The 'Little Ice Age': Re-evaluation of an evolving concept

Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 17-36

  Matthews, John A ^a   Briffa, Keith R ^b  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Climate; Decadal variability; Glacierization; Glaciers; Holocene; Last millennium; Little ice Age

Indexed keywords

GLACIATION; HOLOCENE; LITTLE ICE AGE; PALEOCLIMATE;

EID: 20844434193     PISSN: 04353676     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2005.00242.x     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Ballantyne, C.K., 1989: The Loch Lomond readvance on the Isle of Skye, Scotland: a glacier reconstruction and palaeoclimatic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 4: 95-108.
2. Barber, K.E., Chambers, F.M. and Maddy, D., 2004: Late Holocene climatic history of northern Germany and Denmark: peat macrofossil investigations at Dosenmoor, Schleswig-Holstein, and Svanemose, Jutland. Boreas, 33: 132-144.
3. Bard, E., Raisbeck, G., Yiou, P. and Jouzel, J., 2000: Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides. Tellus Ser. B, 52: 985-992.
4. Barnett, T.P., Santer, B.D., Jones, P.D., Bradley, R.S. and Briffa, K.R., 1996: Estimates of low- frequency natural variability in near-surface air temperature. The Holocene, 6: 255-263.
5. Bertrand, C., Loutre, M.F., Crucifix, M. and Berger, A., 2002: Climate of the last millennium: a sensitivity study. Tellus, Ser. A. 54: 221-244.
6. Bianchi, G.G. and McCave, I.N., 1999: Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep- ocean flow south. Nature. 397: 515-517.
7. Bickerton, R.J. and Matthews, J.A., 1993: 'Little Ice Age' variations of outlet glaciers from the Jostedalsbreen ice-cap, southern Norway: a regional lichenometric-dating study of ice-marginal moraine sequences and their climatic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science. 8: 45-66.
8. Bjune, A.E., Bakke, J., Nesje, A. and Birks, H.J.B., 2005: Holocene mean July temperature and winter precipitation in western Norway inferred from palynological and glaciological proxies The Holocene, 15: 177-189.
9. Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., de Menocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G., 1997: A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in the North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science, 278: 1257-1266.
10. Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Nuscheler, R., Evans, M.N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti- Bond, R., Hajdas, I. and Bonani, G., 2001: Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science, 278: 1257-1266.
11. Bradley, R.S., 2003: Climatic forcing during the Holocene. In: Mackay, A., Battarbee, R., Birks, H.J.B. and Oldfield, F. (eds): Global Change in the Holocene. Arnold. London. 10-19.
12. Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D., 1992a: When was the 'Little Ice Age'? In: Mikami, T. (ed.): Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Little Ice Age Climate. Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Tokyo. 1-4.
13. Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D., 1992b: Climatic variations over the last 500 years. In: Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D. (eds): Climate Since AD 1500. Routledge. London. 649-665.
14. Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D., 1993: 'Little Ice Age' summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene, 3: 367-376.
15. Bradley, R.S., Briffa, K.R., Cole, J., Hughes, M.K. and Osborn, T.J., 2003: The climate of the last millennium. In: Alverson, K.D., Bradley, R.S. and Pedersen, T.F. (eds): Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future. Springer. Berlin. 105-141.
16. Bray, J.R., 1974: Glacial advance relative to volcanic activity since 1500 AD. Nature, 248: 42-43.
17. Brázdil, R. 1996: Reconstructions of past climate from historical sources in the Czech lands. In: Jones, P.D., Bradley, R.S. and Jouzel, J. (eds): Climate Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. Springer. Berlin. 409-431.
18. Briffa, K.R., 2000: Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 87-105.
19. Briffa, K.R., Bartholin, T.S., Eckstein, D., Jones, P.D., Karlén, W., Schweingruber, F.H. and Zetterberg, P., 1990: A 1,400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature, 346: 434-439.
