Epigenetics of schizophrenia

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

Volumn 4, Issue , 2010, Pages 611-628

  Akbarian, Schahram ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Epigenome; Gene expression; Nucleosome; Postmortem brain; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CLOZAPINE; DNA; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 67; HISTONE H3; HISTONE H4; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; REELIN; RNA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX10;

ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; CELL SPECIFICITY; CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; COMT GENE; DNA METHYLATION; DRUG EFFECT; EPIGENETICS; GAD1 GENE; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC RISK; HISTONE METHYLATION; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; MEK1 GENE; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REELIN GENE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOX10 GENE;

EID: 84857006612     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_38     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Abdolmaleky HM, Cheng KH, Russo A, Smith CL, Faraone SV, Wilcox M, Shafa R, Glatt SJ, Nguyen G, Ponte JF, Thiagalingam S, Tsuang MT (2005a) Hypermethylation of the reelin (RELN) promoter in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a preliminary report. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 134:60-66
2. Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S, Wilcox M (2005b) Genetics and epigenetics in major psychiatric disorders: dilemmas, achievements, applications, and future scope. Am J Pharmacogenomics 5:149-160
3. Abdolmaleky HM, Cheng KH, Faraone SV, WilcoxM, Glatt SJ, Gao F, Smith CL, Shafa R, Aeali B, Carnevale J, Pan H, Papageorgis P, Ponte JF, Sivaraman V, Tsuang MT, Thiagalingam S (2006) Hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter is a major risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Mol Genet 15:3132-3145
4. Abel T, Zukin RS (2008) Epigenetic targets of HDAC inhibition in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:57-64
5. Akbarian S, Huang HS (2009) Epigenetic regulation in human brain-focus on histone lysine methylation. Biol Psychiatry 65:198-203
6. Akbarian S, Ruehl MG, Bliven E, Luiz LA, Peranelli AC, Baker SP, Roberts RC, Bunney WE Jr, Conley RC, Jones EG, Tamminga CA, Guo Y (2005) Chromatin alterations associated with down-regulated metabolic gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:829-840
7. Alarcon JM, Malleret G, Touzani K, Vronskaya S, Ishii S, Kandel ER, Barco A (2004) Chromatin acetylation, memory, and LTP are impaired in CBP+/_ mice: a model for the cognitive deficit in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and its amelioration. Neuron 42:947-959
8. Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K, Roh TY, Schones DE, Wang Z, Wei G, Chepelev I, Zhao K (2007) High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell 129:823-837
9. Benes FM, Lim B, Matzilevich D, Subburaju S, Walsh JP (2008) Circuitry-based gene expression profiles in GABA cells of the trisynaptic pathway in schizophrenics versus bipolars. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20935-20940
10. Berger SL (2002) Histone modifications in transcriptional regulation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:142-148
11. Berger SL (2007) The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature 447:407-412
12. Berger SL, Kouzarides T, Shiekhattar R, Shilatifard A (2009) An operational definition of epigenetics. Genes Dev 23:781-783
13. Bertolino A, Blasi G (2009) The genetics of Schizophrenia. Neuroscience 164:288-299
14. Bollati V, Baccarelli A, Hou L, Bonzini M, Fustinoni S, Cavallo D, Byun HM, Jiang J, Marinelli B, Pesatori AC, Bertazzi PA, Yang AS (2007) Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Cancer Res 67:876-880
15. Bozon B, Kelly A, Josselyn SA, Silva AJ, Davis S, Laroche S (2003) MAPK, CREB and zif268 are all required for the consolidation of recognition memory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:805-814
