Novel molecular targeted therapies for refractory thyroid cancer

Head and Neck

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 736-745

  Perez, Cesar A ^a   Santos, Edgardo S ^b   Arango, Belisario A ^c   Raez, Luis E ^b   Cohen, Ezra E W ^d  

^a DEPARTMENT OF COLORECTAL SURGERY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c HENRY FORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

B Raf; epidermal growth factor (EGF); heat shock protein (HSP); histone acetylation; immunomodulator; multi kinase inhibitor; RET; thyroid cancer; vascular disrupting agent; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 2; AXITINIB; AZACITIDINE; B RAF KINASE; BORTEZOMIB; CABOZANTINIB; COMBRETASTATIN; DEPSIPEPTIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; GEFITINIB; IMATINIB; LENALIDOMIDE; LENVATINIB; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MOTESANIB; PAZOPANIB; SORAFENIB; STEM CELL FACTOR; SUNITINIB; TANESPIMYCIN; THALIDOMIDE; THYROGLOBULIN; VALPROIC ACID; VANDETANIB; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2; VORINOSTAT;

ADVANCED CANCER; ANGIOGENESIS; ANOREXIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; DIARRHEA; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; METASTASIS; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PROTEINURIA; QT PROLONGATION; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STROKE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THYROGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; THYROID CANCER; THYROID CARCINOMA; THYROID MEDULLARY CARCINOMA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UPREGULATION; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANILIDES; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BENZENESULFONATES; BENZOQUINONES; BIBENZYLS; BORONIC ACIDS; DEPSIPEPTIDES; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS; HSP90 HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; HUMANS; HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; IMIDAZOLES; INDAZOLES; INDOLES; LACTAMS, MACROCYCLIC; NIACINAMIDE; PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS; PIPERAZINES; PIPERIDINES; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT; PYRAZINES; PYRIDINES; PYRIMIDINES; PYRROLES; QUINAZOLINES; QUINOLINES; RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; SULFONAMIDES; THALIDOMIDE; THYROID NEOPLASMS; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 84859771817     PISSN: 10433074     EISSN: 10970347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hed.21755     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ,. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-249.
2. Davies L, Welch HG,. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 295: 2164-2167.
3. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Corssmit EP, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Smit JW,. Survival and death causes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 313-319.
4. Gottlieb JA, Hill CS,. Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer with adriamycin: experience with 30 patients. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 193-197.
5. Shimaoka K, Schoenfeld D, DeWys WD, Creech RH, DeConti R,. A randomized trial of doxorubicin versus doxorubicin plus cisplatin in patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1985; 56: 2155-2160.
6. Xing M,. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12: 245-262.
7. Pacini F,. Where do we stand with targeted therapy of refractory thyroid cancer? Utility of RECIST criteria. Thyroid 2008; 18: 279-280.
8. Henderson YC, Shellenberger TD, Williams MD, et al. High rate of BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 485-491.
9. Lupi C, Giannini R, Ugolini C, et al. Association of BRAF V600E mutation with poor clinicopathological outcomes in 500 consecutive cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 4085-4090.
10. Xing M, Westra WH, Tufano RP, et al. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 6373-6379.
11. Salvatore G, De Falco V, Salerno P, et al. Inhibitors of Raf kinase activity block growth of thyroid cancer cells with RET/PTC or BRAF mutations in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 1623-1629.
12. Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Knopp MV, et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 1675-1684.
13. Gupta-Abramson V, Troxel AB, Nellore A, et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4714-4719.
14. Brose MS, Troxel AB, Redlinger M, et al. Effect of BRAFV600E on response to sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27S: 6002 (abstract).
15. Ferrara N,. Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 581-611.
16. Belletti B, Ferraro P, Arra C, et al. Modulation of in vivo growth of thyroid tumor-derived cell lines by sense and antisense vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Oncogene 1999; 18: 4860-4869.
17. Bunone G, Vigneri P, Mariani L, et al. Expression of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors in human thyroid tumors and correlation with clinical pathological features. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 1967-1976.
18. Klein M, Picard E, Vignaud JM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein: strong expression in thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol 1999; 161: 41-49.
19. Lennard CM, Patel A, Wilson J, et al. Intensity of vascular endothelial growth factor expression is associated with increased risk of recurrence and decreased disease-free survival in papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery 2001; 129: 552-558.
20. Rosen LS, Kurzrock R, Mulay M, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of AMG 706, an oral multikinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2369-2376.
21. Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz JP, et al. Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 31-42.
22. Schlumberger MJ, Elisei R, Bastholt L, et al. Phase II study of safety and efficacy of motesanib in patients with progressive or symptomatic, advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3794-3801.
23. Hansford JR, Mulligan LM,. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and RET: from neoplasia to neutrogenensis. J Med Genet 2000; 37: 17-27.
24. Wells SA Jr, Gosnell JE, Gagel RF, et al. Vandetanib for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 767-772.
25. Robinson BG, Paz-Ares L, Krebs A, Vasselli J, Haddad R,. Vandetanib (100 mg) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 2664-2671.
26. Wells SA, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, et al. Vandetanib (VAN) in locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC): a randomized, double-blind phase III trial (ZETA). J Clin Oncol 2010; 28S: 5503 (abstract).
27. Wedge SR, Ogilvie DJ, Dukes M, et al. ZD6474 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor growth following oral administration. Cancer Res 2005; 62: 4645-4655.
28. Rugo HS, Herbst RS, Liu G, et al. Phase I trial of the oral antiangiogenesis agent AG-013736 in patients with advanced solid tumors: pharmacokinetic and clinical results. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5474-5483.
29. Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, et al. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4708-4713.
30. Kim DW, Jo YS, Jung HS, et al. An orally administered multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU11248, is a novel potent inhibitor of thyroid oncogenic RET/papillary thyroid cancer kinases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 4070-4076.
31. Cohen EE, Needles BM, Cullen KJ, et al. Phase 2 study of sunitinib in refractory thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26S: 6025 (abstract).
32. Goulart B, Carr L, Martins RG, et al. Phase II study of sunitinib in iodine refractory, well-differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). J Clin Oncol 2008; 26S: 6062 (abstract).
33. Cui JJ,. Inhibitors targeting hepatocyte growth factor receptor and their potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2007; 17: 1035-1045.
34. Wasenius VM, Hemmer S, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Nupponen NN, Franssila K, Joensuu H,. MET receptor tyrosine kinase sequence alterations in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29: 544-549.
35. Kurzrock R, Sherman S, Hong DS, et al. A phase I study of XL184, a RET, VEGFR2, and MET kinase inhibitor, in patients (pts) with advanced malignancies, including pts with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). In: Proceedings of the EORTC-NCI-AACR International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics. Geneva, Switzerland; 2008; p 379.
36. Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J, et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1061-1068.
37. Bible KC, Suman VJ, Molina JR, et al. Efficacy of pazopanib in progressive, radioiodine-refractory, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers: results of a phase 2 consortium study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 962-972.
38. Hong DS, Koetz BS, Kurzrock R, et al. Phase I dose-escalation study of E7080, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, administered orally to patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28 (Suppl 15): 2540 (abstract).
39. Droz J, De La Fouchardiere C, Bournaud C, Borson-Chazot F,. Molecularly-targeted therapies in thyroid cancer. Ann Oncol 2010; 21 (): viii31 (Suppl 8 34IN) (abstract).
40. D'Amato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, Folkman J,. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 4082-4085.
41. Ain KB, Egorin MJ, DeSimone PA,. Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using ninety-six-hour infusion. Thyroid 2000; 10: 587-594.
42. Ain KB, Lee C, Williams KD,. Phase II trial of thalidomide for therapy of radioiodine-unresponsive and rapidly progressive thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid 2007; 17: 663-670.
43. Ain KB, Lee C, Holbrook KM, Dziba JM, Williams KD,. Phase II study of lenalidomide in distantly metastatic, rapidly progressive, and radioiodine-unresponsive thyroid carcinomas: preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26S: 6027 (abstract).
44. Kanthou C, Tozer GM,. Microtubule depolymerizing vascular disrupting agents: novel therapeutic agents for oncology and other pathologies. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90: 284-294.
45. Dowlati A, Robertson K, Cooney M, et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 3408-3416.
46. Cooney MM, Savvides P, Agarwala S, et al. Phase II study of combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) in patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). J Clin Oncol 2006; 24S: 5580 (abstract).
47. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 947-957.
48. Croyle M, Akeno N, Knauf JA, et al. RET/PTC-induced cell growth is mediated in part by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation: evidence for molecular and functional interactions between RET and EGFR. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 4183-4191.
