The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperature in the last two millennia: Reconstructions of low-frequency variability

Climate of the Past

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 765-786

  Christiansen, B ^a   Ljungqvist, F C ^b  

^a DANISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Denmark)

^b STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXTRATROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; HOMOGENEITY; LITTLE ICE AGE; MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RECONSTRUCTION; TEMPERATURE PROFILE;

EID: 84859887581     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-8-765-2012     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Ammann, C. M., Joos, F., Schimel, D. S., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., and Thomas, R. A.: Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate System Model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 3713-3718, 2007. (Pubitemid 47181521)
2. Andersson, C., Pausata, F. S. R., Jansen, E., Risebrobakken, B., and Telford, R. J.: Holocene trends in the foraminifer record from the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, Clim. Past, 6, 179-193, doi:10.5194/cp-6-179- 2010, 2010.
3. Biondi, F., Perkins, D. L., Cayan, D. R., and Hughes, M. K.: July temperature during the second millennium reconstructed from Idaho tree rings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1445-1448, 1999. (Pubitemid 29483585)
4. Bird, B., Abbott, M., Finney, B., and Kutchko, B.: A 2000 year varve-based climate record from the Central Brooks Range, Alaska, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 25-41, 2009.
5. Bolshyanov, D. Y. Makeev, V. M.: Severnaya Zemlia Archipelago-Glaciation, Development of the Environments (Arkhipelag Sev-ernaya Zemlia-Oldenneniye, Istoriya Razvitiya Prirodnoy Sredy), Gidrometeoizdat, Sankt-Petersburg, 1995 (in Russian).
6. Bradley, R. S.: Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing climates of the Quaternary, Hardcourt/Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2nd Edn., 1999.
7. Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., and Diaz, H. F.: Climate in medieval time, Science, 302, 404-405, 2003. (Pubitemid 37296256)
8. Briffa, K. R.: Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 87-105, 2000. (Pubitemid 30018288)
9. Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Schweingruber, F. H., Harris, I. C., Jones, P. D., Shiyatov, S. G., and Vaganov, E. A.: Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree ring density network, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2929-2941, 2001.
10. Briffa, K. R., Shishov, V. V., Melvin, T. M., Vaganov, E. A., Grudd, H., Hantemirov, R. M., Eronen, M., and Naurzbaev, M. M.: Trends in recent temperature and radial tree growth spanning 2000 years across Northwest Eurasia, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 363, 2271-2284, 2008. (Pubitemid 351770597)
11. Broecker, W. S.: Was the medieval warm period global?, Science, 291, 1497-1499, 2001. (Pubitemid 32181391)
12. Brohan, P., Kennedy, J., Haris, T., Tett, S. F. B., and Jones, P. D.: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005jd006548, 2006. (Pubitemid 44687620)
13. Büntgen, U., Frank, D. C., Nievergelt, D., and Esper, J.: Summer temperature variations in the European Alps, AD 755-2004, J. Climate, 19, 5606-5623, 2006. (Pubitemid 44817039)
14. Büntgen, U., Frank, D. C., Grudd, H., and Esper, J.: Long-term summer temperature variations in the Pyrenees, Clim. Dynam., 31, 615-631, 2008.
15. Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J. O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., and Wanner, H.: 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility, Science, 331, 578-582, 2011.
16. Bürger, G. and Cubasch, U.: Climate reconstruction by regression-32 variations on a theme, Tellus A, 58, 227-235, 2006. (Pubitemid 43372490)
17. Christiansen, B.: Reconstructing the NH mean temperature: can underestimation of trends and variability be avoided?, J. Climate, 24, 674-692, 2011.
18. Christiansen, B.: Reply to "Comments on Reconstructing the NH mean temperature: Can underestimation of trends and variability be avoided?" by Tingley and Li, J., Climate, accepted, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00162.1, 2012.
19. Christiansen, B. and Ljungqvist, F. C.: Reconstruction of the extra-tropical NH mean temperature over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency variability, J. Climate, 24, 6013-6034, 2011.
20. Christiansen, B. and Ljungqvist, F. C.: Reply to Comments on "Reconstruction of the extra-tropical NH mean temperature over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency variability" by A. Moberg, J. Climate, submitted, available online at: http://web.dmi.dk/fsweb/ solar-terrestrial/staff/boc/reply to moberg.pdf, 2012.