16. Browning JL, Patel T, Brandt PC, Young KA, Holcomb LA, Hicks PB (2005) Clozapine and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway: implications for antipsychotic actions. Biol Psychiatry 57:617-623
17. Bullock WM, Cardon K, Bustillo J, Roberts RC, Perrone-Bizzozero NI (2008) Altered expression of genes involved in GABAergic transmission and neuromodulation of granule cell activity in the cerebellum of schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry 165:1594-1603
18. Cheng MC, Liao DL, Hsiung CA, Chen CY, Liao YC, Chen CH (2008) Chronic treatment with aripiprazole induces differential gene expression in the rat frontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11:207-216
19. Colvis CM, Pollock JD, Goodman RH, Impey S, Dunn J, Mandel G, Champagne FA, Mayford M, Korzus E, Kumar A, Renthal W, Theobald DE, Nestler EJ (2005) Epigenetic mechanisms and gene networks in the nervous system. J Neurosci 25:10379-10389
20. Connor CM, Akbarian S (2008) DNA methylation changes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Epigenetics 3:55-58
21. Costa E, Chen Y, Dong E, Grayson DR, Kundakovic M, Maloku E, Ruzicka W, Satta R, Veldic M, Zhubi A, Guidotti A (2009) GABAergic promoter hypermethylation as a model to study the neurochemistry of schizophrenia vulnerability. Expert Rev Neurother 9:87-98
22. Craddock N, Owen MJ (2007) Rethinking psychosis: the disadvantages of a dichotomous classification now outweigh the advantages. World Psychiatry 6:84-91
23. Davis KL, Haroutunian V (2003) Global expression-profiling studies and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 362:758
24. Delisi LE (2009) Searching for the true genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia. Genome Med 1:14
25. Desaulniers D, Xiao GH, Leingartner K, Chu I, Musicki B, Tsang BK (2005) Comparisons of brain, uterus, and liver mRNA expression for cytochrome p450s, DNA methyltransferase-1, and catechol-o-methyltransferase in prepubertal female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a mixture of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. Toxicol Sci 86:175-184
26. Dong E, Nelson M, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A (2008) Clozapine and sulpiride but not haloperidol or olanzapine activate brain DNA demethylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:13614-13619
27. Dracheva S, Elhakem SL, McGurk SR, Davis KL, Haroutunian V (2004) GAD67 and GAD65 mRNA and protein expression in cerebrocortical regions of elderly patients with schizophrenia. J Neurosci Res 76:581-592
28. Endres M, Meisel A, Biniszkiewicz D, Namura S, Prass K, Ruscher K, Lipski A, Jaenisch R, Moskowitz MA, Dirnagl U (2000) DNA methyltransferase contributes to delayed ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 20:3175-3181
29. Fatemi SH (2005) Reelin glycoprotein in autism and schizophrenia. Int Rev Neurobiol 71:179-187
30. Fatemi SH, Stary JM, Earle JA, Araghi-Niknam M, Eagan E (2005) GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia and mood disorders as reflected by decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa and Reelin proteins in cerebellum. Schizophr Res 72:109-122
31. Feinberg AP (2007) Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease. Nature 447:433-440
32. Felsenfeld G, Groudine M (2003) Controlling the double helix. Nature 421:448-453
33. Fischle W, Wang Y, Allis CD (2003) Histone and chromatin cross-talk. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:172-183
34. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, Ropero S, Setien F, Ballestar ML, Heine-Suner D, Cigudosa JC, Urioste M, Benitez J, Boix-Chornet M, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Ling C, Carlsson E, Poulsen P, Vaag A, Stephan Z, Spector TD, Wu YZ, Plass C, Esteller M (2005) Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:10604-10609
