Molecular imaging of cancer: MR spectroscopy and beyond

European Journal of Radiology

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 566-577

  Pinker, K ^a   Stadlbauer, A ^b   Bogner, W ^a   Gruber, S ^a   Helbich, T H ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Brain; Breast; Cancer; Diffusion weighted imaging; Molecular imaging; MR spectroscopy; Prostate; Sodium imaging

Indexed keywords

SODIUM 23;

BRAIN TUMOR; BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; GYNECOLOGIC CANCER; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; MOLECULAR IMAGING; PHOSPHORUS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE TUMOR; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

CONTRAST MEDIA; DIFFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SODIUM;

EID: 84856963594     PISSN: 0720048X     EISSN: 18727727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.04.028     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. L. Kwock, J.K. Smith, M. Castillo, M.G. Ewend, F. Collichio, and D.E. Morris Clinical role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in oncology: brain, breast, and prostate cancer Lancet Oncol 7 10 2006 859 868
2. L. Kwock, J.K. Smith, M. Castillo, M.G. Ewend, S. Cush, and T. Hensing Clinical applications of proton MR spectroscopy in oncology Technol Cancer Res Treat 1 1 2002 17 28
3. S. Gruber, A. Stadlbauer, V. Mlynarik, B. Gatterbauer, K. Roessler, and E. Moser Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in brain tumor diagnosis Neurosurg Clin N Am 16 1 2005 101 114 vi
4. R.N. Al-Okaili, J. Krejza, S. Wang, J.H. Woo, and E.R. Melhem Advanced MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of intraaxial brain tumors in adults Radiographics 26 Suppl 1 2006 S173 S189
5. M. Castillo, and L. Kwock Proton MR spectroscopy of common brain tumors Neuroimaging Clin N Am 8 4 1998 733 752
6. M. Castillo, and L. Kwock Clinical applications of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of common intracranial tumors Top Magn Reson Imaging 10 2 1999 104 113
7. M. Castillo, L. Kwock, and S.K. Mukherji Clinical applications of proton MR spectroscopy AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17 1 1996 1 15
8. D. Galanaud, O. Chinot, and F. Nicoli Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain to differentiate gliomatosis cerebri from low-grade glioma J Neurosurg 98 2 2003 269 276
9. O. Ganslandt, A. Stadlbauer, and R. Fahlbusch Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging integrated into image-guided surgery: correlation to standard magnetic resonance imaging and tumor cell density Neurosurgery 56 Suppl 2 2005 291 298 discussion - 8
10. L. Bartella, and E.A. Morris Advances in breast imaging: magnetic resonance imaging Curr Oncol Rep 8 1 2006 7 13
11. L. Bartella, E.A. Morris, and D.D. Dershaw Proton MR spectroscopy with choline peak as malignancy marker improves positive predictive value for breast cancer diagnosis: preliminary study Radiology 239 3 2006 686 692
12. L. Bartella, S.B. Thakur, and E.A. Morris Enhancing nonmass lesions in the breast: evaluation with proton (H-1) MR spectroscopy Radiology 245 1 2007 80 87
13. S.B.W. Gruber, M. Chmelik, K. Pinker, A. Stadlbauer, and S. Trattnig High spatial resolution three-dimensional spectroscopic imaging in breast cancer in 12-15 min as part of a multimodal concept at 3 T RSNA 2008 Chicago, USA 2008
14. S.P.K. Gruber, W. Bogner, G. Grabner, A. Stadlbauer, T.H. Helbich, and S. Trattnig Three dimensional spectroscopic imaging in breast cancer at 3 T: A pilot study ISMRM 2008 Toronto, Canada 2008
15. P.R. Carroll, F.V. Coakley, and J. Kurhanewicz Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of prostate cancer Rev Urol 8 Suppl 1 2006 S4 S10
