메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 119-141

Six ways of seeing the elephant: The intersection of sex, gender, and leadership

Author keywords

Career development; Elephants; Gender; Leadership; Sex; Ways of seeing

Indexed keywords


EID: 84857771303     PISSN: 17542413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/17542411211214167     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (79)

References (117)
  • 1
    • 84986170710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developments in gender and leadership: Introducing a new 'inclusive' model
    • Alimo-Metcalfe, B. (2010), "Developments in gender and leadership: introducing a new 'inclusive' model" in Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 630-9.
    • (2010) Gender in Management: An International Journal , vol.25 , pp. 630-639
    • Alimo-Metcalfe, B.1
  • 3
    • 0004327321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed
    • Archer, J. and Lloyd, B. (2002), Sex and Gender, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (2002) Sex and Gender
    • Archer, J.1    Lloyd, B.2
  • 4
    • 84906015524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in interaction: A reexamination
    • Dindia, K., Canary, D.J. (Eds.), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 2nd ed
    • Aries, E. (2006), "Sex differences in interaction: a reexamination" in Dindia, K. and Canary, D.J. (Eds.), Sex Differences and Similarities in Communication, 2nd ed., Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 21-36.
    • (2006) Sex Differences and Similarities in Communication , pp. 21-36
    • Aries, E.1
  • 6
    • 0040943010 scopus 로고
    • The sex structuring of organizations: A search for possible causes
    • Bartol, K.M. (1978), "The sex structuring of organizations: a search for possible causes" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, pp. 805-15.
    • (1978) Academy of Management Review , vol.3 , pp. 805-815
    • Bartol, K.M.1
  • 8
    • 0003116544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transformational and transactional leadership of men and women
    • Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J. and Atwater, L. (1996), "The transformational and transactional leadership of men and women" in Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 5-34.
    • (1996) Applied Psychology: An International Review , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-34
    • Bass, B.M.1    Avolio, B.J.2    Atwater, L.3
  • 10
    • 0002708823 scopus 로고
    • Beyond androgyny: Some presumptuous prescriptions for a liberated sexual identity
    • Sherman, J.A., Denmark, F.L. (Eds.), Psychological Dimensions, New York, NY
    • Bem, S.L. (1978), "Beyond androgyny: some presumptuous prescriptions for a liberated sexual identity" in Sherman, J.A. and Denmark, F.L. (Eds.), The Psychology of Women: Future Direction in Research, Psychological Dimensions, New York, NY, pp. 1-23.
    • (1978) The Psychology of Women: Future Direction in Research , pp. 1-23
    • Bem, S.L.1
  • 12
    • 34248521781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expectations, status, and behavior
    • Burke, P.J. (Ed.), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
    • Berger, J. and Webster, M. Jr (2006), "Expectations, status, and behavior" in Burke, P.J. (Ed.), Contemporary Social Psychology Theories, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 268-300.
    • (2006) Contemporary Social Psychology Theories , pp. 268-300
    • Berger, J.1    Webster Jr., M.2
  • 13
    • 0000492639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of status expectations: A theoretical extension
    • Berger, J., Zelditch, M. Jr (Eds.), Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ
    • Berger, J., Fisek, M.H. and Norman, R.Z. (1998), "The evolution of status expectations: a theoretical extension" in Berger, J. and Zelditch, M. Jr (Eds.), Status, Power and Legitimacy: Strategies and Theories, Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 175-205.
    • (1998) Status, Power and Legitimacy: Strategies and Theories , pp. 175-205
    • Berger, J.1    Fisek, M.H.2    Norman, R.Z.3
  • 14
    • 84973743327 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes toward women as managers: Does interaction make a difference?
    • Bhatnagar, D. and Swamy, R. (1995), "Attitudes toward women as managers: does interaction make a difference?" in Human Relations, Vol. 48, pp. 1285-307.