21. Christiansen, B., Schmith, T., and Thejll, P.: A surrogate ensemble study of climate reconstruction methods: stochasticity and robustness, J. Climate, 22, 951-976, 2009.
22. Christiansen, B., Schmith, T., and Thejll, P.: Reply to Comment on "A surrogate ensemble study of climate reconstruction methods: stochasticity and robustness" by Rutherford, S., Mann, M. E., Ammann, C., and Wahl, E., J. Climate, 23, 2839-2844, 2010.
23. Chuine, I., Yiou, P., Viovy, N., Seguin, B., Daux, V., and Ladurie, E. L. R.: Grape ripening as a past climate indicator, Nature, 432, 289-290, 2004. (Pubitemid 39551651)
24. Cook, T. L., Bradley, R. S., Stoner, J. S., and Francus, P.: Five thousand years of sediment transfer in a High Arctic watershed recorded in annually laminated sediments from Lower Murray Lake, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 77-94, 2009.
25. Corona, C., Edouard, J.-L., Guibal, F., Guiot, J., Bernard, S., Thomas, A., and Denelle, N.: Long-term summer (AD 751-2008) temperature fluctuation in the French Alps based on tree-ring data, Boreas, 40, 351-366, 2011.
26. Cronin, T. M., Dwyer, G. S., Kamiya, T., Schwede, S., and Willard, D. A.: Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay, Global Planet. Change, 36, 17-29, 2003. (Pubitemid 36257563)
27. Cronin, T. M., Hayo, K., Thunell, R. C., Dwyer, G. S., Saenger, C. P., and Willard, D. A.: The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in Chesapeake Bay and the North Atlantic Ocean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 297, 299-310, 2010.
28. Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Möller, J., and C. C. Langway, J.: One thousand centuries of climatic record from Camp Century on the Greenland ice sheet, Science, 166, 377-381, 1969.
29. D'Arrigo, R., Jacoby, G., Frank, D., Pederson, N., Cook, E., Buckley, B., Nachin, B., Mijiddorj, R., and Dugarjav, C.: 1738 years of Mongolian temperature variability inferred from a tree-ring width chronology of Siberian pine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 543-546, 2001.
30. D'Arrigo, R., Mashig, E., Frank, D., Wilson, R., and Jacoby, G.: Temperature variability over the past millennium inferred from Northwestern Alaska tree rings, Clim. Dynam., 24, 227-236, 2005. (Pubitemid 40473203)
31. D'Arrigo, R., Wilson, R., and Jacoby, G.: On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03103, doi:10.1029/2005JD006352, 2006.
32. Diaz, H. F., Trigo, R., Hughes, M. K., Mann, M. E., Xoplaki, E., and Barriopedro, D.: Spatial and temporal characteristics of climate in Medieval times revisited, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 1487-1500, 2011.
33. Dobrovolný, P., Moberg, A., Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Glaser, R., Wilson, R., van Engelen, A., Limanówka, D., Kiss, A., Halíčková, M., Macková, J., Riemann, D., Luterbacher, J., and Böhm, R.: Monthly, seasonal and annual temperature reconstructions for Central Europe derived from documentary evidence and instrumental records since AD 1500, Climatic Change, 101, 69-107, 2010.
34. Edwards, T. W. D., Birks, S. J., Luckman, B. H., and MacDon-ald, G. M.: Climatic and hydrologic variability during the past millennium in the Eastern Rocky Mountains and Northern Great Plains of Western Canada, Quaternary Res., 70, 188-197, 2008.
35. Eichler, A., Olivier, S., Henderson, K., Laube, A., Beer, J., Pap-ina, T., Gäggeler, H. W., and Schwikowski, M.: Temperature response in the Altai region lags solar forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01808, doi:10.1029/2008GL035930, 2009.
