Targeting Angiogenesis in Gynecologic Cancers

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 543-563

  Zand, Behrouz ^a   Coleman, Robert L ^a   Sood, Anil K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Antiangiogenic drugs; Bevacizumab; Gynecologic cancer

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; BEVACIZUMAB; CABOZANTINIB; CARBOPLATIN; CEDIRANIB; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; ERLOTINIB; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; LAPATINIB; MATUZUMAB; NINTEDANIB; PACLITAXEL; PAZOPANIB; PLACEBO; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TOPOTECAN; TRASTUZUMAB; TREBANANIB;

ACNE; ANGIOGENESIS; BLEEDING; BLOOD TOXICITY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOTOXICITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GYNECOLOGIC CANCER; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HEART INFARCTION; HEARTBURN; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INTESTINE FISTULA; INTESTINE PERFORATION; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG TOXICITY; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; METABOLIC DISORDER; MONOTHERAPY; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; OVARY CANCER; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PERITONEUM CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TASTE DISORDER; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE TUBE CARCINOMA; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VOMITING;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; FEMALE; GENITAL NEOPLASMS, FEMALE; HUMANS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC;

EID: 84859998680     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: 15581977     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.01.009     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Jemal A., Siegel R., Xu J., et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010, 60(5):277-300.
2. Bast R.C., Hennessy B., Mills G.B. The biology of ovarian cancer: new opportunities for translation. Nat Rev Cancer 2009, 9(6):415-428.
3. Achen M.G., Stacker S.A. The vascular endothelial growth factor family; proteins which guide the development of the vasculature. Int J Exp Pathol 1998, 79(5):255-265.
4. Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent?. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990, 82(1):4-6.
5. Hanahan D., Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996, 86(3):353-364.
6. Baluk P., Hashizume H., McDonald D.M. Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005, 15(1):102-111.
7. Nagy J.A., Chang S.H., Shih S.C., et al. Heterogeneity of the tumor vasculature. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010, 36(3):321-331.
8. Ahn G.O., Brown J. Role of endothelial progenitors and other bone marrow-derived cells in the development of the tumor vasculature. Angiogenesis 2009, 12(2):159-164.
9. Döme B., Hendrix M.J., Paku S., et al. Alternative vascularization mechanisms in cancer: pathology and therapeutic implications. Am J Pathol 2007, 170(1):1-15.
10. Kaku T., Kamura T., Kinukawa N., et al. Angiogenesis in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 1997, 80(4):741-747.
11. Bremer G.L., Tiebosch A.T., van der Putten H.W., et al. Tumor angiogenesis: an independent prognostic parameter in cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174(1 Pt 1):126-131.
12. Alvarez A.A., Krigman H.R., Whitaker R.S., et al. The prognostic significance of angiogenesis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1999, 5(3):587-591.
13. Ellis L.M., Hicklin D.J. VEGF-targeted therapy: mechanisms of anti-tumour activity. Nat Rev Cancer 2008, 8(8):579-591.
14. Dvorak H.F., Brown L.F., Detmar M., et al. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 1995, 146(5):1029-1039.
15. Mignatti P., Rifkin D.B. Plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis. Enzyme Protein 1996, 49(1-3):117-137.
16. Cierniewski C.S., Malinowski M., Bednarek R., et al. Adhesive and proteolytic phenotype of migrating endothelial cells induced by thymosin beta-4. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1112:123-139.
17. Samant R.S., Shevde L.A. Recent advances in anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer. Oncotarget 2011, 2(3):122-134.
18. Available at: Accessed February 18, 2008. http://www.takeda.com/press/article_29042.html.
19. Burger R.A., Sill M.W., Monk B.J., et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab in persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(33):5165-5171.
20. Cannistra S.A., Matulonis U.A., Penson R.T., et al. Phase II study of bevacizumab in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer or peritoneal serous cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(33):5180-5186.
21. Garcia A.A., Hirte H., Fleming G., et al. Phase II clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer: a trial of the California, Chicago, and Princess Margaret Hospital phase II consortia. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(1):76-82.