    • (1995) Human Relations , vol.48 , pp. 1285-1307
    • Bhatnagar, D.1    Swamy, R.2
  • 15
    • 7444254433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis
    • Bono, J.E. and Judge, T.A. (2004), "Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analysis" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, pp. 901-10.
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 901-910
    • Bono, J.E.1    Judge, T.A.2
  • 16
    • 77953564945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics: The case of South Africa
    • Booysen, L.A.E. and Nkomo, S.M. (2010), "Gender role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics: the case of South Africa" in Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 285-300.
    • (2010) Gender in Management: An International Journal , vol.25 , pp. 285-300
    • Booysen, L.A.E.1    Nkomo, S.M.2
  • 17
    • 0002880187 scopus 로고
    • Are women executives people?
    • (see also pp. 164-178)
    • Bowman, G.W., Worthy, N.B. and Greyser, S.A. (1965), "Are women executives people?" in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 14-28, (see also pp. 164-178).
    • (1965) Harvard Business Review , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 14-28
    • Bowman, G.W.1    Worthy, N.B.2    Greyser, S.A.3
  • 18
    • 0141687046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between gender role stereotypes and requisite military leadership characteristics
    • Boyce, L.A. and Herd, A.M. (2003), "The relationship between gender role stereotypes and requisite military leadership characteristics" in Sex Roles, Vol. 49, pp. 365-78.
    • (2003) Sex Roles , vol.49 , pp. 365-378
    • Boyce, L.A.1    Herd, A.M.2
  • 19
    • 79952346264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sector, size, stability, and scandal: Explaining the presence of female executives in Fortune 500 firms
    • Brady, D., Isaacs, K., Reeves, M., Burroway, R. and Reynolds, M. (2011), "Sector, size, stability, and scandal: explaining the presence of female executives in Fortune 500 firms" in Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 84-105.
    • (2011) Gender in Management: An International Journal , vol.26 , pp. 84-105
    • Brady, D.1    Isaacs, K.2    Reeves, M.3    Burroway, R.4    Reynolds, M.5
  • 20
    • 0001077516 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited
    • Brenner, O.C., Tomkiewicz, J. and Schein, V.E. (1989), "The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 662-9.
    • (1989) Academy of Management Journal , vol.32 , pp. 662-669
    • Brenner, O.C.1    Tomkiewicz, J.2    Schein, V.E.3
  • 21
    • 70449523537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Think athletic director, think masculine? Examination of the gender typing of managerial subroles within athletic administration positions
    • Burton, L.J., Barr, C.A., Fink, J.S. and Bruening, J.E. (2009), "Think athletic director, think masculine? Examination of the gender typing of managerial subroles within athletic administration positions" in Sex Roles, Vol. 61, pp. 416-26.
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.61 , pp. 416-426
    • Burton, L.J.1    Barr, C.A.2    Fink, J.S.3    Bruening, J.E.4
  • 22
    • 0002638315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-viewing gender, leadership, and managerial behavior: Do three decades of research tell us anything?
    • Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Butterfield, D.A. and Grinnell, J.P. (1999), "Re-viewing gender, leadership, and managerial behavior: do three decades of research tell us anything?" in Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Handbook of Gender and Work, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 223-38.
    • (1999) Handbook of Gender and Work , pp. 223-238
    • Butterfield, D.A.1    Grinnell, J.P.2
  • 23
    • 45549090522 scopus 로고
    • The implications of attraction research for organizational issues
    • Kelley, K. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Byrne, D. and Neuman, J.H. (1992), "The implications of attraction research for organizational issues" in Kelley, K. (Ed.), Issues, Theory, and Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 29-70.
    • (1992) Issues, Theory, and Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology , pp. 29-70
    • Byrne, D.1    Neuman, J.H.2
  • 24
    • 0000675489 scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and dimensions of effective leader behaviour
    • Cann, A. and Siegfried, W.D. (1990), "Gender stereotypes and dimensions of effective leader behaviour" in Sex Roles, Vol. 23, pp. 413-19.