36. Esper, J. and Frank, D. C.: IPCC on heterogeneous medieval warm period, Climatic Change, 94, 267-273, 2009.
37. Esper, J., Cook, E. R., and Schweingruber, F. H.: Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability, Science, 295, 2250-2253, 2002a. (Pubitemid 34258835)
38. Esper, J., Schweingruber, F. H., and Winiger, M.: 1300 years of climatic history for Western Central Asia inferred from tree-rings, Holocene, 12, 267-277, 2002b. (Pubitemid 34409278)
39. Esper, J., Shiyatov, S. G., Mazepa, V. S., Wilson, R. J. S., Gray-bill, D. A., and Funkhouser, G.: Temperature-sensitive Tien Shan tree ring chronologies show multi-centennial growth trends, Clim. Dynam., 8, 699-706, 2003. (Pubitemid 38098395)
40. Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Paterson, W. S. B., Dansgaard, W., Gundestrup, N., and Reeh, N.: Effect of wind scouring on climatic records from icecore oxygen isotope profiles, Nature, 301, 205-209, 1983. (Pubitemid 14255598)
41. Frank, D., Esper, J., Zorita, E., and Wilson, R.: A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology, WIREs Climatic Change, 1, 507-516, doi:10.1002/wcc.53, 2010.
42. Friend, A. D.: Response of Earth's surface temperature to radiative forcing over A.D. 1-2009, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D13112, doi:10.1029/ 2010JD015143, 2011.
43. Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Preto, N., and McDermott, F.: Late Holocene annual growth in three Alpine stalagmites records the influence of solar activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 216, 411-424, 2003. (Pubitemid 37453857)
44. Gajewski, K.: Late Holocene climate changes in Eastern North America estimated from pollen data, Quaternary Res., 29, 255-262, 1988.
45. Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Fang, X., Man, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, P., and Wang, W.-C.: Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, China, during the past 2000 years, Holocene, 13, 933-940, 2003. (Pubitemid 37292511)
46. Geirsdóttir, A., Miller, G. H., Thordarson, T., and Olafsdóttir, K. B.: A 2000 year record of climate variations reconstructed from Haukadalsvatn, West Iceland, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 95-115, 2009.
47. Glaser, R. and Riemann, D.: A thousand-year record of temperature variations for Germany and Central Europe based on documentary data, J. Quaternary Sci., 24, 437-449, 2009.
48. González-Rouco, J. F., Beltrami, H., Zorita, E., and von Storch, H.: Simulation and inversion of borehole temperature profiles in surrogate climates: spatial distribution and surface coupling, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 33, L01703, doi:10.1029/2005GL024693, 2006.
49. Graumlich, L. J.: A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada, Quaternary Res., 39, 249-255, 1993. (Pubitemid 23381342)
50. Gray, B. M.: Early Japanese winter temperatures, Weather, 29, 103-107, 1974.
51. 5-year time resolution, J. Geo-phys. Res., 102, 26455-26470, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220206)
52. Groveman, B. S. and Landsberg, H. E.: Simulated Northern Hemisphere temperature departures 1579-1880, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 767-770, 1979.
53. Grudd, H.: Torneträsk tree-ring width and density AD 500-2004: a test of climatic sensitivity and a new 1500-year reconstruction of North Fennoscandian summers, Clim. Dynam., 31, 843-857, 2008.
54. Grudd, H., Briffa, K. R., Karlén, W., Bartholin, T. S., Jones, P. D., and Kromer, B.: A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in Northern Swedish Lapland: natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales, Holocene, 12, 657-665, 2002. (Pubitemid 35391534)
55. Hegerl, G. C., Crowley, T. J., Allen, M., Hyde W. T., and Pollack, H. N.: Detection of human influence on a new, validated 1500-year temperature reconstruction, J. Climate, 20, 650-666, 2007. (Pubitemid 46332532)
56. Helama, S., Fauria, M., Mielikäinen, K., Timonen, M., and Ero-nen, M.: Sub-Milankovitch solar forcing of past climates: mid and late Holocene perspectives, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 122, 1981-1988, 2010.
57. Hofer, D., Raible, C. C., and Stocker, T. F.: Variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in control and transient simulations of the last millennium, Clim. Past, 7, 133-150, doi:10.5194/cp-7-133-2011, 2011.
58. Hu, C., Henderson, G. M., Huang, J., Xie, S., Sun, Y., and Johnson, K. R.: Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 266, 221-232, 2008.
59. Huang, S. P., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.-Y.: A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13703, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL034187, 2008.