22. Penson R.T., Dizon D.S., Cannistra S.A., et al. Phase II study of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab with maintenance bevacizumab as first-line chemotherapy for advanced mullerian tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(1):154-159.
23. McGuire W.P., Hoskins W.J., Brady M.F., et al. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(1):1-6.
24. Micha J.P., Goldstein B.H., Rettenmaier M.A., et al. A phase II study of outpatient first-line paclitaxel, carboplatin, and bevacizumab for advanced-stage epithelial ovarian, peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007, 17(4):771-776.
25. Konner J.A., Grabon D.M., Gerst S.R., et al. Phase II study of intraperitoneal paclitaxel plus cisplatin and intravenous paclitaxel plus bevacizumab as adjuvant treatment of optimal stage II/III epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(35):4662-4668.
26. Burger R.A., Brady M.F., Bookman M.A., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab in the primary treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), primary peritoneal (PPC) or Fallopian tube cancer (FTC): a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(Suppl 20):946s.
27. Perren T, Swart AM, Pfisterer J, et al. ICON7: a phase III Gynaecologic Cancer InterGroup (GCIG) trial of adding bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy in women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian (EOC), primary peritoneal (PPC) or Fallopian tube cancer (FTC). Paper presented at: Oral presentation at ESMO. Milan (Italy), October 8-12, 2010.
28. Aghajanian C, Finkler NJ, Rutherford T. OCEANS: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab (BEV) in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent epithelial ovarian (EOC), primary peritoneal (PPC), or fallopian tube cancer (FTC). Paper presented at: 2011 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. Chicago (IL), June 3-7, 2011.
29. Aghajanian C., Sill M.W., Darcy K.M., et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(16):2259-2265.
30. Monk B.J., Sill M.W., Burger R.A., et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab in the treatment of persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(7):1069-1074.
31. van Heeckeren W.J., Ortiz J., Cooney M.M., et al. Hypertension, proteinuria, and antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling: clinical toxicity, therapeutic target, or novel biomarker?. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(21):2993-2995.
32. Zhu X., Wu S., Dahut W.L., et al. Risks of proteinuria and hypertension with bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007, 49(2):186-193.
33. Schneider B.P., Wang M., Radovich M., et al. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 genetic polymorphisms with outcome in a trial of paclitaxel compared with paclitaxel plus bevacizumab in advanced breast cancer: ECOG 2100. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(28):4672-4678.
34. Dahlberg S.E., Sandler A.B., Brahmer J.R., et al. Clinical course of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients experiencing hypertension during treatment with bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel on ECOG 4599. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(6):949-954.
35. Scartozzi M., Galizia E., Chiorrini S., et al. Arterial hypertension correlates with clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line bevacizumab. Ann Oncol 2009, 20(2):227-230.
36. Gordon M.S., Cunningham D. Managing patients treated with bevacizumab combination therapy. Oncology 2005, 69(Suppl 3):25-33.
37. Ostendorf T., Kunter U., Eitner F., et al. VEGF(165) mediates glomerular endothelial repair. J Clin Invest 1999, 104(7):913-923.
38. Scappaticci F.A., Skillings J.R., Holden S.N., et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99(16):1232-1239.
39. Nimeiri H.S., Oza A.M., Morgan R.J., et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus erlotinib for patients with recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancer: a trial of the Chicago, PMH, and California Phase II Consortia. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 110(1):49-55.
40. Diaz J.P., Tew W.P., Zivanovic O., et al. Incidence and management of bevacizumab-associated gastrointestinal perforations in patients with recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 116(3):335-339.
41. Han E.S., Monk B.J. What is the risk of bowel perforation associated with bevacizumab therapy in ovarian cancer?. Gynecol Oncol 2007, 105(1):3-6.
42. Stone R.L., Sood A.K., Coleman R.L. Collateral damage: toxic effects of targeted antiangiogenic therapies in ovarian cancer. Lancet Oncol 2010, 11(5):465-475.
43. Rutkowski P., Ruka W. Emergency surgery in the era of molecular treatment of solid tumours. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(2):157-163.