35. Fuks F (2005) DNA methylation and histone modifications: teaming up to silence genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 15:490-495
36. Gavin DP, Kartan S, Chase K, Jayaraman S, Sharma RP (2009) Histone deacetylase inhibitors and candidate gene expression: an in vivo and in vitro approach to studying chromatin remodeling in a clinical population. J Psychiatr Res 43:870-876
37. Grayson DR, Jia X, Chen Y, Sharma RP, Mitchell CP, Guidotti A, Costa E (2005) Reelin promoter hypermethylation in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9341-9346
38. Grayson DR, Chen Y, Dong E, Kundakovic M, Guidotti A (2009) From trans-methylation to cytosine methylation: evolution of the methylation hypothesis of schizophrenia. Epigenetics 4:144-149
39. Guan Z, Giustetto M, Lomvardas S, Kim JH, Miniaci MC, Schwartz JH, Thanos D, Kandel ER (2002) Integration of long-term-memory-related synaptic plasticity involves bidirectional regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure. Cell 111:483-493
40. Guidotti A, Auta J, Davis JM, Di-Giorgi-Gerevini V, Dwivedi Y, Grayson DR, Impagnatiello F, Pandey G, Pesold C, Sharma R, Uzunov D, Costa E (2000) Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1061-1069
41. Guidotti A, Dong E, Kundakovic M, Satta R, Grayson DR, Costa E (2009) Characterization of the action of antipsychotic subtypes on valproate-induced chromatin remodeling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30:55-60
42. Guttman M, Amit I, Garber M, French C, Lin MF, Feldser D, Huarte M, Zuk O, Carey BW, Cassady JP, Cabili MN, Jaenisch R, Mikkelsen TS, Jacks T, Hacohen N, Bernstein BE, Kellis M, Regev A, Rinn JL, Lander ES (2009) Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature 458:223-227
43. Hajkova P, Erhardt S, Lane N, Haaf T, El-Maarri O, Reik W, Walter J, Surani MA (2002) Epigenetic reprogramming in mouse primordial germ cells. Mech Dev 117:15-23
44. Hashimoto T, Bazmi HH, Mirnics K, Wu Q, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2008) Conserved regional patterns of GABA-related transcript expression in the neocortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 165:479-489
45. Hayes JJ, Hansen JC (2001) Nucleosomes and the chromatin fiber. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:124-129
46. Hof PR, Haroutunian V, Copland C, Davis KL, Buxbaum JD (2002) Molecular and cellular evidence for an oligodendrocyte abnormality in schizophrenia. Neurochem Res 27:1193-1200
47. Huang HS, Akbarian S (2007) GAD1 mRNA expression and DNA methylation in prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 2:e809
48. Huang HS, Matevossian A, Jiang Y, Akbarian S (2006) Chromatin immunoprecipitation in postmortem brain. J Neurosci Methods 156:284-292
49. Huang HS, Matevossian A, Whittle C, Kim SY, Schumacher A, Baker SP, Akbarian S (2007) Prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia involves mixed-lineage leukemia 1-regulated histone methylation at GABAergic gene promoters. J Neurosci 27:11254-11262
50. Iizuka M, Smith MM (2003) Functional consequences of histone modifications. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13:154-160
51. Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Yamada K, Takao H, Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Yoshikawa T, Kato T (2005) DNA methylation status of SOX10 correlates with its downregulation and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 25:5376-5381
52. Jablonka E, Lamb MJ (2002) The changing concept of epigenetics. Ann NY Acad Sci 981:82-96
53. Jenuwein T, Allis CD (2001) Translating the histone code. Science 293:1074-1080
54. Jiang Y, Langley B, Lubin FD, Renthal W, Wood MA, Yasui DH, Kumar A, Nestler EJ, Akbarian S, Beckel-Mitchener AC (2008a) Epigenetics in the nervous system. J Neurosci 28:11753-11759
55. Jiang Y, Matevossian A, Huang HS, Straubhaar J, Akbarian S (2008b) Isolation of neuronal chromatin from brain tissue. BMC Neurosci 9:42
56. Kaminsky Z, Wang SC, Petronis A (2006) Complex disease, gender and epigenetics. Ann Med 38:530-544