60. Hughes, M. K. and Diaz, H. F.: Was there a "medieval warm period", and if so, where and when?, Climatic Change, 26, 109-142, 1994. (Pubitemid 24404353)
61. Hughes, M. K., Vaganov, E. A., Shiyatov, S., Touchan, R., and Funkhouser, G.: Twentieth-century summer warmth in Northern Yakutia in a 600-year context, Holocene, 9, 629-634, 1999. (Pubitemid 29432400)
62. 18O records between 1200-1997 AD, Ge-ogr. Ann., 87A, 203-214, 2005. (Pubitemid 40869759)
63. Jacoby, G. J., D'Arrigo, R., and Davaajamts, T.: Mongolian tree rings and 20th-century warming, Science, 273, 771-773, 1996.
64. Jones, P. D. and Bradley, R. A.: Climatic variations over the last 500 years, in: Climate since AD 1500, edited by: Jones, P. D. and Bradley, R. A., Routledge, London, 649-665, 1992.
65. Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R.: Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages, J. Climate, 10, 2548-2568, 1997. (Pubitemid 28200424)
66. Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., and Osborn, T. J.: Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: Implications for paleoclimatol-ogy?, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4588, doi:10.1029/2003JD003695, 2003.
67. Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Lough, J. M., van Om-men, T. D., Vinther, B. M., Luterbacher, J., Wahl, E. R., Zwiers, F. W., Mann, M. E., Schmidt, G. A., Ammann, C. M., Buckley, B. M., Cobb, K. M., Esper, J., Goosse, H., Graham, N., Jansen, E., Kiefer, T., Kull, C., Küttel, M., Mosley-Thompson, E., Over-peck, J. T., Riedwyl, N., Schulz, M., Tudhope, A. W., Villalba, R., Wanner, H., Wolff, E., and Xoplak, E.: High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: A review of current status and future prospects, Holocene, 19, 3-49, 2009.
68. Juckes, M. N., Allen, M. R., Briffa, K. R., Esper, J., Hegerl, G. C., Moberg, A., Osborn, T. J., and Weber, S. L.: Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation, Clim. Past, 3, 591-609, doi:10.5194/cp-3-591-2007, 2007.
69. Jungclaus, J. H., Lorenz, S. J., Timmreck, C., Reick, C. H., Brovkin, V., Six, K., Segschneider, J., Giorgetta, M. A., Crowley, T. J., Pongratz, J., Krivova, N. A., Vieira, L. E., Solanki, S. K., Klocke, D., Botzet, M., Esch, M., Gayler, V., Haak, H., Raddatz, T. J., Roeckner, E., Schnur, R., Widmann, H., Claussen, M., Stevens, B., and Marotzke, J.: Climate and carbon-cycle variability over the last millennium, Clim. Past, 6, 723-737, doi:10.5194/cp-6-723-2010, 2010.
70. Kalugin, I. A., Daryin, A. V., and Babich, V. V.: Reconstruction of annual air temperatures for three thousand years in Altai region by lithological and geochemical indicators in Teletskoe Lake sediments, Dokl. Earth Sci., 426, 681-684, 2009.
71. Kaufman, D. S., Schneider, D. P., McKay, N. P., Ammann, C. M., Bradley, R. S., Briffa, K. R., Miller, G. H., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Overpeck, J. T., and Vinther, B. M.: Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling, Science, 325, 1236-1239, 2009.
72. Kirchhefer, A. J.: Reconstruction of summer temperatures from tree-rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in coastal Northern Norway, Holocene, 11, 41-52, 2001. (Pubitemid 32093366)
73. Klimenko, V. V., Klimanov, V. A., Sirin, A. A., and Sleptsov, A. M.: Climate changes in Western European Russia in the Late Holocene, Dokl. Earth Sci., 377, 190-194, 2001.
74. Kobashi, T., Severinghaus, J. P., Barnola, J.-M., Kawamura, K., Carter, T., and Nakaegawa, T.: Persistent multi-decadal Greenland temperature fluctuation through the last millennium, Climatic Change, 100, 733-756, 2010.
75. Lamoureux, S. F. and Bradley, R. S.: A late Holocene varved sediment record of environmental change from Northern Ellesmere Island, J. Paleolimnol., 16, 239-255, 1996.