16. E. Ackerstaff, B.R. Pflug, J.B. Nelson, and Z.M. Bhujwalla Detection of increased choline compounds with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy subsequent to malignant transformation of human prostatic epithelial cells Cancer Res 61 9 2001 3599 3603
17. O. Akin, and H. Hricak Imaging of prostate cancer Radiol Clin North Am 45 1 2007 207 222
18. J. Kurhanewicz, and D.B. Vigneron Advances in MR spectroscopy of the prostate Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 16 4 2008 697 710 ix-x
19. 3) spatial resolution Radiology 198 3 1996 795 805
20. J. Kurhanewicz, D.B. Vigneron, R.G. Males, M.G. Swanson, K.K. Yu, and H. Hricak The prostate: MR imaging and spectroscopy. Present and future Radiol Clin North Am 38 1 2000 115 138 viii-ix
21. H.D. Sostman, D.M. Prescott, and M.W. Dewhirst MR imaging and spectroscopy for prognostic evaluation in soft-tissue sarcomas Radiology 190 1 1994 269 275
22. G.V. Shah, D. Gandhi, and S.K. Mukherji Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of head and neck neoplasms Top Magn Reson Imaging 15 2 2004 87 94
23. M.M. Mahon, I.J. Cox, and R. Dina (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer: in vivo-ex vivo profiles and effect of tumor load J Magn Reson Imaging 19 3 2004 356 364
24. M.M. Mahon, N.M. deSouza, and R. Dina Preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer: an ex vivo proton magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy study NMR Biomed 17 3 2004 144 153
25. M.M. Mahon, A.D. Williams, and W.P. Soutter 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of invasive cervical cancer: an in vivo study with ex vivo corroboration NMR Biomed 17 1 2004 1 9
26. P. Stanwell, P. Russell, J. Carter, S. Pather, S. Heintze, and C. Mountford Evaluation of ovarian tumors by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at three Tesla Invest Radiol 43 10 2008 745 751
27. J.M. Star-Lack, E. Adalsteinsson, and M.F. Adam In vivo 1H MR spectroscopy of human head and neck lymph node metastasis and comparison with oxygen tension measurements AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 1 2000 183 193
28. N.A. Butowski, P.K. Sneed, and S.M. Chang Diagnosis and treatment of recurrent high-grade astrocytoma J Clin Oncol 24 8 2006 1273 1280
29. J.C. Hsieh, and M.S. Lesniak Surgical management of high-grade gliomas Expert Rev Neurother 5 Suppl 6 2005 S33 S39
30. J. Schramm, I. Blumcke, C.B. Ostertag, U. Schlegel, M. Simon, and J. Lutterbach Low-grade gliomas - current concepts Zentralbl Neurochir 67 2 2006 55 66
31. V.W. Stieber Low-grade gliomas Curr Treat Options Oncol 2 6 2001 495 506
32. P.C. Burger, F.S. Vogel, S.B. Green, and T.A. Strike Glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Pathologic criteria and prognostic implications Cancer 56 5 1985 1106 1111
33. J.R. Alger, J.A. Frank, and A. Bizzi Metabolism of human gliomas: assessment with H-1 MR spectroscopy and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET Radiology 177 3 1990 633 641
34. J. Frahm, H. Bruhn, M.L. Gyngell, K.D. Merboldt, W. Hanicke, and R. Sauter Localized proton NMR spectroscopy in different regions of the human brain in vivo. Relaxation times and concentrations of cerebral metabolites Magn Reson Med 11 1 1989 47 63
35. C. Majos, J. Alonso, and C. Aguilera Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) of human brain tumours: assessment of differences between tumour types and its applicability in brain tumour categorization Eur Radiol 13 3 2003 582 591
36. C. Majos, J. Alonso, and C. Aguilera Adult primitive neuroectodermal tumor: proton MR spectroscopic findings with possible application for differential diagnosis Radiology 225 2 2002 556 566
37. W.G. Negendank, R. Sauter, and T.R. Brown Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with glial tumors: a multicenter study J Neurosurg 84 3 1996 449 458