    • (1990) Sex Roles , vol.23 , pp. 413-419
    • Cann, A.1    Siegfried, W.D.2
  • 25
    • 33748557521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What men think they know about executive women
    • Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M. and Whitten, D. (2006), "What men think they know about executive women" in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84, No. 9, p. 28.
    • (2006) Harvard Business Review , vol.84 , Issue.9 , pp. 28
    • Carlson, D.S.1    Kacmar, K.M.2    Whitten, D.3
  • 26
    • 84857708248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Americans prefer male boss to a female boss
    • September 1, available at: (accessed May 6, 2009)
    • Carroll, J. (2006), "Americans prefer male boss to a female boss", Gallup News Service, September 1, available at: www.gallup.com (accessed May 6, 2009).
    • (2006) Gallup News Service
    • Carroll, J.1
  • 27
    • 84880046086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalyst, available at: (accessed December 14, 2010), Catalyst, New York, NY
    • Catalyst (2010a), Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Board Directors, Catalyst, New York, NY, available at: www.catalyst.org (accessed December 14, 2010).
    • (2010) Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Board Directors
  • 29
    • 0031511729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethical superiority and inevitability of participatory management as an organizational system
    • Collins, D. (1997), "The ethical superiority and inevitability of participatory management as an organizational system" in Organisation Science, Vol. 8, pp. 489-507.
    • (1997) Organisation Science , vol.8 , pp. 489-507
    • Collins, D.1
  • 30
    • 32744466716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological issues in conducting research on gender in organizations
    • Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Cooper, E.A. and Bosco, S.M. (1999), "Methodological issues in conducting research on gender in organizations" in Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Handbook of Gender and Work, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 477-93.
    • (1999) Handbook of Gender and Work , pp. 477-493
    • Cooper, E.A.1    Bosco, S.M.2
  • 35
    • 0001903311 scopus 로고
    • The coming of the new organization
    • Drucker, P.F. (1988), "The coming of the new organization" in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 45-53.
    • (1988) Harvard Business Review , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-53
    • Drucker, P.F.1
  • 37
    • 0001232190 scopus 로고
    • Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis
    • Eagly, A.H. and Johnson, B.T. (1990), "Gender and leadership style: a meta-analysis" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 108, pp. 233-56.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , pp. 233-256
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Johnson, B.T.2
  • 38
    • 85047674303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders
    • Eagly, A.H. and Karau, S.J. (2002), "Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders" in Psychological Review, Vol. 109, pp. 573-98.
    • (2002) Psychological Review , vol.109 , pp. 573-598
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Karau, S.J.2
  • 40
    • 0141642127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men
    • Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. and van Engen, M.L. (2003), "Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 108, pp. 233-56.
    • (2003) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , pp. 233-256
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C.2    van Engen, M.L.3
  • 41
    • 0029183859 scopus 로고
    • Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analysis
    • Eagly, A.H., Karau, S.J. and Makhijani, M.G. (1995), "Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: a meta-analysis" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 117, pp. 125-45.
    • (1995) Psychological Bulletin , vol.117 , pp. 125-145
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Karau, S.J.2    Makhijani, M.G.3
  • 42
    • 0006925009 scopus 로고
    • Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis
    • Eagly, A.H., Makhijani, M.G. and Klonsky, B.G. (1992), "Gender and the evaluation of leaders: a meta-analysis" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 111, pp. 3-22.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 3-22
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Makhijani, M.G.2    Klonsky, B.G.3
  • 43
    • 0001983842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal
    • Eckes, T., Trautner, H.M. (Eds.), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
    • Eagly, A.H., Wood, W. and Diekman, A.B. (2000), "Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: a current appraisal" in Eckes, T. and Trautner, H.M. (Eds.), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 23-174.
    • (2000) The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender , pp. 23-174
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2    Diekman, A.B.3
  • 44
    • 84857750712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission, available at: (accessed May 20, 2009), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
    • European Commission (2007), Women and Men in Decision-making 2007: Analysis of the Situation and Trends, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social (accessed May 20, 2009).