20. Briffa, K.R., Jones, P.D., Bartholin, T.S., Eckstein, D., Schweingruber, F.H., Karlén, W., Zetterberg, P. and Eronen, M., 1992: Fennoscandian summers from AD 500: temperature changes on short and long timescales. Climate Dynamics, 7: 111-119.
21. Briffa, K.R., Jones, P.D., Schweingruber, F.H. and Osborn, T.J., 1998: Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years. Nature, 393: 350-354.
22. Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J., Schweingruber, F.H., Harris, I.C., Jones, P.D., Shiyatov, S.G. and Vaganov, F.A., 2001: Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree-ring density network. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106D: 2929-2941.
23. Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J., Schweingruber, F.H., Jones, P.D., Shiyatov, S.G. and Vaganov, E.A., 2002a: Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere: Part 1, local and regional climate signals. The Holocene, 12: 737-757.
24. Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J., Schweingruber, F.H., Jones, P.D., Shiyatov, S.G. and Vaganov, E.A., 2002b: Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere: Part 2, spatio-temporal variability and associated climatic patterns. The Holocene, 12: 759-789.
25. Broecker, W.S., 2001: Was the Medieval Warm Period global? Science, 291: 1497-1499.
26. Calkin, P.E., Ellis, J.M., Haworth, L.A. and Burns, P.E., 2001: Holocene coastal glaciation of Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20: 449-461.
27. Campbell, I.D., Campbell, C., Apps, M.H., Rutter, N.W. and Bush, A.B.G., 1998: Late-Holocene c. 1500 yr climatic periodicities and their implications. Geology, 26: 471-473.
28. 18O records from the northwest and central North Iceland Shelf. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19: 321-334.
29. Chapman,M.R. and Shackleton, N.J., 2000: Evidence of 550-year and 1000-year cyclicities in North Atlantic circulation patterns during the Holocene. The Holocene, 10: 287-291.
30. Cook, E.R., Meko, D.M. and Stockton, C.W., 1997: A new assessment of possible solar and lunar forcing of the bidecadal drought rhythm in the western United States. Journal of Climate, 10: 1343-1356.
31. Cook, E.R., Palmer, J.G. and D'Arrigo, R.C., 2002: Evidence for a 'Medieval Warm Period' in a 1100-year tree-ring reconstruction of past Austral summer temperatures in New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(14): 1667 (doi: 10.1029/2001 GL014580).
32. Cook, E.R., Esper, J. and D'Arrigo, R.D., 2004a: Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23: 2063-2074.
33. Cook, E.R., Buckley, B.M., D'Arrigo, R.D. and Paterson, M.J., 2000: Warm-season temperatures since 1600 BC reconstructed from Tasmanian tree rings and their relationship to large-scale sea surface temperature anomalies. Climate Dynamics, 16: 79-91.
34. Cook, E.R., Woodhouse, C., Eakin, C.M., Meko, D.M. and Stahle, D.W., 2004b: Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science, 306: 1015-1018.
35. Cronin, T.M., 1999: Principles of Paleoclimatology. Columbia University Press. New York. 560 p.
36. Crowley, T.J., 2000: Causes of climatic change over the past 1000 years. Science, 289: 270-277.
37. Crowley, T.J. and Lowery, T.S., 2000: How warm was the Medieval Warm Period? Ambio, 29: 51-54.
38. Dahl, S.O and Nesje, A., 1994: Holocene glacier fluctuations at Hardangerjøkulen, central-southern Norway: a high-resolution composite chronology from lacustrine and terrestrial deposits. The Holocene, 4: 269-277.
39. Dahl, S.O. and Nesje, A., 1996: A new approach to calculating Holocene winter precipitation by combining glacier equilibrium-line altitudes and pine-tree limits: a case study from Hardangerjøkulen, central-southern Norway. The Holocene, 6: 381-398.
40. Dahl, S.O., Bakke, J, Lie, Ø. and Nesje, A., 2003: Reconstruction of former glacier equilibrium-line altitudes based on proglacial sites: an evaluation of approaches and selection of sites. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22: 275-287.