57. Kaminsky ZA, Tang T, Wang SC, Ptak C, Oh GH, Wong AH, Feldcamp LA, Virtanen C, Halfvarson J, Tysk C, McRae AF, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW, Gottesman II, Martin NG, Petronis A (2009) DNA methylation profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Nat Genet 41:240-245
58. Kharchenko PV, Tolstorukov MY, Park PJ (2008) Design and analysis of ChIP-seq experiments for DNA-binding proteins. Nat Biotechnol 26:1351-1359
59. Klose RJ, Bird AP (2006) Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem Sci 31:89-97
60. Klose RJ, Zhang Y (2007) Regulation of histone methylation by demethylimination and demethylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:307-318
61. Klose RJ, Gardner KE, Liang G, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Zhang Y (2007) Demethylation of histone H3K36 and H3K9 by Rph1: a vestige of an H3K9 methylation system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae? Mol Cell Biol 27:3951-3961
62. Korzus E, Rosenfeld MG, Mayford M (2004) CBP histone acetyltransferase activity is a critical component of memory consolidation. Neuron 42:961-972
63. Kouzarides T (2002) Histone methylation in transcriptional control. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:198-209
64. Kristiansen LV, Huerta I, Beneyto M, Meador-Woodruff JH (2007) NMDA receptors and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Pharmacol 7:48-55
65. Kumar A, Choi KH, Renthal W, Tsankova NM, Theobald DE, Truong HT, Russo SJ, Laplant Q, Sasaki TS, Whistler KN, Neve RL, Self DW, Nestler EJ (2005) Chromatin remodeling is a key mechanism underlying cocaine-induced plasticity in striatum. Neuron 48:303-314
66. Kundakovic M, Chen Y, Costa E, Grayson DR (2007) DNA methyltransferase inhibitors coordinately induce expression of the human reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 genes. Mol Pharmacol 71:644-653
67. Levenson JM, Sweatt JD (2005) Epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:108-118
68. Levenson JM, Roth TL, Lubin FD, Miller CA, Huang IC, Desai P, Malone LM, Sweatt JD (2006) Evidence that DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Biol Chem 281:15763-15773
69. Levine AA, Guan Z, Barco A, Xu S, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (2005) CREB-binding protein controls response to cocaine by acetylating histones at the fosB promoter in the mouse striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:19186-19191
70. Li J, Guo Y, Schroeder FA, Youngs RM, Schmidt TW, Ferris C, Konradi C, Akbarian S (2004) Dopamine D2-like antagonists induce chromatin remodeling in striatal neurons through cyclic AMP-protein kinase A and NMDA receptor signaling. J Neurochem 90:1117-1131
71. Lupski JR (2008) Schizophrenia: incriminating genomic evidence. Nature 455:178-179
72. Ma DK, Jang MH, Guo JU, Kitabatake Y, Chang ML, Pow-Anpongkul N, Flavell RA, Lu B, Ming GL, Song H (2009) Neuronal activity-induced Gadd45b promotes epigenetic DNA demethylation and adult neurogenesis. Science 323:1074-1077
73. Martin KC, Sun YE (2004) To learn better, keep the HAT on. Neuron 42:879-881
74. Martinowich K, Hattori D, Wu H, Fouse S, He F, Hu Y, Fan G, Sun YE (2003) DNA methylation-related chromatin remodeling in activity-dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 302:890-893
75. Marutha Ravindran CR, Ticku MK (2004) Changes in methylation pattern of NMDA receptor NR2B gene in cortical neurons after chronic ethanol treatment in mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 121:19-27
76. Matevossian A, Akbarian S (2008) Neuronal nuclei isolation from human postmortem brain tissue. J Vis Exp 20:pii: 914. doi: 10.3791/914
77. Mattick JS, Makunin IV (2006) Non-coding RNA. Hum Mol Genet 15(Spec No. 1):R17-R29
78. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, Huang TC, Unterberger A, SudermanM, Ernst C, Meaney MJ, Turecki G, Szyf M (2008) Promoter-wide hypermethylation of the ribosomal RNA gene promoter in the suicide brain. PLoS ONE 3:e2085
79. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonte B, Szyf M, Turecki G, Meaney MJ (2009) Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci 12:342-348
80. Mellios N, Huang HS, Baker SP, Galdzicka M, Ginns E, Akbarian S (2008) Molecular determinants of dysregulated GABAergic gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 65:1006-1014
81. Mill J, Tang T, Kaminsky Z, Khare T, Yazdanpanah S, Bouchard L, Jia P, Assadzadeh A, Flanagan J, Schumacher A, Wang SC, Petronis A (2008) Epigenomic profiling reveals DNA-methylation changes associated with major psychosis. Am J Hum Genet 82:696-711
82. Monteggia LM, Kavalali ET (2009) Rett syndrome and the impact of MeCP2 associated transcriptional mechanisms on neurotransmission. Biol Psychiatry 65:204-210
83. Morgan HD, Santos F, Green K, Dean W, ReikW(2005) Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Hum Mol Genet 14(Spec No 1):R47-R58
84. Nelson ED, Kavalali ET, Monteggia LM (2008) Activity-dependent suppression of miniature neurotransmission through the regulation of DNA methylation. J Neurosci 28:395-406
85. Numachi Y, Yoshida S, Yamashita M, Fujiyama K, Naka M, Matsuoka H, Sato M, Sora I (2004) Psychostimulant alters expression of DNA methyltransferase mRNA in the rat brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1025:102-109
86. Numachi Y, Shen H, Yoshida S, Fujiyama K, Toda S, Matsuoka H, Sora I, Sato M (2007) Methamphetamine alters expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 mRNA in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 414:213-217
87. Ooi SK, Bestor TH (2008) The colorful history of active DNA demethylation. Cell 133:1145-1148
88. Pae CU, Serretti A, Mandelli L, Yu HS, Patkar AA, Lee CU, Lee SJ, Jun TY, Lee C, Paik IH, Kim JJ (2007) Effect of 5-haplotype of dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) polymorphisms for the susceptibility to bipolar I disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144:701-703
89. Payer B, Lee JT (2008) X chromosome dosage compensation: how mammals keep the balance. Annu Rev Genet 42:733-732
90. Peterson CL (2002) Chromatin remodeling: nucleosomes bulging at the seams. Curr Biol 12: R245-R247
91. Peterson CL, Laniel MA (2004) Histones and histone modifications. Curr Biol 14:R546-R551
92. Polesskaya OO, Aston C, Sokolov BP (2006) Allele C-specific methylation of the 5-HT2A receptor gene: evidence for correlation with its expression and expression of DNA methylase DNMT1. J Neurosci Res 83:362-373
93. Rampon C, Jiang CH, Dong H, Tang YP, Lockhart DJ, Schultz PG, Tsien JZ, Hu Y (2000) Effects of environmental enrichment on gene expression in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12880-12884
94. Raybould R, Green EK, MacGregor S, Gordon-Smith K, Heron J, Hyde S, Caesar S, Nikolov I, Williams N, Jones L, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Jones I, Kirov G, Craddock N (2005) Bipolar disorder and polymorphisms in the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1). Biol Psychiatry 57:696-701
95. Rosen LB, Ginty DD, Weber MJ, Greenberg ME (1994) Membrane depolarization and calcium influx stimulate MEK and MAP kinase via activation of Ras. Neuron 12:1207-1221
96. Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A (2008) Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol 21:28-44
97. Satta R, Maloku E, Costa E, Guidotti A (2007) Stimulation of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) decreases DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression in cortical and hippocampal GABAergic neurons of Swiss albino mice. Soc Neurosci Abstr no. 60.7
98. Satta R, Maloku E, Zhubi A, Pibiri F, Hajos M, Costa E, Guidotti A (2008) Nicotine decreases DNA methyltransferase 1 expression and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 promoter methylation in GABAergic interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16356-16361
99. Seila AC, Calabrese JM, Levine SS, Yeo GW, Rahl PB, Flynn RA, Young RA, Sharp PA (2008) Divergent transcription from active promoters. Science 322:1849-1851