38. D. Ott, J. Hennig, and T. Ernst Human brain tumors: assessment with in vivo proton MR spectroscopy Radiology 186 3 1993 745 752
39. F.A. Howe, S.J. Barton, and S.A. Cudlip Metabolic profiles of human brain tumors using quantitative in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magn Reson Med 49 2 2003 223 232
40. F.A. Howe, and K.S. Opstad 1H MR spectroscopy of brain tumours and masses NMR Biomed 16 3 2003 123 131
41. B.L. Miller A review of chemical issues in 1H NMR spectroscopy: N-acetyl-l-aspartate, creatine and choline NMR Biomed 4 2 1991 47 52
42. T. Michaelis, K.D. Merboldt, H. Bruhn, W. Hanicke, and J. Frahm Absolute concentrations of metabolites in the adult human brain in vivo: quantification of localized proton MR spectra Radiology 187 1 1993 219 227
43. J. Urenjak, S.R. Williams, D.G. Gadian, and M. Noble Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types J Neurosci 13 3 1993 981 989
44. G.J. Kemp Non-invasive methods for studying brain energy metabolism: what they show and what it means Dev Neurosci 22 5-6 2000 418 428
45. D. Croteau, L. Scarpace, and D. Hearshen Correlation between magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and image-guided biopsies: semiquantitative and qualitative histopathological analyses of patients with untreated glioma Neurosurgery 49 4 2001 823 829
46. K. Vuori, L. Kankaanranta, and A.M. Hakkinen Low-grade gliomas and focal cortical developmental malformations: differentiation with proton MR spectroscopy Radiology 230 3 2004 703 708
47. A.R. Tate, C. Majos, A. Moreno, F.A. Howe, J.R. Griffiths, and C. Arus Automated classification of short echo time in in vivo 1H brain tumor spectra: a multicenter study Magn Reson Med 49 1 2003 29 36
48. S.J. Nelson, T.R. McKnight, and R.G. Henry Characterization of untreated gliomas by magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging Neuroimaging Clin N Am 12 4 2002 599 613
49. D. Yang, Y. Korogi, and T. Sugahara Cerebral gliomas: prospective comparison of multivoxel 2D chemical-shift imaging proton MR spectroscopy, echoplanar perfusion and diffusion-weighted MRI Neuroradiology 44 8 2002 656 666
50. M. Law, S. Yang, and H. Wang Glioma grading: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 10 2003 1989 1998
51. A. Stadlbauer, S. Gruber, and C. Nimsky Preoperative grading of gliomas by using metabolite quantification with high-spatial-resolution proton MR spectroscopic imaging Radiology 238 3 2006 958 969
52. A. Stadlbauer, E. Moser, and S. Gruber Improved delineation of brain tumors: an automated method for segmentation based on pathologic changes of 1H-MRSI metabolites in gliomas NeuroImage 23 2 2004 454 461
53. A. Stadlbauer, E. Moser, S. Gruber, C. Nimsky, R. Fahlbusch, and O. Ganslandt Integration of biochemical images of a tumor into frameless stereotaxy achieved using a magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopy hybrid data set J Neurosurg 101 2 2004 287 294
54. A. Stadlbauer, O. Prante, and C. Nimsky Metabolic imaging of cerebral gliomas: spatial correlation of changes in O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging J Nucl Med 49 5 2008 721 729
55. A. Stadlbauer, C. Nimsky, and R. Buslei Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the border zone of gliomas: correlation of metabolic and histological changes at low tumor infiltration - initial results Invest Radiol 42 4 2007 218 223
56. S. Herminghaus, T. Dierks, and U. Pilatus Determination of histopathological tumor grade in neuroepithelial brain tumors by using spectral pattern analysis of in vivo spectroscopic data J Neurosurg 98 1 2003 74 81
57. L.L. Wald, S.J. Nelson, and M.R. Day Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of glioblastoma multiforme after brachytherapy J Neurosurg 87 4 1997 525 534