76. Larocque-Tobler, I., Grosjean, M., Heiri, O., Trachsel, M., and Ka-menik, C.: Thousand years of climate change reconstructed from chironomid subfossils preserved in varved lake Silvaplana, Enga-dine, Switzerland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 1940-1949, 2010.
77. Leijonhufvud, L., Wilson, R., Moberg, A., Söderberg, J., Retsö D., and Söderlind, U.: Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations, Climatic Change, 101, 109-141, 2010.
78. Linderholm, H. W. and Gunnarson, B. E.: Summer temperature variability in central Scandinavia during the last 3600 years, Ge-ogr. Ann. A, 87, 231-241, 2005. (Pubitemid 40869760)
79. Lindholm, M., Jalkanen, R., Salminen, H., Aalto, T., and Ogurtsov, M.: The height increment record of summer temperature extended over the last millennium in Fennoscandia, Holocene, 21, 319-326, 2011.
80. Ljungqvist, F. C.: A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia, Geogr. Ann. A, 92, 339-351, 2010.
81. Ljungqvist, F. C., Krusic, P. J., Brattström, G., and Sundqvist, H. S.: Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries, Clim. Past, 8, 227-249, doi:10.5419/cp-8-227-2012, 2012.
82. Loehle, C. and McCulloch, J. H.: Correction to: A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based on non-tree ring proxies, Energy and Environment, 19, 93-100, 2008. (Pubitemid 351983873)
83. Loso, M. G.: Summer temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age inferred from varved proglacial lake sediments in Southern Alaska, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 117-128, 2009.
84. Luckman, B. H. and Wilson, R. J. S.: Summer temperatures in the Canadian Rockies during the last millennium: a revised record, Clim. Dynam., 24, 131-144, 2005. (Pubitemid 40473198)
85. Luckman, B. H., Briffa, K. R., Jones, P. D., and Schweingru-ber, F. H.: Tree-ring based reconstruction of summer temperatures at the Columbia Icefield, Alberta, Canada, AD 1073-1983, Holocene, 7, 375-389, 1997. (Pubitemid 28010247)
86. Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., and Hughes, M. K.: Global-scale tem-perature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries, Nature, 392, 779-787, 1998. (Pubitemid 28225311)
87. Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., and Hughes, M. K.: Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759-762, 1999. (Pubitemid 29285926)
88. Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M. K., Bradley, R. S., Miller, S. K., Rutherford, S., and Ni, F.: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 13252-13257, 2008.
89. Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. H., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., and Ni, F.: Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly, Science, 326, 1256-1260, 2009.
90. Matthews, J. A. and Briffa, K. R.: The "Little Ice Age": re-evaluation of an evolving concept, Geogr. Ann. A, 87, 17-36, 2005. (Pubitemid 40865023)
91. McKay, N. P., Kaufman, D. S., and Michelutti, N.: Biogenic silica concentration as a high-resolution, quantitative temperature proxy at Hallet Lake, South-Central Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L055709, doi:10.1029/2007GL032876, 2008. (Pubitemid 351676029)
92. Moberg, A.: Comments on "Reconstruction of the extra-tropical NH mean temperature over the last millennium with a method that preserves low-frequency variability", J. Climate, submitted, 2012.
93. Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D. M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N. M., and Karlén, W.: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, Nature, 433, 613-617, 2005. (Pubitemid 40282990)
94. Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D. M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N. M., Karlén, W., and Lauritzen, S.-E.: Corrigendum: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, Nature, 439, 1014, doi:10.1038/nature04575, 2006. (Pubitemid 43292425)
95. Moore, J. J., Hughen, K. A., Miller, G. H., and Overpeck, J. T.: Little Ice Age recorded in summer temperature reconstruction from varved sediments of Donard Lake, Baffin Island, Canada, J. Paleolimnol., 25, 503-517, 2001. (Pubitemid 32532905)
96. Mǒzný, M., Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, O., and Trnka, M.: Cereal harvest dates in the Czech Republic between 1501 and 2008 as a proxy for March-June temperature reconstruction, Climatic Change, 110, 801-821, 2012.
97. National Research Council: Surface temperature reconstructions for the Last 2000 years, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006.