41. Dahl, S.O., Nesje, A., Lie, Ø., Fjordheim, K. and Matthews, J.A., 2002: Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early-Holocene glacier readvances during the Erdal Event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway. The Holocene 12: 17-25.
42. Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C.U., Hvidberg, C.S., Steffensen, J.P., Sveinbjornsdottir, A.E., Jouzel, J. and Bond, G., 1993: Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature, 364: 218-220.
43. Dyurgerov, M.B. and Meier, M.F., 2000: Twentieth century climate change: evidence from small glaciers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97: 1406-1411.
44. Esper, J., Cook, E.R. and Schweingruber, F.H., 2002: Low frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science, 295: 2250-2252.
45. Fisher, D.A., 2002: High-resolution multiproxy climatic records from ice cores, tree-rings, corals and documentary sources using eigenvector techniques and maps: assessment of recovered signal and errors. The Holocene, 12: 401-419.
46. Fisher, D.A. and Koerner, R.M., 2003: Holocene ice-core climate history; a multi-variable approach. In: Mackay, A., Battarbee, R., Birks, H.J.B. and Oldfield, F. (eds): Global Change in the Holocene. Arnold. London, 281-293.
47. Flohn, H. and Fantechi, R. (eds), 1984: The Climate of Europe: Past, Present and Future. D. Reidel. Dordrecht.
48. Foukal, P., North, G. and Wigley, T., 2004: A stellar view on solar variations and climate. Science, 306: 68-69.
49. Gasse, F., 2000: Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 189-211.
50. Grove, J.M., 1985: The timing of the Little Ice Age in Scandinavia. In: Tooley, M.J. and Sheail, G.M. (eds): The Climatic Scene. George Allen and Unwin. London. 132-153.
51. Grove, J.M., 2001a: The initiation of the 'Little Ice Age' in the regions round the North Atlantic. Climatic Change, 48: 53-82.
52. Grove, J.M., 2001b: The onset of the 'Little Ice Age'. In: Jones, P.D., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Davies, T.D. and Briffa, K.R. (eds): History and Climate: Memories of the Future? Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York. 153-185.
53. Grove, J.M., 2004: Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, (2 volumes). Routledge. London. 718 p.
54. Grudd, H., Briffa, K.R., Karlén, W., Bartholin, T.S., Jones, P.D. and Kromer, B., 2002: A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales. The Holocene, 12: 657-665.
55. Gupta, A.K., Anderson, D.M. and Overpeck, J.T., 2003: Abrupt changes in the Asian Southwest Monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 421: 354-357.
56. Haas, J.N., Richoz, I., Tinner, W. and Wick, L., 1998: Synchronous Holocene climatic oscillations recorded on the Swiss Plateau and at timberline in the Alps. The Holocene, 8: 301-309.
57. Helama, S., Lindholm, M., Timonen, M., Meriläinen, J. and Eronen, M., 2002: The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 2, interannual to centennial variability in summer temperatures for 7500 years. The Holocene, 12: 681-687.
58. Holzhauser, H., 1997: Fluctuations of the Grosser Aletsch Glacier and the Gorner Glacier during the last 3,200 years: new results. Paläoklimaforschung, 24: 35-58.
59. Holzhauser, H. and Zumbühl, H.J., 1996: The history of the Lower Grindelwald Glacier during the last 2800 years - palaeosols, fossil wood and historical pictorial records - new results. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F. Supplement Band, 104: 94-127.
60. Holzhauser, H. and Zumbühl, H.J., 2003: Nacheiszeitliche Gletscherschwankungen, Sonderdruck zum 54, Hydrologischer Atlas der Schweiz. Deutschen Geographentag. Bern.
61. Hughes, M.K. and Diaz, H.F., 1994: Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period', and if so, where and when? Climatic Change, 26: 109-142.