58. G. Tedeschi, N. Lundbom, and R. Raman Increased choline signal coinciding with malignant degeneration of cerebral gliomas: a serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging study J Neurosurg 87 4 1997 516 524
59. T.H. Helbich Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast Eur J Radiol 34 3 2000 208 219
60. S.H. Heywang-Kobrunner, P. Viehweg, A. Heinig, and C. Kuchler Contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast: accuracy, value, controversies, solutions Eur J Radiol 24 2 1997 94 108
61. S.H. Heywang-Koebrunner, and P. Viehweg Sensitivity of contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the breast Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2 4 1994 527 538
62. W.A. Kaiser, and E. Zeitler MR imaging of the breast: fast imaging sequences with and without Gd-DTPA. Preliminary observations Radiology 170 3 Pt 1 1989 681 686
63. K. Kinkel, T.H. Helbich, and L.J. Esserman Dynamic high-spatial- resolution MR imaging of suspicious breast lesions: diagnostic criteria and interobserver variability AJR Am J Roentgenol 175 1 2000 35 43
64. C. Kuhl The current status of breast MR imaging - Part I. Choice of technique, image interpretation, diagnostic accuracy, and transfer to clinical practice Radiology 244 2 2007 356 378
65. C.K. Kuhl Breast MR imaging at 3 T Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 15 3 2007 315 320 vi
66. C.K. Kuhl Current status of breast MR imaging. Part 2. Clinical applications Radiology 244 3 2007 672 691
67. C.K. Kuhl, H.H. Schild, and N. Morakkabati Dynamic bilateral contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the breast: trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution Radiology 236 3 2005 789 800
68. L. Liberman, E.A. Morris, and M.J. Lee Breast lesions detected on MR imaging: features and positive predictive value AJR Am J Roentgenol 179 1 2002 171 178
69. L.W. Turnbull Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer NMR Biomed. 22 1 2008 28 39
70. L. Esserman, D. Wolverton, and N. Hylton Magnetic resonance imaging for primary breast cancer management: current role and new applications Endocr Relat Cancer 9 2 2002 141 153
71. K. Pinker, G. Grabner, and W. Bogner A combined high temporal and high spatial resolution 3 T MR imaging protocol for the assessment of breast lesions: initial results Invest Radiol 44 9 2009 553 558
72. L. Bartella, and W. Huang Proton (1H) MR spectroscopy of the breast Radiographics 27 Suppl 1 2007 S241 S252
73. L. Bartella, C.S. Smith, D.D. Dershaw, and L. Liberman Imaging breast cancer Radiol Clin North Am 45 1 2007 45 67
74. S. Meisamy, P.J. Bolan, and E.H. Baker Neoadjuvant chemotherapy of locally advanced breast cancer: predicting response with in vivo (1)H MR spectroscopy - a pilot study at 4 T Radiology 233 2 2004 424 431
75. S. Meisamy, P.J. Bolan, and E.H. Baker Adding in vivo quantitative 1H MR spectroscopy to improve diagnostic accuracy of breast MR imaging: preliminary results of observer performance study at 4.0 T Radiology 236 2 2005 465 475
76. M. Tozaki Proton MR spectroscopy of the breast Breast Cancer 15 3 2008 218 223
77. J.R. Roebuck, K.M. Cecil, M.D. Schnall, and R.E. Lenkinski Human breast lesions: characterization with proton MR spectroscopy Radiology 209 1 1998 269 275
78. K.A. Kvistad, I.J. Bakken, and I.S. Gribbestad Characterization of neoplastic and normal human breast tissues with in vivo (1)H MR spectroscopy J Magn Reson Imaging 10 2 1999 159 164
79. K.M. Cecil, M.D. Schnall, E.S. Siegelman, and R.E. Lenkinski The evaluation of human breast lesions with magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy Breast Cancer Res Treat 68 1 2001 45 54