    • (2007) Women and Men in Decision-Making 2007: Analysis of the Situation and Trends
  • 45
    • 85009572106 scopus 로고
    • The effects of having been supervised by a woman on perceptions of female managerial competence
    • Ezell, H.F., Odewahn, C.A. and Sherman, J.D. (1981), "The effects of having been supervised by a woman on perceptions of female managerial competence" in Personnel Psychology, Vol. 34, pp. 291-9.
    • (1981) Personnel Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 291-299
    • Ezell, H.F.1    Odewahn, C.A.2    Sherman, J.D.3
  • 46
    • 84970437484 scopus 로고
    • Improving the accuracy of stereotypes within the workplace
    • Falkenberg, L. (1990), "Improving the accuracy of stereotypes within the workplace" in Journal of Management, Vol. 16, pp. 107-18.
    • (1990) Journal of Management , vol.16 , pp. 107-118
    • Falkenberg, L.1
  • 51
    • 0000488787 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model
    • Cummings, L.L., Staw, B.M. (Eds.), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT
    • Heilman, M.E. (1983), "Sex bias in work settings: the lack of fit model" in Cummings, L.L. and Staw, B.M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 269-98.
    • (1983) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.5 , pp. 269-298
    • Heilman, M.E.1
  • 52
    • 84937300746 scopus 로고
    • Sex stereotypes and their effects in the workplace: What we know and what we don't know
    • Heilman, M.E. (1995), "Sex stereotypes and their effects in the workplace: what we know and what we don't know" in Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 3-26.
    • (1995) Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 3-26
    • Heilman, M.E.1
  • 53
    • 0035212692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organisational ladder
    • Heilman, M.E. (2001), "Description and prescription: how gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organisational ladder" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, pp. 657-74.
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 657-674
    • Heilman, M.E.1
  • 54
    • 0000152959 scopus 로고
    • Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers
    • Heilman, M.E., Block, C.J., Martell, R.F. and Simon, M.C. (1989), "Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 74, pp. 935-42.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 935-942
    • Heilman, M.E.1    Block, C.J.2    Martell, R.F.3    Simon, M.C.4
  • 56
    • 20944447734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Navigating in the new competitive landscape: Building strategic flexibility and competitive advantage in the 21st century
    • Hitt, M.A., Keats, B.W. and DeMarie, S.M. (1998), "Navigating in the new competitive landscape: building strategic flexibility and competitive advantage in the 21st century" in Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 22-42.
    • (1998) Academy of Management Executive , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 22-42
    • Hitt, M.A.1    Keats, B.W.2    DeMarie, S.M.3
  • 57
    • 0036388309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing initial leadership effectiveness: Assisting both women and men
    • Hogue, M.B., Yoder, J.D. and Ludwig, J. (2002), "Increasing initial leadership effectiveness: assisting both women and men" in Sex Roles, Vol. 46, pp. 377-84.
    • (2002) Sex Roles , vol.46 , pp. 377-384
    • Hogue, M.B.1    Yoder, J.D.2    Ludwig, J.3
  • 58
    • 0006881817 scopus 로고
    • Unequal race to the top
    • International Labour Office, (US edition)
    • International Labour Office (1993), "Unequal race to the top" in World of Work, The Magazine of the International Labour Office, No. 2, pp. 6-7, (US edition).
    • (1993) World of Work, The Magazine of the International Labour Office , Issue.2 , pp. 6-7
  • 59
    • 84857723587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Labour Office, LABOURSTA-Internet: Statistics by Country, Table 2A
    • International Labour Office (2011), LABOURSTA-Internet: Statistics by Country, Table 2A.
    • (2011)
  • 60
    • 0034287143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership
    • Judge, T.A. and Bono, J.E. (2000), "Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, pp. 751-65.
    • (2000) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.85 , pp. 751-765
    • Judge, T.A.1    Bono, J.E.2
  • 61
    • 7444265887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity
    • Judge, T.A. and Piccolo, R.F. (2004), "Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, pp. 755-68.