44. Simpkins F., Belinson J.L., Rose P.G. Avoiding bevacizumab related gastrointestinal toxicity for recurrent ovarian cancer by careful patient screening. Gynecol Oncol 2007, 107(1):118-123.
45. Holash J., Davis S., Papadopoulos N., et al. VEGF-Trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99(17):11393-11398.
46. Kim E.S., Serur A., Huang J., et al. Potent VEGF blockade causes regression of coopted vessels in a model of neuroblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99(17):11399-11404.
47. Tew W.P., Colombo N., Ray-Coquard I., et al. VEGF-Trap for patients (pts) with recurrent platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): preliminary results of a randomized, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(18S). [abstract: 5508].
48. Gotlieb W.H., Amant F., Advani S., et al. Intravenous aflibercept for treatment of recurrent symptomatic malignant ascites in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13(2):154-162.
49. Coleman R.L., Duska L.R., Ramirez P.T., et al. Phase 1-2 study of docetaxel plus aflibercept in patients with recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer. Lancet Oncol 2011, 12(12):1109-1117.
50. Wilhelm S., Carter C., Lynch M., et al. Discovery and development of sorafenib: a multikinase inhibitor for treating cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006, 5(10):835-844.
51. Kane R.C., Farrell A.T., Saber H., et al. Sorafenib for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12(24):7271-7278.
52. Kane R.C., Farrell A.T., Madabushi R., et al. Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist 2009, 14(1):95-100.
53. Matei D., Sill M.W., Lankes H.A., et al. Activity of sorafenib in recurrent ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal carcinomatosis: a gynecologic oncology group trial. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(1):69-75.
54. Welch S.A., Hirte H.W., Elit L., et al. Sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine in recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: a study of the Princess Margaret Hospital Phase II Consortium. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010, 20(5):787-793.
55. Ramasubbaiah R., Perkins S.M., Schilder J., et al. Sorafenib in combination with weekly topotecan in recurrent ovarian cancer, a phase I/II study of the Hoosier Oncology Group. Gynecol Oncol 2011, 123(3):499-504.
56. Hainsworth JD, Numnum TM, Rao GG. A randomized phase II study of paclitaxel/carboplatin with or without sorafenib in the first-line treatment of patients with stage III/IV epithelial ovarian cancer. Presented at ASCO. Chicago (IL), June 4-6, 2010.
57. Nimeiri H.S., Oza A.M., Morgan R.J., et al. A phase II study of sorafenib in advanced uterine carcinoma/carcinosarcoma: a trial of the Chicago, PMH, and California Phase II Consortia. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 117(1):37-40.
58. Izzedine H., Buhaescu I., Rixe O., et al. Sunitinib malate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007, 60(3):357-364.
59. Biagi J.J., Oza A.M., Chalchal H.I., et al. A phase II study of sunitinib in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma: an NCIC Clinical Trials Group Study. Ann Oncol 2011, 22(2):335-340.
60. Mackay H.J., Tinker A., Winquist E., et al. A phase II study of sunitinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic cervical carcinoma: NCIC CTG Trial IND.184. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 116(2):163-167.
61. Hensley M.L., Sill M.W., Scribner D.R., et al. Sunitinib malate in the treatment of recurrent or persistent uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II study. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 115(3):460-465.
62. Azad N.S., Posadas E.M., Kwitkowski V.E., et al. Combination targeted therapy with sorafenib and bevacizumab results in enhanced toxicity and antitumor activity. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(22):3709-3714.
63. Matulonis U.A., Berlin S., Ivy P., et al. Cediranib, an oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor kinases, is an active drug in recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(33):5601-5606.
64. Raja F.A., Griffin C.L., Qian W., et al. Initial toxicity assessment of ICON6: a randomised trial of cediranib plus chemotherapy in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2011, 105(7):884-889.
65. Friedlander M., Hancock K.C., Rischin D., et al. A Phase II, open-label study evaluating pazopanib in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 119(1):32-37.
66. Monk B.J., Mas Lopez L., Zarba J.J., et al. Phase II, open-label study of pazopanib or lapatinib monotherapy compared with pazopanib plus lapatinib combination therapy in patients with advanced and recurrent cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(22):3562-3569.