80. D.K. Yeung, H.S. Cheung, and G.M. Tse Human breast lesions: characterization with contrast-enhanced in vivo proton MR spectroscopy - initial results Radiology 220 1 2001 40 46
81. N.R. Jagannathan, M. Kumar, and V. Seenu Evaluation of total choline from in-vivo volume localized proton MR spectroscopy and its response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer Br J Cancer 84 8 2001 1016 1022
82. G.M. Tse, H.S. Cheung, and L.M. Pang Characterization of lesions of the breast with proton MR spectroscopy: comparison of carcinomas, benign lesions, and phyllodes tumors AJR Am J Roentgenol 181 5 2003 1267 1272
83. W. Bogner, S. Gruber, and K. Pinker Diffusion-weighted MR for differentiation of breast lesions at 3.0 T: how does selection of diffusion protocols affect diagnosis? Radiology 2009
84. B. Fisher, J. Bryant, and N. Wolmark Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the outcome of women with operable breast cancer J Clin Oncol 16 8 1998 2672 2685
85. S.M. Scholl, J.Y. Pierga, and B. Asselain Breast tumour response to primary chemotherapy predicts local and distant control as well as survival Eur J Cancer 31A 12 1995 1969 1975
86. P.R. Carroll, J.C. Presti Jr., E. Small, and M. Roach 3rd. Focal therapy for prostate cancer 1996: maximizing outcome Urology 49 Suppl 3A 1997 84 94
87. M. Fuchsjager, A. Shukla-Dave, O. Akin, J. Barentsz, and H. Hricak Prostate cancer imaging Acta Radiol 49 1 2008 107 120
88. H. Hricak, P.L. Choyke, S.C. Eberhardt, S.A. Leibel, and P.T. Scardino Imaging prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary perspective Radiology 243 1 2007 28 53
89. J.C. Weinreb, J.D. Blume, and F.V. Coakley Prostate cancer: sextant localization at MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging before prostatectomy - results of ACRIN prospective multi-institutional clinicopathologic study Radiology 251 1 2009 122 133
90. J.A. Jung, F.V. Coakley, and D.B. Vigneron Prostate depiction at endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging: investigation of a standardized evaluation system Radiology 233 3 2004 701 708
91. K.L. Zakian, K. Sircar, and H. Hricak Correlation of proton MR spectroscopic imaging with gleason score based on step-section pathologic analysis after radical prostatectomy Radiology 234 3 2005 804 814
92. J. Scheidler, H. Hricak, and D.B. Vigneron Prostate cancer: localization with three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging - clinicopathologic study Radiology 213 2 1999 473 480
93. F.V. Coakley, H.S. Teh, and A. Qayyum Endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging for locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiation therapy: preliminary experience Radiology 233 2 2004 441 448
94. S.K. Mukherji, S. Schiro, M. Castillo, L. Kwock, K.E. Muller, and W. Blackstock Proton MR spectroscopy of squamous cell carcinoma of the extracranial head and neck: in vitro and in vivo studies AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18 6 1997 1057 1072
95. S.K. Mukherji, S. Schiro, and M. Castillo Proton MR spectroscopy of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: in vitro characteristics AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17 8 1996 1485 1490
96. A.D. King, D.K. Yeung, A.T. Ahuja, S.F. Leung, G.M. Tse, and A.C. van Hasselt In vivo proton MR spectroscopy of primary and nodal nasopharyngeal carcinoma AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 3 2004 484 490
97. A.D. King, D.K. Yeung, and A.T. Ahuja In vivo 1H MR spectroscopy of thyroid carcinoma Eur J Radiol 54 1 2005 112 117
98. P.C. van Zijl, C.T. Moonen, and J. Gillen Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of small regions (1 mL) localized inside superficial human tumors. A clinical feasibility study NMR Biomed 3 5 1990 227 232