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 755-768
    • Judge, T.A.1    Piccolo, R.F.2
  • 63
    • 84925904947 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of group proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women
    • Kanter, R.M. (1977b), "Some effects of group proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women" in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 82, pp. 965-90.
    • (1977) American Journal of Sociology , vol.82 , pp. 965-990
    • Kanter, R.M.1
  • 64
    • 2142695193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transformational leader: Who is (s)he? A feminist perspective
    • Kark, R. (2004), "The transformational leader: who is (s)he? A feminist perspective" in Journal of Organisational Change Management, Vol. 17, pp. 160-76.
    • (2004) Journal of Organisational Change Management , vol.17 , pp. 160-176
    • Kark, R.1
  • 66
    • 79959931385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms
    • Koenig, A.M., Eagly, A.H., Mitchell, A.A. and Ristikari, T. (2011), "Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 137, pp. 616-42.
    • (2011) Psychological Bulletin , vol.137 , pp. 616-642
    • Koenig, A.M.1    Eagly, A.H.2    Mitchell, A.A.3    Ristikari, T.4
  • 69
    • 0005049310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature
    • Lowe, K.B., Kroeck, K.G. and Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996), "Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 385-425.
    • (1996) Leadership Quarterly , vol.7 , pp. 385-425
    • Lowe, K.B.1    Kroeck, K.G.2    Sivasubramaniam, N.3
  • 70
    • 0002944275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the gendered substructure of organization: Dimensions and dilemmas of corporate masculinity
    • Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Maier, M. (1999), "On the gendered substructure of organization: dimensions and dilemmas of corporate masculinity" in Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Handbook of Gender and Work, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 69-93.
    • (1999) Handbook of Gender and Work , pp. 69-93
    • Maier, M.1
  • 73
    • 12744266545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinforcing the glass ceiling: The consequences of hostile sexism for female managerial candidates
    • Masser, B.M. and Abrams, D. (2004), "Reinforcing the glass ceiling: the consequences of hostile sexism for female managerial candidates" in Sex Roles, Vol. 51, pp. 609-15.
    • (2004) Sex Roles , vol.51 , pp. 609-615
    • Masser, B.M.1    Abrams, D.2
  • 75
    • 0002854555 scopus 로고
    • Feminisms and models of qualitative research
    • Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Olesen, V. (1994), "Feminisms and models of qualitative research" in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 158-75.
    • (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research , pp. 158-175
    • Olesen, V.1
  • 76
    • 0030161642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, culture, and leadership: Toward a culturally distinct model of African-American women executives' leadership strategies
    • Parker, P.S. and Ogilvie, D.T. (1996), "Gender, culture, and leadership: toward a culturally distinct model of African-American women executives' leadership strategies" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 189-214.
    • (1996) Leadership Quarterly , vol.7 , pp. 189-214
    • Parker, P.S.1    Ogilvie, D.T.2
  • 77
    • 84984026370 scopus 로고
    • Beyond non-sexist research: The perils of feminist methods in psychology
    • Peplau, L.A. and Conrad, E. (1989), "Beyond non-sexist research: the perils of feminist methods in psychology" in Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 13, pp. 379-400.
    • (1989) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.13 , pp. 379-400
    • Peplau, L.A.1    Conrad, E.2
  • 78
    • 21844512827 scopus 로고
    • Explaining gender-based selection decisions: A synthesis of contextual and cognitive approaches
    • Perry, E.L., Davis-Blake, A. and Kulik, C.T. (1994), "Explaining gender-based selection decisions: a synthesis of contextual and cognitive approaches" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 19, pp. 786-820.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Review , vol.19 , pp. 786-820
    • Perry, E.L.1    Davis-Blake, A.2    Kulik, C.T.3
  • 80
    • 80052611743 scopus 로고
    • Allstate Insurance Company, Farmington, CT
    • Powell, G.N. (1978), Management Styles, Allstate Insurance Company, Farmington, CT.