62. Hughes, P.D.M., Mauquoy, D., Barber, K.E. and Langdon, P.G., 2000: Mire development pathways and palaeoclimatic records from a full Holocene peat archive at Walton Moss, Cumbria, England. The Holocene, 10: 465-479.
63. Hurrell, J.W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269: 676-679.
64. Jacoby, G., D'Arrigo, R. and Luckman, B.H., 1996: Millennial and near-millennial scale dendroclimatic studies in northern North America. In: Jones, P.D., Bradley, R.S. and Jouzel, J. (eds): Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. Springer. Berlin. 67-84.
65. Johanesson, T., Raymond, C. and Waddington, E., 1989: Time-scale for adjustment of glaciers to changes in mass balance. Journal of Glaciology, 35: 355-369.
66. Jones, P.D. and Mann, M.E., 2004: Climate over past millennia. Reviews of Geophysics, 42: RG202, (doi 10.1029/2003RG000143).
67. Jones, P.D., Briffa, K.R., Barnett, T.P. and Tett, S.F.B., 1998: High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control run temperatures. The Holocene, 8: 455-472.
68. Jones, P.D., Briffa, K.R. and Osborn, T.J., 2003: Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: implications for paleoclimatology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D18): 4588-4593.
69. Karlén, W., 1976: Lacustrine sediments and tree limit variations as evidence of Holocene climatic variations in Lappland, northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler, 58(A): 1-34.
70. Karlén, W., 1981: Lacustrine sediment studies. Geografiska Annaler, 63(A): 273-281.
71. Karlén, W., 1988: Scandinavian glacial and climatic variations during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20: 403-407.
72. Karlén, W. and Matthews, J.A., 1992: Reconstructing Holocene glacier variations from glacial lake sediments: studies from Nordvestlandet and Jostedalsbreen-Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Geografiska Annaler, 74(A): 327-348.
73. Karlén, W., Bodin, A., Kuylenstierna, J. and Näslund, J.O., 1995: Climate of northern Sweden during the Holocene. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, 17: 49-54.
74. Kjøllmoen, B., 1998: Glasiologiske Undersøkelser i Norge 1996 og 1997. Rapport 20. Norges vassdrags-og energiverk. Oslo.
75. Kreutz, K.J., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Twickler, M.S., Whitlow, S.I. and Pittalwala, I.I., 1997: Bipolar changes in atmospheric circulation during the Little Ice Age. Science, 277: 1294-1296.
76. LaMarche, V.C.J., 1974: Palaeoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records. Science, 183: 1043-1048.
77. Lamb, H.H., 1963: What can we learn about the trend of our climate? Weather, 18: 194-216.
78. Lamb, H.H., 1965: The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1: 13-37.
79. Lamb, H.H., 1966: The Changing Climate: Selected Papers by H.H. Lamb. London. Methuen.
80. Lamb, H.H., 1977: Climate: Past Present and Future, Volume 2: Climatic History and the Future. Methuen. London.
81. Lamb, H.H., 1979: Climatic variation and changes in the wind and ocean circulation: the Little Ice Age in the north east Atlantic. Quaternary Research, 11: 1-20.
82. Lamb, H.H., 1985: The Little Ice Age period and the great storms within it. In: Tooley, M.J. and Sheail, G.M. (eds): The Climatic Scene. George Allen and Unwin. London. 104-131.
83. Landsberg, H.E., 1985: Historical weather data and early meteorological observations. In: Hecht, A.D. (ed.): Paleoclimate Analysis and Modelling. John Wiley. New York. 27-70.
84. Le Roy Ladurie, E., 1971: Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000. George Allen and Unwin. London. 428 p.
85. Lean, J., 2000: Evolution of the Sun's spectral irradiance since the Maunder Minimum. Geophysical Research Letters, 27: 2425-2428.
86. Luckman, B.H., 1996: Reconciling the glacial and dendrochronological records for the last millennium in the Canadian Rockies. In: Jones, P.D., Bradley, R.S. and Jouzel, J. (eds): Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. Springer. Berlin. 85-108.