67. Ledermann J.A., Hackshaw A., Kaye S., et al. Randomized phase II placebo-controlled trial of maintenance therapy using the oral triple angiokinase inhibitor BIBF 1120 after chemotherapy for relapsed ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(28):3798-3804.
68. Tortora G., Ciardiello F., Gasparini G. Combined targeting of EGFR-dependent and VEGF-dependent pathways: rationale, preclinical studies and clinical applications. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008, 5(9):521-530.
69. Ellis L.M. Epidermal growth factor receptor in tumor angiogenesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004, 18(5):1007-1021. viii.
70. Viloria-Petit A., Crombet T., Jothy S., et al. Acquired resistance to the antitumor effect of epidermal growth factor receptor-blocking antibodies in vivo: a role for altered tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2001, 61(13):5090-5101.
71. Yarden Y. The EGFR family and its ligands in human cancer. Signalling mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Eur J Cancer 2001, 37(Suppl 4):S3-S8.
72. Siwak D.R., Carey M., Hennessy B.T., et al. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial ovarian cancer: current knowledge and future challenges. J Oncol 2010, 2010:568938.
73. Zagouri F., Bozas G., Kafantari E., et al. Endometrial cancer: what is new in adjuvant and molecularly targeted therapy?. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010, 2010:749579.
74. Growdon W.B., Boisvert S.L., Akhavanfard S., et al. Decreased survival in EGFR gene amplified vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 111(2):289-297.
75. Kersemaekers A.M., Fleuren G.J., Kenter G.G., et al. Oncogene alterations in carcinomas of the uterine cervix: overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 1999, 5(3):577-586.
76. Kim J.W., Kim Y.T., Kim D.K., et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1996, 60(2):283-287.
77. Oonk M.H., de Bock G.H., van der Veen D.J., et al. EGFR expression is associated with groin node metastases in vulvar cancer, but does not improve their prediction. Gynecol Oncol 2007, 104(1):109-113.
78. Kim S.J., Uehara H., Karashima T., et al. Blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells for therapy of androgen-independent human prostate cancer growing in the bone of nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9(3):1200-1210.
79. Liang K., Ang K.K., Milas L., et al. The epidermal growth factor receptor mediates radioresistance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 57(1):246-254.
80. Schilder R.J., Pathak H.B., Lokshin A.E., et al. Phase II trial of single agent cetuximab in patients with persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma with the potential for dose escalation to rash. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 113(1):21-27.
81. Mendelsohn J., Baselga J. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. Semin Oncol 2006, 33(4):369-385.
82. Baselga J., Arteaga C.L. Critical update and emerging trends in epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(11):2445-2459.
83. Bernier J. Cetuximab in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006, 6(11):1539-1552.
84. Mittmann N., Au H.J., Tu D., et al. Prospective cost-effectiveness analysis of cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer: evaluation of National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group CO.17 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101(17):1182-1192.
85. Secord A.A., Blessing J.A., Armstrong D.K., et al. Phase II trial of cetuximab and carboplatin in relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer and evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 108(3):493-499.
86. Konner J., Schilder R.J., DeRosa F.A., et al. A phase II study of cetuximab/paclitaxel/carboplatin for the initial treatment of advanced-stage ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 110(2):140-145.
87. Schilder R.J., Sill M.W., Chen X., et al. Phase II study of gefitinib in patients with relapsed or persistent ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma and evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and immunohistochemical expression: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11(15):5539-5548.
88. Kurtz J.E., Hardy-Bessard A.C., Deslandres M., et al. Cetuximab, topotecan and cisplatin for the treatment of advanced cervical cancer: a phase II GINECO trial. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 113(1):16-20.
89. Farley J., Sill M.W., Birrer M., et al. Phase II study of cisplatin plus cetuximab in advanced, recurrent, and previously treated cancers of the cervix and evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemical expression: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2011, 121(2):303-308.
