Biological indicators of illness risk in offspring of bipolar parents: Targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system

Early Intervention in Psychiatry

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 128-137

  Duffy, Anne ^a   Lewitzka, Ute ^e   Doucette, Sarah ^a   Andreazza, Ana ^b,c   Grof, Paul ^c,d  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; High risk; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis; Immune system; Neurodevelopment

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; GENETIC RISK; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PARENTS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84859886494     PISSN: 17517885     EISSN: 17517893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00323.x     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. McGuffin P, Perroud N, Uher R etal. The genetics of affective disorder and suicide. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25: 275-7.
2. Alda M. The phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14: S94-9.
3. Duffy A. The early natural history of bipolar disorder: what we have learned from longitudinal high-risk research. Can J Psychiatry 2010; 55: 477-85.
4. Paus T, Keshavan M, Giedd JN. Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 947-57.
5. Duffy A. From predisposition to illness: genetically sensitive intermediate pathways to mood disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197: 341-2.
6. Duffy A, Alda M, Hajek T etal. Early stages in the development of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 121: 127-35.
7. Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC etal. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35: 804-17.
8. Watson S, Gallagher P, Ritchie JC etal. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: 496-502.
9. Pantelis C, Yucel M, Bora E etal. Neurobiological markers of illness onset in psychosis and schizophrenia: the search for a moving target. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19: 385-98.
10. Gore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton GC etal. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24years: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2011; 377: 2093-102.
11. McGorry PD, Purcell R, Goldstone S etal. Age of onset and timing of treatment for mental and substance use disorders: implications for preventive intervention strategies and models of care. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011; 24: 301-6.
12. Jacobson L, Sapolsky R. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr Rev 1991; 12: 118-34.
13. de Kloet ER, Joels M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 463-75.
14. Pariante CM. Glucocorticoid receptor function in vitro in patients with major depression. Stress 2004; 7: 209-19.
15. Dunn AJ. The HPA axis and the immune system: a perspective. In: del Rey A, Chrousos GP, Besedovsky HO, eds. The Hypothanlamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V., 2008; 3-15.
16. Herbert J, Goodyer IM, Grossman AB etal. Do corticosteroids damage the brain? J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18: 393-411.
17. Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 55-89.
18. Yirmiya R, Goshen I. Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25: 181-213.
19. Hellhammer DH, Wust S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 163-71.
20. Kumsta R, Entringer S, Hellhammer DH etal. Cortisol and ACTH responses to psychosocial stress are modulated by corticosteroid binding globulin levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32: 1153-7.
21. Meaney MJ, Diorio J, Francis D etal. Early environmental regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical responses to stress. Dev Neurosci 2006; 18: 61-72.
22. Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2005; 7: 103-23.
23. Weaver IC, Diorio J, Seckl JR etal. Early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: characterization of intracellular mediators and potential genomic target sites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1024: 182-212.
24. Cotter D, Pariante CM. Stress and the progression of the developmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181: 363-5.
25. Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 72: 67-73.
26. Murray G, Harvey A. Circadian rhythms and sleep in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 459-72.
27. Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer DH etal. Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 1997; 61: 2539-49.
28. Kudielka BM, Wust S. Human models in acute and chronic stress: assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and reactivity. Stress 2010; 13: 1-14.
29. Holsboer F, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W etal. Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adenocortical regulation in healthy subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuroendocrinology 1995; 62: 340-7.
30. Kutcher S, Sokolov S. Adolescent depression: neuroendocrine aspects. In: Goodyer IM, ed. The Depressed Child and Adolescent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995; 195-224.
31. Carroll BJ, Feinberg M, Greden JF etal. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 15-22.
32. Plotsky PM, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998; 21: 293-307.
33. Holsboer F. The stress hormone system is back on the map. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2000; 2: 454-6.
34. Schule C. Neuroendocrinological mechanisms of actions of antidepressant drugs. J Neuroendocrinol 2007; 19: 213-26.
35. Zobel AW, Yassouridis A, Frieboes RM etal. Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 949-51.
36. Deshauer D, Grof E, Alda M etal. Patterns of DST positivity in remitted affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1023-9.
37. Grof P. Sixty year of lithium responders. Neuropsychobiology 2010; 62 (1): 8-16.
38. Modell S, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W etal. Hormonal response pattern in the combined DEX-CRH test is stable over time in subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 253-62.
39. Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Modell S etal. The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: overview of the cross-sectional observations at index investigation. J Psychiatr Res 1998; 32: 393-401.
40. Craddock N, Owen MJ. The Kraepelinian dichotomy - going, going...but still not gone. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196 (2): 92-5.
41. Leboyer M, Henry C, Paillere-Martinot ML etal. Age at onset in bipolar affective disorders: a review. Bipolar Disord 2005; 7: 111-8.
42. Gottesman II, Laursen TM, Bertelsen A etal. Severe mental disorders in offspring with 2 psychiatrically ill parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 252-7.
43. Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Tamplin A etal. Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177: 499-504.
44. Goodyer IM, Bacon A, Ban M, Croudace T, Herbert J. Serotonin transporter genotype, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 195 (1): 39-45.
45. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE etal. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 386-9.
46. Caspi A, Hariri AR, Holmes A etal. Genetic sensitivity to the environment: the case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 509-27.
47. Halligan SL, Herbert J, Goodyer IM etal. Exposure to postnatal depression predicts elevated cortisol in adolescent offspring. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 376-81.
48. Halligan SL, Herbert J, Goodyer I etal. Disturbances in morning cortisol secretion in association with maternal postnatal depression predict subsequent depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 40-6.
49. Ellenbogen MA, Hodgins S, Walker C-D. High levels of cortisol among adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 99-106.
50. Ellenbogen MA, Hodgins S, Walker CD etal. Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 1164-80.
51. Ellenbogen MA, Hodgins S, Linnen AM etal. Elevated daytime cortisol levels: a biomarker of subsequent major affective disorder? J Affect Disord 2011; 132: 265-9.
52. Ellenbogen MA, Santo JB, Linnen AM etal. High cortisol levels in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder during two weeks of daily sampling. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 77-86.
53. Deshauer D, Duffy A, Meaney M etal. Salivary cortisol secretion in remitted bipolar patients and offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8: 345-9.
54. Deshauer D, Duffy A, Alda M etal. The cortisol awakening response in bipolar illness: a pilot study. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48: 462-6.
55. Godbout JP, Johnson RW. Age and neuroinflammation: a lifetime of psychoneuroimmune consequences. Neurol Clin 2006; 24: 521-38.
56. Feltes BC, de Faria PJ, Bonatto D. The developmental aging and origins of health and disease hypotheses explained by different protein networks. Biogerontology 2011; 12: 293-308.
57. Connor TJ, Leonard BE. Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci 1998; 62: 583-606.
58. Kline NS. The practical management of depression. JAMA 1964; 190: 732-40.
59. Knijff EM, Breunis MN, Kupka RW etal. An imbalance in the production of IL-1beta and IL-6 by monocytes of bipolar patients: restoration by lithium treatment. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9: 743-53.
60. Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM etal. The new '5-HT' hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35: 702-21.
61. Leonard BE, Myint A. The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 165-75.
62. Leonard BE, Song C. Stress, depression, and the role of cytokines. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 461: 251-65.
63. Smith RS. The macrophage theory of depression. Med Hypotheses 1991; 35: 298-306.
64. Maes M. The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001; 16: 95-103.
65. Haddad JJ, Saade NE, Safieh-Garabedian B. Cytokines and neuro-immune-endocrine interactions: a role for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal revolving axis. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 133: 1-19.
66. Kim YK, Jung HG, Myint AM etal. Imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2007; 104: 91-5.
67. Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS etal. Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009; 116: 214-7.
68. Kapczinski F, Dias VV, Kauer-Sant'anna M etal. Clinical implications of a staging model for bipolar disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9: 957-66.
69. Kauer-Sant'anna M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC etal. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in patients with early- vs. late-stage bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12: 447-58.
70. Clay HB, Sillivan S, Konradi C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29: 311-24.
71. Andreazza AC, Shao L, Wang JF, Young LT. Mitochondrial complex I activity and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67 (4): 360-8.
72. Padmos RC, Hillegers MH, Knijff EM, Vonk R, Bouvy A, Staal FJ, etal. A discriminating messenger RNA signature for bipolar disorder formed by an aberrant expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65 (4): 395-407.
73. Mesman E, Hillegers M, Drexhage RC, Drexhage HA, Nolen WA. The Potential Predictive Value of an Activated Inflammatory System for Bipolar Disorder: A Prospective Study in the Offspring of Parents with Bipolar Disorder. New York, NY: AACAP New Research Poster. 2010.
74. Martinowich K, Schloesser RJ, Manji HK. Bipolar disorder: from genes to behavior pathways. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 726-36.
75. Bienvenu OJ, Davydow DS, Kendler KS. Psychiatric 'diseases' versus behavioral disorders and degree of genetic influence. Psychol Med 2011; 41 (1): 33-40.
76. McEwen BS. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583: 174-85.
77. McEwen BS. Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1032: 1-7.
78. Kapczinski F, Vieta E, Andreazza AC etal. Allostatic load in bipolar disorder: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32: 675-92.
79. Duffy A, Grof P. Psychiatric diagnoses in the context of genetic studies of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2001; 3: 270-5.