49. Lopez JP, Wang-Rodriguez J, Chang CY, et al. Gefitinib (Iressa) potentiates the effect of ionizing radiation in thyroid cancer cell lines. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 1372-1376.
50. Fury MG, Solit DB, Su YB, et al. A phase I trial of intermittent high-dose gefitinib and fixed-dose docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 59: 467-475.
51. Pennell NA, Daniels GH, Haddad RI, et al. A phase II study of gefitinib in patients with advanced thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2008; 18: 317-323.
52. Workman JL, Kingston RE,. Alteration of nucleosome structure as a mechanism of transcriptional regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 1998; 67: 545-579.
53. Minucci S, Pelicci PG,. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 38-51.
54. Urnov FD, Wolffe AP,. Chromatin organization and human disease. Emerg Ther Targets 2000; 4: 665-685.
55. Mahlknecht U, Hoelzer D,. Histone acetylation modifiers in the pathogenesis of malignant disease. Mol Med 2000; 6: 623-644.
56. Cress WD, Seto E,. Histone deacetylases, transcriptional control, and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2000; 184: 1-16.
57. Marks P, Rifkind PA, Richon VM, Breslow R, Miller T, Kelly WK,. Histone deacetylases and cancer: causes and therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1: 194-202.
58. Duvic M, Talpur R, Ni X, et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood 2007; 109: 31-39.
59. Finnin MS, Donigian JR, Cohen A, et al. Structures of histone deacetylase homologue bound to the TSA and SAHA inhibitors. Nature 1999; 401: 188-193.
60. Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V, McMullan C, et al. Novel histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 3958-3965.
61. Luong QT, O'Kelly J, Braunstein GD, Hershman JM, Koeffler HP,. Antitumor activity of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid against thyroid cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 5570-5577.
62. Kelly WK, O'Connor OA, Krug LM, et al. Phase I study of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3923-3931.
63. Woyach JA, Kloos RT, Ringel MD, et al. Lack of therapeutic effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat in patients with metastatic radioiodine-refractory thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 164-170.
64. Marshall JL, Dahut WL, Rizvi N, et al. Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic analysis of depsipeptide in patients with advanced cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998; 17: 233a (abstract).
65. Sandor V, Bakke S, Robey RW, et al. Phase I trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, desipeptide (FR901228, NSC630176), in patients with refractory neoplasms. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 718-728.
66. Piekarz RL, Robey R, Sandor V, et al. Inhibitor of histone deacetylation, desipeptide (FR901228), in the treatment of peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. A case report. Blood 2001; 98: 2865-2868.
67. Kitazano M, Robey R, Zhan Z, et al. Low concentrations of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, depsipeptide (FR901228), increase expression of the Na/I symporter and iodine accumulation in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3430-3435.
68. Sherman EJ, Fury MG, Tuttle RM, et al. Phase II study of depsipeptide (DEP) in radioiodine (RAI)-refractory metastatic nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27S: 6059 (abstract).
69. Claus R, Lubbert M,. Epigenetic targets in hematopoietic malignancies. Oncogene 2003; 22: 6489-6496.
70. Cinatl J Jr, Kotchetkov R, Blaheta R, Driever PH, Vogel JU, Cinatl J,. Induction of differentiation and suppression of malignant phenotype of human neuroblastoma BE (2)-C cells by valproic acid: enhancement by combination with interferon alpha. Int J Oncol 2002; 20: 97-106.
71. Abdul M, Hoosein N,. Inhibition by anticonvulsants of prostate-specific antigen and interleukin-6 secretion by human prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 2045-2048.
72. Olsen CM, Meussen-Elhom ET, Roste LS, Tauboll E,. Antiepileptic drugs inhibit cell growth in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 213: 173-179.
73. Kawagoe R, Kawagoe H, Sano K,. Valproic acid induces apoptosis in human leukaemia cells by stimulating both caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic signaling pathways. Leuk Res 2002; 26: 495-502.
74. Takai N, Desmond JC, Kumagai T, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have a profound antigrowth activity in endometrial cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 1141-1149.
75. - symporter and the iodine uptake in poorly differentiated thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1006-1009.
76. Catalano MG, Fortunati N, Pugliese M, et al. Valproic acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in poorly differentiated thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1383-1389.
77. Shen WT, Wong TS, Chung WY, et al. Valproic acid inhibits growth, induces apoptosis, and modulates apoptosis-regulatory and differentiation gene expression in human thyroid cancer cells. Surgery 2005; 138: 979-985.