    • (1978) Management Styles
    • Powell, G.N.1
  • 81
    • 0001652997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the glass ceiling: Recent trends and future prospects
    • Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Powell, G.N. (1999), "Reflections on the glass ceiling: recent trends and future prospects" in Powell, G.N. (Ed.), Handbook of Gender and Work, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 325-45.
    • (1999) Handbook of Gender and Work , pp. 325-345
    • Powell, G.N.1
  • 82
    • 20344373285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glass ceiling: Explaining the good and bad news
    • Davidson, M.J., Burke, R.J. (Eds.), Sage, London
    • Powell, G.N. (2000), "The glass ceiling: explaining the good and bad news" in Davidson, M.J. and Burke, R.J. (Eds.), Women in Management: Current Research Issues, Vol. II, Sage, London, pp. 236-49.
    • (2000) Women in Management: Current Research Issues , vol.II , pp. 236-249
    • Powell, G.N.1
  • 83
    • 78751640018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gender and leadership wars
    • Powell, G.N. (2011a), "The gender and leadership wars" in Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 40, pp. 1-9.
    • (2011) Organizational Dynamics , vol.40 , pp. 1-9
    • Powell, G.N.1
  • 85
  • 86
    • 84965943775 scopus 로고
    • The 'good manager': Did androgyny fare better in the 1980s?
    • Powell, G.N. and Butterfield, D.A. (1989), "The 'good manager': did androgyny fare better in the 1980s?" in Group & Organization Studies, Vol. 14, pp. 216-33.
    • (1989) Group & Organization Studies , vol.14 , pp. 216-233
    • Powell, G.N.1    Butterfield, D.A.2
  • 89
    • 0036238882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed?
    • Powell, G.N., Butterfield, D.A. and Parent, J.D. (2002), "Gender and managerial stereotypes: have the times changed?" in Journal of Management, Vol. 28, pp. 177-93.
    • (2002) Journal of Management , vol.28 , pp. 177-193
    • Powell, G.N.1    Butterfield, D.A.2    Parent, J.D.3
  • 90
    • 2342547100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions
    • Rafferty, A.E. and Griffin, M.A. (2004), "Dimensions of transformational leadership: conceptual and empirical extensions" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15, pp. 329-54.
    • (2004) Leadership Quarterly , vol.15 , pp. 329-354
    • Rafferty, A.E.1    Griffin, M.A.2
  • 91
    • 84935466386 scopus 로고
    • The social construction of status value: Gender and other nominal characteristics
    • Ridgeway, C.L. (1991), "The social construction of status value: gender and other nominal characteristics" in Social Forces, Vol. 70, pp. 367-86.
    • (1991) Social Forces , vol.70 , pp. 367-386
    • Ridgeway, C.L.1
  • 92
    • 33847039232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender as an organizing force in social relations: Implications for the future of inequality
    • Blau, F.D., Brinton, M.C., Grusky, D.B. (Eds.), Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY
    • Ridgeway, C.L. (2006), "Gender as an organizing force in social relations: implications for the future of inequality" in Blau, F.D., Brinton, M.C. and Grusky, D.B. (Eds.), The Declining Significance of Gender?, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, pp. 265-87.
    • (2006) The Declining Significance of Gender? , pp. 265-287
    • Ridgeway, C.L.1
  • 93
    • 0040532306 scopus 로고
    • Women in management: An exploration of competing paradigms
    • Riger, S. and Galligan, P. (1980), "Women in management: an exploration of competing paradigms" in American Psychologist, Vol. 35, pp. 902-10.
    • (1980) American Psychologist , vol.35 , pp. 902-910
    • Riger, S.1    Galligan, P.2
  • 94
    • 0031475466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transformational leaders: Measurement of personality attributes and work group performance
    • Ross, S.M. and Offermann, L.R. (1997), "Transformational leaders: measurement of personality attributes and work group performance" in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 23, pp. 1078-86.