99. E.J. Delikatny, P. Russell, and J.C. Hunter Proton MR and human cervical neoplasia: ex vivo spectroscopy allows distinction of invasive carcinoma of the cervix from carcinoma in situ and other preinvasive lesions Radiology 188 3 1993 791 796
100. J.H. Lee, K.S. Cho, and Y.M. Kim Localized in vivo 1H nuclear MR spectroscopy for evaluation of human uterine cervical carcinoma AJR Am J Roentgenol 170 5 1998 1279 1282
101. F. Podo Tumour phospholipid metabolism NMR Biomed 12 7 1999 413 439
102. A. Barzilai, A. Horowitz, A. Geier, and H. Degani Phosphate metabolites and steroid hormone receptors of benign and malignant breast tumors. A nuclear magnetic resonance study Cancer 67 11 1991 2919 2925
103. U. Mahmood, A.A. Alfieri, D. Ballon, F. Traganos, and J.A. Koutcher In vitro and in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of metabolic changes post radiation Cancer Res 55 6 1995 1248 1254
104. U. Mahmood, A.A. Alfieri, H. Thaler, D. Cowburn, and J.A. Koutcher Radiation dose-dependent changes in tumor metabolism measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Cancer Res 54 18 1994 4885 4891
105. R.M. Dixon, P.W. Angus, B. Rajagopalan, and G.K. Radda Abnormal phosphomonoester signals in 31P MR spectra from patients with hepatic lymphoma. A possible marker of liver infiltration and response to chemotherapy Br J Cancer 63 6 1991 953 958
106. A. Shukla-Dave, H. Poptani, and L.A. Loevner Prediction of treatment response of head and neck cancers with P-31 MR spectroscopy from pretreatment relative phosphomonoester levels Acad Radiol 9 6 2002 688 694
107. F. Arias-Mendoza, M.R. Smith, and T.R. Brown Predicting treatment response in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from the pretreatment tumor content of phosphoethanolamine plus phosphocholine Acad Radiol 11 4 2004 368 376
108. F. Arias-Mendoza, K. Zakian, and A. Schwartz Methodological standardization for a multi-institutional in vivo trial of localized 31P MR spectroscopy in human cancer research. In vitro and normal volunteer studies NMR Biomed 17 6 2004 382 391
109. R.J. Kim, E.L. Chen, J.A. Lima, and R.M. Judd Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction Circulation 94 12 1996 3318 3326
110. R.J. Kim, R.M. Judd, E.L. Chen, D.S. Fieno, T.B. Parrish, and J.A. Lima Relationship of elevated 23Na magnetic resonance image intensity to infarct size after acute reperfused myocardial infarction Circulation 100 2 1999 185 192
111. R.J. Kim, J.A. Lima, and E.L. Chen Fast 23Na magnetic resonance imaging of acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Potential to assess myocardial viability Circulation 95 7 1997 1877 1885
112. R. Ouwerkerk, K.B. Bleich, J.S. Gillen, M.G. Pomper, and P.A. Bottomley Tissue sodium concentration in human brain tumors as measured with 23Na MR imaging Radiology 227 2 2003 529 537
113. R. Ouwerkerk Sodium magnetic resonance imaging: from research to clinical use J Am Coll Radiol 4 10 2007 739 741
114. R. Ouwerkerk, M.A. Jacobs, and K.J. Macura Elevated tissue sodium concentration in malignant breast lesions detected with non-invasive 23Na MRI Breast Cancer Res Treat 106 2 2007 151 160
115. I.L. Cameron, N.K. Smith, T.B. Pool, and R.L. Sparks Intracellular concentration of sodium and other elements as related to mitogenesis and oncogenesis in vivo Cancer Res 40 5 1980 1493 1500
116. + ratio in human thyroid tumors Cancer Res 43 11 1983 5395 5402
117. M. Eis, T. Els, M. Hoehn-Berlage, and K.A. Hossmann Quantitative diffusion MR imaging of cerebral tumor and edema Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 60 1994 344 346
118. J.V. Frangioni New technologies for human cancer imaging J Clin Oncol 26 24 2008 4012 4021
119. Y. Guo, Y.Q. Cai, and Z.L. Cai Differentiation of clinically benign and malignant breast lesions using diffusion-weighted imaging J Magn Reson Imaging 16 2 2002 172 178