100. Sessa L, Breiling A, Lavorgna G, Silvestri L, Casari G, Orlando V (2007) Noncoding RNA synthesis and loss of polycomb group repression accompanies the colinear activation of the human HOXA cluster. RNA 13:223-239
101. Shimabukuro M, Jinno Y, Fuke C, Okazaki Y (2006) Haloperidol treatment induces tissue-and sex-specific changes in DNA methylation: a control study using rats. Behav Brain Funct 2:37
102. Siegmund KD, Connor CM, Campan M, Long TI, Weisenberger DJ, Biniszkiewicz D, Jaenisch R, Laird PW, Akbarian S (2007) DNA methylation in the human cerebral cortex is dynamically regulated throughout the life span and involves differentiated neurons. PLoS ONE 2:e895
103. SmithM(2009) The year in human and medical genetics. Highlights of 2007-2008. Ann NY Acad Sci 1151:1-21
104. Stadler F, Kolb G, Rubusch L, Baker SP, Jones EG, Akbarian S (2005) Histone methylation at gene promoters is associated with developmental regulation and region-specific expression of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in human brain. J Neurochem 94:324-336
105. Straub RE, Jiang Y, MacLean CJ, Ma Y, Webb BT, Myakishev MV, Harris-Kerr C, Wormley B, Sadek H, Kadambi B, Cesare AJ, Gibberman A, Wang X, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS (2002) Genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 71:337-348
106. Suzuki MM, Bird A (2008) DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet 9:465-476
107. Swank MW, Sweatt JD (2001) Increased histone acetyltransferase and lysine acetyltransferase activity and biphasic activation of the ERK/RSK cascade in insular cortex during novel taste learning. J Neurosci 21:3383-3391
108. Sweatt JD (2001) The neuronal MAP kinase cascade: a biochemical signal integration system subserving synaptic plasticity and memory. J Neurochem 76:1-10
109. Sweatt JD (2009) Experience-dependent epigenetic modifications in the central nervous system. Biol Psychiatry 65:191-197
110. Szyf M (2009) Epigenetics, DNA methylation, and chromatin modifying drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 49:243-263
111. Tamura Y, Kunugi H, Ohashi J, Hohjoh H (2007) Epigenetic aberration of the human REELIN gene in psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 12:593-600
112. The International Schizophrenia Consortium (2008) Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia. Nature 455:237-241
113. Tochigi M, Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Komori A, Sasaki T, Kato N, Kato T (2008) Methylation status of the reelin promoter region in the brain of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 63:530-533
114. Tsankova NM, Kumar A, Nestler EJ (2004) Histone modifications at gene promoter regions in rat hippocampus after acute and chronic electroconvulsive seizures. J Neurosci 24:5603-5610
115. Tsankova NM, Berton O, Renthal W, Kumar A, Neve RL, Nestler EJ (2006) Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nat Neurosci 9:519-525
116. Tsankova N, Renthal W, Kumar A, Nestler EJ (2007) Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:355-367
117. Veldic M, Caruncho HJ, Liu WS, Davis J, Satta R, Grayson DR, Guidotti A, Costa E (2004) DNAmethyltransferase 1 mRNA is selectively overexpressed in telencephalic GABAergic interneurons of schizophrenia brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:348-353
118. Veldic M, Guidotti A, Maloku E, Davis JM, Costa E (2005) In psychosis, cortical interneurons overexpress DNA-methyltransferase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:2152-2157
119. Waggoner D (2007) Mechanisms of disease: epigenesis. Semin Pediatr Neurol 14:7-14
120. Wang Y, Fischle W, Cheung W, Jacobs S, Khorasanizadeh S, Allis CD (2004) Beyond the double helix: writing and reading the histone code. Novartis Found Symp 259:3-17, discussion 17-21, 163-169
121. Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ (2004) Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 7:847-854
122. Wolffe AP (1992) New insights into chromatin function in transcriptional control. FASEB J 6:3354-3361