87. Luckman, B.H., 2000: The Little Ice Age in the Canadian Rockies. Geomorphology, 32: 257-284.
88. Luckman, B.H. and Wilson, R.J.S., 2005: Summer temperatures in the Canadian Rockies during the last millennium - a revised record. Climate Dynamics (in press).
89. Luterbacher, J., Rickli, R., Xoplaki, E., Tinguely, C., Beck, C., Pfister, C. and Wanner, H., 2001: The late Maunder Minimum (1675-1715) - a key period for studying decadal-scale climatic change in Europe. Climatic Change, 49: 441-462.
90. Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M. and Wanner, H., 2004: European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500. Science, 303: 1499-1503.
91. Manley, G., 1974: Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 100: 389-405.
92. Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K., 1998: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the last six centuries. Nature, 392: 779-787.
93. Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K., 1999: Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the last millennium: inferences, uncertainties and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26: 759-762.
94. Martínez-Cortizas, A., Pontevedra-Pombal, X., García-Rodeja, E., Nóvoa-Munoz, J.C. and Shotyk, W., 1999: Mercury in a Spanish peat bog: archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition. Science, 284: 939-942.
95. Matthes, F.E., 1939: Report of the Committee on Glaciers, April 1939. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 20: 518-523.
96. 14C-dating evidence and climatic implications. The Holocene, 1: 219-233.
97. Matthews, J.A., 1992: The Ecology of Recently-Deglaciated Terrain: a Geoecological Approach to Glacier Forelands and Primary Succession. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 386 p.
98. Matthews, J.A., 1997: Dating problems in the investigation of Scandinavian Holocene glacier variations. Paläoklimaforschung, 24: 141-157.
99. Matthews, J.A., 2005: 'Little Ice Age' glacier variations in Jotunheimen, southern Norway: a study in regionally-controlled lichenometric dating of recessional moraines with implications for climate and lichen growth rates. The Holocene, 15: 1-19.
100. Matthews, J.A. and Karlén, W., 1992: Asynchronous neoglaciation and Holocene climatic change reconstructed from Norwegian glacio-lacustrine sedimentary sequences. Geology, 20: 991-994.
101. Matthews, J.A., Dahl, S.O., Nesje, A., Berrisford, M.S. and Andersson, C., 2000: Holocene glacier variations in central Jotunheimen, southern Norway based on distal glaciolacustrine sediment cores. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 1625-1647.
102. Matthews, J.A., Berrisford, M.S., Dresser, P.Q., Nesje, A., Dahl, S.O., Bjune, A.E., Bakke, J., Birks, H.J.B., Lie, Ø., Dumayne-Peaty, L. and Barnett, C., 2005: Holocene glacier history of Bjørnbreen and climatic reconstruction in central Jotunheimen, Norway, based on proximal glaciofluvial stream-bank mires. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24: 67-90.
103. Naurzbaev, M.M., Vaganov, E.A., Sidorova, O.V. and Schweingruber, F.H., 2002: Summer temperatures in eastern Taimyr inferred from a 2427-year late-Holocene tree-ring chronology and earlier floating series. The Holocene, 12: 727-736.
104. Nesje, A., 1989: Glacier-front variations of outlet glaciers from Jostedalsbreen and climate in the Jostedalsbre region of western Norway in the period 1901-80. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 43: 3-17.
105. Nesje, A. and Dahl, S.O., 1991: Holocene glacier variations at Blåisen, Hardangerjøkulen, central southern Norway. Quaternary Research, 35: 25-40.
106. Nesje, A. and Dahl, S.O., 2000: Glaciers and Environmental Change. Arnold. London. 203 p.
107. Nesje, A. and Dahl, S.O., 2003a: Glaciers as indicators of Holocene climatic change. In: Mackay, A., Battarbee, R., Birks, H.J.B. and Oldfield, F. (eds): Global Change in the Holocene. Arnold. London. 264-280.