    • (1997) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.23 , pp. 1078-1086
    • Ross, S.M.1    Offermann, L.R.2
  • 95
    • 0035209960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women
    • Rudman, L.A. and Glick, P. (2001), "Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, pp. 743-62.
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 743-762
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Glick, P.2
  • 98
    • 0003955569 scopus 로고
    • The poems of John Godfrey Saxe, available at: (accessed June 24, 2011)
    • Saxe, J.G. (1872), "The blind men and the elephant", The poems of John Godfrey Saxe, available at: http://en.wikisource.org (accessed June 24, 2011).
    • (1872) The blind men and the elephant
    • Saxe, J.G.1
  • 99
    • 0016513820 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between sex-role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics
    • Schein, V.E. (1973), "The relationship between sex-role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 340-4.
    • (1973) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 340-344
    • Schein, V.E.1
  • 100
    • 0016513820 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers
    • Schein, V.E. (1975), "Relationships between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 340-4.
    • (1975) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 340-344
    • Schein, V.E.1
  • 101
    • 0035209995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management
    • Schein, V.E. (2001), "A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, pp. 675-88.
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 675-688
    • Schein, V.E.1
  • 102
    • 84986721392 scopus 로고
    • Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics: A cross-cultural look
    • Schein, V.E. and Mueller, R. (1992), "Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics: a cross-cultural look" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 13, pp. 439-47.
    • (1992) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 439-447
    • Schein, V.E.1    Mueller, R.2
  • 104
    • 84857717035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When it comes to choosing a boss, Americans still prefer men
    • January 11, available at: (accessed September 10, 2001)
    • Simmons, W.W. (2001), "When it comes to choosing a boss, Americans still prefer men", Gallup News Service, January 11, available at: www.gallup.com (accessed September 10, 2001).
    • (2001) Gallup News Service
    • Simmons, W.W.1
  • 107
    • 0008055069 scopus 로고
    • Executive women - 20 years later
    • Sutton, C.D. and Moore, K.K. (1985), "Executive women - 20 years later" in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 42-66.
    • (1985) Harvard Business Review , vol.63 , Issue.5 , pp. 42-66
    • Sutton, C.D.1    Moore, K.K.2
  • 108
    • 0002730146 scopus 로고
    • How to choose a leadership pattern
    • Tannenbaum, R. and Schmidt, W.H. (1973), "How to choose a leadership pattern" in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 162-80.
    • (1973) Harvard Business Review , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 162-180
    • Tannenbaum, R.1    Schmidt, W.H.2
  • 109
    • 85042555734 scopus 로고
    • Women in management: A research review
    • Terborg, J.R. (1977), "Women in management: a research review" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 62, pp. 647-64.
    • (1977) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 647-664
    • Terborg, J.R.1
  • 110
    • 0001736745 scopus 로고
    • Toward a redefinition of sex and gender
    • Unger, R.K. (1979), "Toward a redefinition of sex and gender" in American Psychologist, Vol. 34, pp. 1085-94.
    • (1979) American Psychologist , vol.34 , pp. 1085-1094
    • Unger, R.K.1
  • 112
    • 84857748629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Department of Labour, Bureau of Labour Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 2, available at: (accessed June 24, 2011)
    • US Department of Labour, Bureau of Labour Statistics (2011), Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Table 2, available at: www.bls.gov/cps (accessed June 24, 2011).
    • (2011)
  • 115
  • 116
    • 77952953284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender
    • Fiske, S.T., Gilbert, D.T., Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 5th ed
    • Wood, W. and Eagly, A.H. (2010), "Gender" in Fiske, S.T., Gilbert, D.T. and Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, 5th ed., Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 629-67.
    • (2010) Handbook of Social Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 629-667
    • Wood, W.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 117
    • 0035209974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making leadership work more effectively for women
    • Yoder, J.D. (2001), "Making leadership work more effectively for women" in Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 57, pp. 815-28.
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 815-828
    • Yoder, J.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.