Psychometric theory 1994, McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
85. Oakley J. Morality and the emotions 1992, Routledge, London.
86. Pearson C.M., Clair J.A. Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review 1998, 23:59-76.
87. Pillai R., Meindl J.R. Context and charisma: A "meso" level examination of the relationship of organic structure, collectivism, and crisis to charismatic leadership. Journal of Management 1998, 24:643-664.
88. Pillai R., Williams E.A., Lowe K.B., Jung D.I. Personality, transformational leadership, trust, and the 2000 U.S. presidential vote. The Leadership Quarterly 2003, 14:161-192.
89. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Lee J., Podsakoff N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:879-903.
90. Pulakos E.D., Wexley K.N. The relationship among perceptual similarity, sex, and performance ratings in manager-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal 1983, 26:129-139.
91. Reichers A.E., Wanous J.P., Austin J.T. Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. The Academy of Management Executive 1997, 11:48-59.
92. Rokeach M. Understanding human values: Individual and societal 1979, Free Press, New York.
93. Secretan L. Customer connections. Industry Week 2000, 249:25-26.
94. Shamir B., Eilam G. "What's your story?" A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:395-417.
95. Shamir B., Howell J.M. Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 1999, 10:257-283.
96. Sommer J. Obama pre-caucus rally draws huge crowd. The daily Retrieved December 7, 2008 from. http://dailyuw.com/2008/2/11/obama-pre-caucus-rally-draws-huge-crowd/.
97. Stack L.S. Trust. Dimensions of personality 1978, 561-597. John Wiley & Sons, New York. H. London, J.E. Exner (Eds.).
98. Stogdill R.M. Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology 1948, 25:35-71.
99. Tushman Michael L., O'Reilly Charles A. The ambidextrous organization: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review 1996, 38:1-23.
100. U.S. Census Bureau. (2008a). http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/p20/2008/Table%2001.xls.
101. U.S. Census Bureau. (2008b). http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/013995.html.
102. U.S. Census Bureau. (2008c). http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/p20/2008/Table%2001.xls.
103. U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/tables/10s0385.pdf.
104. Verardi S., Dahourou D., Ah-Kion J., Bhowon U., Ng Tseung C., Amoussou-Yeye D., et al. Psychometric properties of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale in eight African countries and Switzerland. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2010, 4:19-34.
105. Waldman D.A., Yammarino F.J. CEO charismatic leadership: Levels-of-management and levels-of-analysis effects. Academy of Management Review 1999, 24:266-285.
106. Walumbwa F.O., Avolio B.J., Gardner W.L., Wernsing T.S., Peterson S.J. Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management 2008, 34:89-126.
107. Wanous J.P., Reichers A.E., Austin J.T. Cynicism about ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: Measurement. Antecedents and Correlates Group Organization Management 2000, 25:132-153.
108. Weierter S.J.M. Who wants to play follow the leader? A theory of charismatic relationships based on routinized charisma and followers characteristics. The Leadership Quarterly 1997, 8:171-193.
109. Williams E.A., Pillai R., Lowe K.B., Jung D., Herst D. Crisis, charisma, values, and voting behavior in the 2004 presidential election. The Leadership Quarterly 2009, 20:70-86.
110. Willner A.R. The spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership 1984, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
111. Wu C., Neubert M.J., Yi X. Transformational leadership, cohesion, perceptions, and employee cynicism about organizational change: The mediating role of justice perceptions. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 2007, 43:327-351.
112. Yorges S.L., Weiss H.M., Strickland O.J. The effect of leader outcomes on influence, attributions, and perceptions of charisma. Journal of Applied Psychology 1999, 84:428-436.