98. Naurzbaev, M. M., Vaganov, E. A., Sidorova, O. V., and Schwein-gruber, F. H.: Summer temperatures in Eastern Taimyr inferred from a 2427-year late-Holocene tree-ring chronology and earlier floating series, Holocene, 12, 727-736, 2002. (Pubitemid 35391542)
99. NGRIP members: High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147-151, 2004.
100. Popa, I. and Kern, Z.: Long-term summer temperature reconstruction inferred from tree-ring records from the Eastern Carpathians, Clim. Dynam., 32, 1107-1117, 2009.
101. Proctor, C. J., Baker, A., and Barnes, W. L.: A three thousand year record of North Atlantic climate, Clim. Dynam., 19, 449-454, 2002. (Pubitemid 34986928)
102. Qiang, M.-R., Chen, F.-H., Zhang, J.-W., Gao, S.-Y., and Zhou, A.-F.: Climatic changes documented by stable isotopes of sedimentary carbonate in Lake Sugan, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau of China, since 2 ka BP, Chinese Sci. Bull., 50, 1930-1939, 2005.
103. Ran, L., Jiang, H., Knudsen, K. L., and Eiríksson, J.: Diatom-based reconstruction of palaeoceanographic changes on the North Icelandic shelf during the last millennium, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 302, 109-119, 2011.
104. Salzer, M. W. and Kipfmueller, K. F.: Reconstructed temperature and precipitation on a millennial timescale from tree-rings in the Southern Colorado Plateau, USA, Climatic Change, 70, 465-487, 2005. (Pubitemid 41186116)
105. 2 and orbital forcing between 1000 and AD 1850 in the IPSLCM4 model, Clim. Past, 6, 445-460, doi:10.5194/cp-6-445- 2010, 2010.
106. Sicre, M.-A., Hall, I. R., Mignot, J., Khodri, M., Ezat, U., Truong, M.-X., Eiríksson, J., and Knudsen, K.-L.: Sea surface temperature variability in the subpolar Atlantic over the last two millennia, Paleoceanography, 26, PA4218, doi:10.1029/2011PA002169, 2011.
107. Sidorova, O. V., Vaganov, E. A., Naurzbaev, M. M., Shishov, V. V., and Hughes, M. K.: Regional features of the radial growth of larch in North Central Siberia according to millennial tree-ring chronologies, Russ. J. Ecol., 38, 90-93, 2007. (Pubitemid 46568714)
108. Sleptsov, A. M. and Klimenko V. V.: Multi-proxy reconstruction of the climate of Eastern Europe during the last 2000 years, Izvestiya of the Russian Geographical Society, 6, 45-54, 2003 (in Russian).
109. Smerdon, J. E. and Kaplan, A.: Comments on "Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-based reconstructions of past climate": The role of the standardization interval, J. Climate, 20, 5666-5670, 2007. (Pubitemid 350285920)
110. Smerdon, J. E., Kaplan, A., Zorita, A., González-Rouco, J. F., and Evans, M. N.: Spatial performance of four climate field reconstruction methods targetting the Common Era, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11795, doi:10.1029/ 2011GL047372, 2011.
111. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L.: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.
112. Stendel, M., Mogensen, I. A., and Christensen, J. H.: Influence of various forcings on global climate in historical times using a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 26, 1-15, 2006. (Pubitemid 43009970)
113. Sundqvist, H. S., Holmgren, K., Moberg, A., Spötl, C., and Mangini, A.: Stable isotopes in a stalagmite from NW Sweden document environmental changes over the past 4000 years, Boreas, 39, 77-86, 2010.
114. Swingedouw, D., Terray, L., Cassou, C., Voldoire, A., Salas-Mélia, D., and Servonnat, J.: Natural forcing of climate during the last millennium: fingerprint of solar variability. Low frequency solar forcing and NAO, Clim. Dynam., 36, 1349-1364, 2011.
115. Tan, M., Liu, T. S., Hou, J., Qin, X., Zhang, H., and Li, T.: Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1617, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017352, 2003.
116. Taricco, C., Ghil, M., Alessio, S., and Vivaldo, G.: Two millennia of climate variability in the Central Mediterranean, Clim. Past, 5, 171-181, doi:10.5194/cp-5-171-2009, 2009.