120. W. Bogner, P.K. Gruber, S. Grabner, G. Helbich, and T.H. Trattnig High-field diffusion-weighted imaging for improved differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions RSNA 2008 Chicago, USA 2008
121. T.E. Conturo, R.C. McKinstry, J.A. Aronovitz, and J.J. Neil Diffusion MRI: precision, accuracy and flow effects NMR Biomed 8 7-8 1995 307 332
122. D.M. Koh, and D.J. Collins Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology AJR Am J Roentgenol 188 6 2007 1622 1635
123. H.C. Thoeny, and F. De Keyzer Extracranial applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Eur Radiol 17 6 2007 1385 1393
124. T. Ichikawa, S.M. Erturk, and U. Motosugi High-B-value diffusion-weighted MRI in colorectal cancer AJR Am J Roentgenol 187 1 2006 181 184
125. K. Tamai, T. Koyama, and T. Saga The utility of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for differentiating uterine sarcomas from benign leiomyomas Eur Radiol 18 4 2008 723 730
126. K. Tamai, T. Koyama, and T. Saga Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of uterine endometrial cancer J Magn Reson Imaging 26 3 2007 682 687
127. N. Kartalis, T.L. Lindholm, P. Aspelin, J. Permert, and N. Albiin Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of pancreas tumours Eur Radiol 2009
128. S. Naganawa, C. Sato, and T. Nakamura Diffusion-weighted images of the liver: comparison of tumor detection before and after contrast enhancement with superparamagnetic iron oxide J Magn Reson Imaging 21 6 2005 836 840
129. C. Sato, S. Naganawa, and T. Nakamura Differentiation of noncancerous tissue and cancer lesions by apparent diffusion coefficient values in transition and peripheral zones of the prostate J Magn Reson Imaging 21 3 2005 258 262
130. R.D. Tien, G.J. Felsberg, H. Friedman, M. Brown, and J. MacFall MR imaging of high-grade cerebral gliomas: value of diffusion-weighted echoplanar pulse sequences AJR Am J Roentgenol 162 3 1994 671 677
131. J.A. Brunberg, T.L. Chenevert, and P.E. McKeever In vivo MR determination of water diffusion coefficients and diffusion anisotropy: correlation with structural alteration in gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 2 1995 361 371
132. C. Marini, C. Iacconi, M. Giannelli, A. Cilotti, M. Moretti, and C. Bartolozzi Quantitative diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differential diagnosis of breast lesion Eur Radiol 17 10 2007 2646 2655
133. Y. Guo, Y.Q. Cai, and Z.L. Cai Differentiation of clinically benign and malignant breast lesions using diffusion-weighted imaging J Magn Reson Imaging 16 2 2002 172 178
134. T.E. Yankeelov, M. Lepage, and A. Chakravarthy Integration of quantitative DCE-MRI and ADC mapping to monitor treatment response in human breast cancer: initial results Magn Reson Imaging 25 1 2007 1 13
135. R. Woodhams, K. Matsunaga, and K. Iwabuchi Diffusion-weighted imaging of malignant breast tumors - the usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and ADC map for the detection of malignant breast tumors and evaluation of cancer extension J Comput Assist Tomogr 29 5 2005 644 649
136. R. Woodhams, K. Matsunaga, and S. Kan ADC mapping of benign and malignant breast tumors J Magn Reson Med Sci 4 1 2005 35 42
137. P. Gibbs, M.D. Pickles, and L.W. Turnbull Diffusion imaging of the prostate at 3.0 T Invest Radiol 41 2 2006 185 188
138. M.D. Pickles, P. Gibbs, M. Sreenivas, and L.W. Turnbull Diffusion-weighted imaging of normal and malignant prostate tissue at 3.0 T J Magn Reson Imaging 23 2 2006 130 134
139. K. Hosseinzadeh, and S.D. Schwarz Endorectal diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer to differentiate malignant and benign peripheral zone tissue J Magn Reson Imaging 20 4 2004 654 661