90. Santin A.D., Sill M.W., McMeekin D.S., et al. Phase II trial of cetuximab in the treatment of persistent or recurrent squamous or non-squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2011, 122(3):495-500.
91. Seiden M.V., Burris H.A., Matulonis U., et al. A phase II trial of EMD72000 (matuzumab), a humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian and primary peritoneal malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2007, 104(3):727-731.
92. Hayes D.F., Thor A.D., Dressler L.G., et al. HER2 and response to paclitaxel in node-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(15):1496-1506.
93. Farley J., Fuchiuji S., Darcy K.M., et al. Associations between ERBB2 amplification and progression-free survival and overall survival in advanced stage, suboptimally-resected epithelial ovarian cancers: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 2009, 113(3):341-347.
94. Sheng Q., Liu J. The therapeutic potential of targeting the EGFR family in epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2011, 104(8):1241-1245.
95. McAlpine J., Wiegand K., Vang R., et al. HER2 overexpression and amplification is present in a subset of ovarian mucinous carcinomas and can be targeted with trastuzumab therapy. BMC Cancer 2009, 9(1):433.
96. Bookman M.A., Darcy K.M., Clarke-Pearson D., et al. Evaluation of monoclonal humanized anti-HER2 antibody, trastuzumab, in patients with recurrent or refractory ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma with overexpression of HER2: a phase II trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21(2):283-290.
97. Grushko T.A., Filiaci V.L., Mundt A.J., et al. An exploratory analysis of HER-2 amplification and overexpression in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 108(1):3-9.
98. Fleming G.F., Sill M.W., Darcy K.M., et al. Phase II trial of trastuzumab in women with advanced or recurrent, HER2-positive endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2010, 116(1):15-20.
99. Posadas E.M., Liel M.S., Kwitkowski V., et al. A phase II and pharmacodynamic study of gefitinib in patients with refractory or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer 2007, 109(7):1323-1330.
100. Goncalves A., Fabbro M., Lhomme C., et al. A phase II trial to evaluate gefitinib as second- or third-line treatment in patients with recurring locoregionally advanced or metastatic cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008, 108(1):42-46.
101. Schilder R.J., Sill M.W., Lee Y.C., et al. A phase II trial of erlotinib in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009, 19(5):929-933.
102. Lu C., Shahzad M.M., Moreno-Smith M., et al. Targeting pericytes with a PDGF-B aptamer in human ovarian carcinoma models. Cancer Biol Ther 2010, 9(3):176-182.
103. Lu C., Han H.D., Mangala L.S., et al. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by EZH2. Cancer Cell 2010, 18(2):185-197.
104. Halder J., Kamat A.A., Landen C.N., et al. Focal adhesion kinase targeting using in vivo short interfering RNA delivery in neutral liposomes for ovarian carcinoma therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12(16):4916-4924.
105. Herbst R.S., Hong D., Chap L., et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of AMG 386, a selective angiopoietin inhibitor, in adult patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(21):3557-3565.
106. Karlan B.Y., Oza A.M., Richardson G.E., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of AMG 386 combined with weekly paclitaxel in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012, 30(4):362-371.
107. Eder J.P., Vande Woude G.F., Boerner S.A., et al. Novel therapeutic inhibitors of the c-Met signaling pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(7):2207-2214.
108. Bergers G., Hanahan D. Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2008, 8(8):592-603.
109. Buckanovich R, Berger R, Sella A, et al. Activity of cabozantinib (XL184) in advanced ovarian cancer patients (pts): results from a phase II randomized discontinuation trial (RDT). Paper presented at: ASCO. Chicago (IL), June 3-7, 2011.
110. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011, 144(5):646-674.
111. Azam F., Mehta S., Harris A.L. Mechanisms of resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy. Eur J Cancer 2010, 46(8):1323-1332.
112. Ebos J.M., Lee C.R., Kerbel R.S. Tumor and host-mediated pathways of resistance and disease progression in response to antiangiogenic therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(16):5020-5025.
113. Gordon A.N., Finkler N., Edwards R.P., et al. Efficacy and safety of erlotinib HCl, an epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma: results from a phase II multicenter study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005, 15(5):785-792.