117. Tarussov, A.: The Arctic from Svalbard to Severnaya Zemlya: climatic reconstruction from ice cores, in: Climate since AD 1500, edited by: Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D., Routledge, London, 505-516, 1992.
118. Thomas, E. K. and Briner, J. P.: Climate of the past millennium inferred from varved proglacial lake sediments on Northeast Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 209-224, 2009.
119. Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Brecher, H., Davis, M. E., Leon, B., Les, D., Mashiotta, T. A., Lin, P.-N., and Mountain, K.: Evidence of abrupt tropical climate change: past and present, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 10536-10543, 2006. (Pubitemid 44078013)
120. Tingley, M. P. and Li, B.: Comments on "Reconstructing the NH mean temperature: can underestimation of trends and variability be avoided?", J. Climate, accepted, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00005.1, 2012.
121. Tingley, M. P., Craigmile, P. F., Haran, M., Li, B., Mannshardt- Shamseldin, E., and Rajaratnam, B.: Piecing together the past: statistical insights into paleoclimatic reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 35, 1-25, 2012.
122. 2 on a millennium-long tree-ring carbon isotope record, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 73, 4635-4647, 2009.
123. van Engelen, A. F. V., Buisman, J., and IJnsen, F.: A millennium of weather, winds and water in the low countries, in: History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, edited by: Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 101-124, 2001.
124. Vinther, B. M., Johnsen, S. J., Andersen, K. K., Clausen, H. B., and Hansen, A. W.: NAO signal recorded in the stable isotopes of Greenland ice cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1387, doi:10.1029/2002GL016193, 2003.
125. Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Johnsen, S. J., Andersen, K. K., Dahl-Jensen, D., Ras-mussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., and Svensson, A. M.: Synchronizing ice cores from the Renland and Agassiz ice caps to the Greenland Ice Core Chronology, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D08115, doi:10.1029/2007JD009143, 2008.
126. Vinther, B. M., Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Clausen, H. B., Andersen, K. K., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Johnsen, S. J.: Climatic signals in multiple highly resolved stable isotope records from Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 522-538, 2010.
127. von Storch, H., Zorita, E., Jones, J. M., Dimitriev, Y., González-Rouco, F., and Tett, S. F. B.: Reconstructing past climate from noisy data, Science, 306, 679-882, 2004.
128. Wang, S.-W., Gong, D., and Zhu, J.: Twentieth-century climatic warming in China in the context of the Holocene, Holocene, 11, 313-321, 2001. (Pubitemid 32320280)
129. Wanner, H., Beer, J., Bütikofer, J., Crowley, T., Cubasch, U., Flückiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O., Küttel, M., Müller, S., Pentice, C., Solomina, O., Stocker, T., Tarasov, P., Wagner, M., and Widmann, M.: Mid to late Holocene climate change-an overview, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1791-1828, 2008.
130. Wanner, H., Solomina, O., Grosjean, M., Ritz, S. P., and Jetel, M.: Structure and origin of Holocene cold events, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3109-3123, 2011.
131. Yang, B., Braeuning, A., Johnson, K. R., and Yafeng, S.: General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1324, doi:10.1029/2001GL014485, 2002.
132. Yi, L., Yu, H., Ge, J., Lai, Z., Xu, X., Qin, L., and Peng, S.: Reconstructions of annual summer precipitation and temperature in North-Central China since 1470 AD based on drought/flood index and tree-ring records, Climatic Change, 110, 469-498, 2012.
133. Zhang, Q., Gemmer, M., and Chen, J.: Climate changes and flood/drought risk in the Yangtze Delta, China, during the past millennium, Quaternary Int., 176-177, 62-69, 2008.
134. Zhang, Q.-B., Cheng, G., Yao, T., Kang, X., and Huang, J.: A 2326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1739, doi:10.10292003GL017425, 2003.
135. Zhu, H. F., Shao, X.-M., Yin, Z.-Y., Xu, P., Xu, Y., and Tian, H.: August temperature variability in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau since AD 1385 inferred from tree rings, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 305, 84-92, 2011.
136. Zorita, E., González-Rouco, F., and von Storch, H.: Comments on "Testing the fidelity of methods used in proxy-base reconstructions of past climate", J. Climate, 20, 3693-3698, 2007. (Pubitemid 47262023)