108. Nesje, A. and Dahl, S.O., 2003b: The 'Little Ice Age' - only temperature? The Holocene, 13: 139-145.
109. Nesje, A. and Kvamme, M., 1991: Holocene glacier and climatic variations in western Norway: evidence for early-Holocene glacier demise and multiple Neoglacial events. Geology, 19: 610-612.
110. Nesje, A. and Rye, N., 1993: Late-Holocene glacier activity at Sandskardfonna, Jostedalsbreen area, western Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 47: 21-28.
111. Nesje, A., Kvamme, M., Rye, N. and Løvlie, R., 1991: Holocene glacial and climatic history of the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway: evidence from lake sediments and terrestrial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews, 10: 87-114.
112. Nesje, A., Johannessen, T. and Birks, H.J.B., 1995: Briksdalsbreen, western Norway: climatic effects on the terminal response of a temperate glacier between AD 1901 and 1994. The Holocene, 5: 343-347.
113. Nesje, A., Lie, Ø. and Dahl, S.O., 2000a: Is the North Atlantic Oscillation reflected in Scandinavian glacier mass balance records? Journal of Quaternary Science, 15: 267-280.
114. Nesje, A., Dahl, S.O., Andersson, C. and Matthews, J.A., 2000b: The lacustrine sedimentary succession in Sygneskardvatnet, western Norway: a continuous, high-resolution record of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19: 1047-1065.
115. Nesje, A., Matthews, J.A., Dahl, S.O., Berrisford, M.S. and Andersson, C., 2001: Holocene glacier fluctuations of Flatebreen and winter-precipitation changes in the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway, based on glaciolacustrine sediment records. The Holocene, 11: 267-280.
116. Ogilvie, A.E.J. and Jónsson, T., 2001: 'Little Ice Age' research: a perspective from Iceland. Climatic Change, 48: 9-52.
117. Osborn, G. and Luckman, B.H., 1988: Holocene glacial fluctuations in the Canadian Cordillera (Alberta and British Columbia). Quaternary Science Reviews, 7: 115-128.
118. Osborn, T.J., Briffa, K.R., Schweingruber, F.H. and Jones P.D. (submitted) Annually-resolved patterns in summer temperature over the Northern Hemisphere since AD 1400 from a tree-ring density network. Global and Planetary Change.
119. Overpeck, J., Hughen, K., Hardy, D., Bradley, R., Case, R., Douglas, M., Finney, B., Gajewski, K., Jacoby, G., Jennings, A., Lamoureux, S., Lasca, A., MacDonald, G., Moore, J., Ratelle, M., Smith, S., Wolfe, A. and Zielinski, G., 1997: Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science, 279: 1251-1256.
120. Patzelt, G., 1985: The period of glacier advances in the Alps, 1965 to 1980. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 21: 403-407.
121. Pfister, C., 1992a: Five centuries of Little Ice Age climate in western Europe. In: Mikami, T. (ed.): Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Little Ice Age Climate. Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Tokyo. 208-213.
122. Pfister, C., 1992b: Switzerland: the time of icy winters and chilly springs. In: Frenzel, B., Pfister, C. and Gläser, B. (eds): Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675-1715. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart. 205-224.
123. Pfister, C., 1992c: Monthly temperature and precipitation in central Europe 1525-1979: quantifying documentary evidence on weather and its effects. In: Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D. (eds): Climate Since AD 1500. Routledge, London, 118-142.
124. Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., Schwarz-Zanetti, G. and Wegmann, M., 1998: Winter air temperature variations in western Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages AD 750-1300. The Holocene, 8: 535-552.
125. Pohjola, V.A. and Rogers, J.C., 1997: Atmospheric circulation and variations in Scandinavian glacier mass balance. Quaternary Research, 17: 29-36.
126. Porter, S.C., 1981a: Glaciological evidence of Holocene climatic change. In: Wigley, T.M.L., Ingram, M.J. and Farmer, G. (eds): Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and their Impact on Man. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 82-110.