78. Greenblatt DY, Cayo MA, Adler JT, et al. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and induces apoptosis in medullary cancer cells. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 1036-1040.
79. Braiteh F, Soriano AO, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Phase I study of epigenetic modulation with 5-azacytidine and valproic acid in patients with advanced cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 6296-6301.
80. Hohfeld J, Cyr DM, Patterson C,. From the cradle to the grave: molecular chaperones that may choose between folding and degradation. EMBO Rep 2001; 2: 885-890.
81. Young JC, Moarefi I, Hartl FU,. Hsp90: a specialized but essential protein folding tool. J Cell Biol 2001; 154: 267-273.
82. Piatelli MJ, Doughty C, Chiles TC,. Requirement for a Hsp90 chaperone dependent MEK1/2-ERK pathway for B cell antigen receptor-induced cyclin D2 expression in mature B lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 12144-12150.
83. Solit DB, Osman I, Polsky D, et al. Phase II trial of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 8302-8307.
84. Heath EI, Hillman DW, Vaishampayan U, et al. A phase II trial of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7940-7946.
85. Tse AN, Klimstra DS, Gonen M, et al. A phase 1 dose-escalation study of irinotecan in combination with 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 6704-6711.
86. Ramalingam SS, Egorin MJ, Ramanathan RK, et al. A phase I study of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin combined with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 3456-3461.
87. Marsee DK, Venkateswaran A, Tao H, et al. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90, a novel RET/PTC1-associated protein, increases radioiodide accumulation in thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 43990-43997.
88. Elisei R, Vivaldi A, Ciampi R, et al. Treatment with drugs able to reduce iodine efflux significantly increases the intracellular retention time in thyroid cancer cells stably transfected with sodium iodide symporter complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2389-2395.
89. Braga-Basaria M, Hardy E, Gottfried R, Burman KD, Saji M, Ringel MD,. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin activity against thyroid cancer cell lines correlates with heat shock protein 90 levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2982-2988.
90. Takimoto CH, Calvo E,. Principles in oncologic pharmacotherapy. Cancer management a multidisciplinary approach. UBM medica, 11th edition, 2008.
91. Krause DS, Van Etten RA,. Tyrosine kinases as targets for thyroid cancer therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 172-187.
92. Santoro M, Carlomagno F,. Drug insight: small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006; 242-252.
93. Adams J,. The proteosome: a suitable antineoplastic target. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 349-360.
94. Bonvini P, Zorzi E, Basso G, Rosolen A,. Bortezomib-mediated 26S proteasome inhibition causes cell-cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in CD-30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2007; 21: 838-842.
95. Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Richardson PG, et al. The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 potentiates sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to conventional chemotherapeutic agents: therapeutic applications. Blood 2003; 101: 2377-2380.
96. Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V, et al. Molecular sequelar of proteasome inhibition in human multiple myeloma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 14374-14379.
97. Mitsiades CS, McMillin D, Kotoula V, et al. Antitumor effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 4013-4021.
98. Last accessed October 2010.
99. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1031-1037.
100. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 472-480.
101. O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, et al. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 994-1004.
102. Verweij J, van Oosterom A, Blay JY, et al. Imatinib mesylate is an active agent for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, but does not yield responses in other soft-tissue sarcomas that are unselected for the molecular target. Results from an EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group phase II study. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 2006-2011.
103. Sawyers CL,. Imatinib GIST keeps finding new indications: successful treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans by targeted inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 3568-3579.
104. Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, et al. Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med 1996; 2: 561-566.
105. Cohen MS, Hussain HB, Moley JF,. Inhibition of medullary thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation and RET phosphorylation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Surgery 2002; 132: 960-966.
106. Skinner MA, Safford DD, Freemerman AJ,. RET tyrosine kinase and medullary thyroid cells are unaffected by clinical doses of STI571. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 3601-3606.
107. de Groot JWB, Plaza MI, Schepers H, et al. Cellular effects of imatinib on medullary thyroid cancer cells harboring multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and 2B associated RET mutations. Surgery 2006; 139: 806-814.
108. de Groot JWB, Zonnenberg BA, Quarles van Ufford-Mannesse P, et al. A phase II trial of imatinib therapy for metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3466-3469.
109. Frank-Raue K, Fabel M, Delorme S, Haberkorn U, Raue F,. Efficacy of imatinib mesylate in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endo 2007; 157: 215-220.