127. Porter, S.C., 1981b: Recent glacier variations and volcanic eruptions. Nature, 291: 139-142.
128. Porter, S.C., 1986: Pattern and forcing of Northern Hemisphere glacier variations during the last millennium. Quaternary Research, 26: 27-48.
129. Porter, S.C. and Denton, G.H., 1967: Chronology of neoglaciation in the North American Cordillera. American Journal of Science, 265: 177-210.
130. Raper, S.C.B., Briffa, K.R. and Wigley, T.M.L., 1996: Glacier change in northern Sweden from AD 500: a simple geometric model of Storglaciären. Journal of Glaciology, 42: 341-351.
131. Reichert, B.K., Bengtsson, L. and Oerlemanns, J., 2001: Midlatitude forcing mechanisms for glacier mass balance investigated using general circulation models. Journal of Climate, 14: 3767-3784.
132. Robertson, A.D., Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D., Mosley-Thompson, E., Zielinski, G.A., Lean, J.L., Koch, D., Penner, J.E., Tegen, I. and Healy, R., 2001: Hypothesised climate forcing time series for the last 500 years. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 106: 14783-14803.
133. Robock, A., 2000: Volcanic eruptions and climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 38: 191-219.
134. Roos-Barraclough, F., Martínez-Cotizas, A., Garcia-Rodeja, E. and Shotyk, W., 2004: A 14,500 year record of the accumulation of atmospheric mercury in peat: volcanic signals, anthropogenic influences and a correlation to bromine accumulation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202: 435-451.
135. Santer, B.D., Wigley, T.M.L., Barnett, T.P. and Anyamba, E., 1996: Detection of climate change and attribution of causes. In: Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A. and Maskell, K. (eds): The IPCC Second Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 407-444.
136. Six, D., Reynaud, L. and Letréguilly, A., 2001: Bilans de masse des glaciers alpins et scandinaves, leur relations avec l'oscillation du climat de l'Atlantique nord. Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 333: 693-698.
137. Snowball, I., Korhola, A., Briffa, K.R. and Koç, N., 2004: Holocene climate dynamics in Fennoscandia and the North Atlantic. In Battarbee, R.W. et al. (eds): Past Climate Variability Through Europe and Africa. Kluwer. Dordrecht. 465-494.
138. Stuiver, M., Braziunas, T.F., Grootes, P.M. and Zielinski, G.A., 1997: Is there evidence for solar forcing of climate in the GISP2 oxygen isotope record? Quaternary Research, 48: 259-266.
139. Sutherland, D.G., 1984: Modern glacier characteristics as a basis for infering former climates with particular reference to the Loch Lomond Stadial. Quaternary Science Reviews, 3: 291-309.
140. van der Schrier, G. and Barkmeijer, J., 2005: Bjerknes' hypothesis on the coldness during AD 1790-1820 revisited. Climate Dynamics (in press).
141. van Engelen, A.F.V., Buisman, J. and Ijnsen, F., 2001: A millennium of weather, winds and water in the low countries. In: Jones, P.D., Davies, T.D., Ogilvie, A.E.J. and Briffa, K.R. (eds): History and Climate: Memories of the Future? Kluwer/Plenum. New York. 101-124.
142. van Loon, H. and Rogers, J.C., 1978: The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and North Europe, Part I: general description. Monthly Weather Reviews, 106: 296-310.
143. Webber, S.L. and Oerlemans, L., 2003: Holocene glacier variability: three case studies using an intermediate-complexity climate model. The Holocene, 13: 353-363.
144. Williams, L.D. and Wigley, T.M.L., 1983: A comparison of evidence for late-Holocene summer temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. Quaternary Research, 20: 286-307.
145. Zumbühl, H.J. and Holzhauser, H., 1988: Alpengletscher in der Kleinen Eiszeit. Die Alpen, 64(3): 129-322.