The impact of bacterial infection on mast cell degranulation

Immunologic Research

Volumn 51, Issue 2-3, 2011, Pages 215-226

  Wesolowski, Jordan ^a   Paumet, Fabienne ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergy; Bacteria; Degranulation; Infection; Mast cell; Membrane fusion; Phagocytosis; SNAREs

Indexed keywords

CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; COMPLEXIN; COMPLEXIN 2; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HISTAMINE; INTERLEUKIN 3; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 8; INTERLEUKIN 9; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 2; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PNEUMOLYSIN; REGULATOR PROTEIN; SNAP23 PROTEIN; SNARE PROTEIN; SYNTAXIN 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ALLERGY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; BACTERIUM; BASOPHIL; BONE MARROW; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL GROWTH; CELL MEMBRANE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EOSINOPHIL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MAST CELL; MAST CELL DEGRANULATION; MEDIATOR; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NONHUMAN; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SECRETORY GRANULE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CELL DEGRANULATION; CYTOTOXICITY, IMMUNOLOGIC; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MAST CELLS; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL;

EID: 84856556489     PISSN: 0257277X     EISSN: 15590755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8250-x     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Bach J. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:911-20.
2. Eder W, Ege MJ, von Mutius E. The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2226-35. (Pubitemid 44791164)
3. Galli SJ, Tsai M, Piliponsky AM. The development of allergic inflammation. Nature. 2008;454:445-54.
4. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The Lancet 1998;351:1225-2.
5. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299:1259-60. (Pubitemid 19280051)
6. Schaub B, Lauener R, von Mutius E. The many faces of the hygiene hypothesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:969-77.
7. Sheikh A, Smeeth L, Hubbard R. There is no evidence of an inverse relationship between TH2-mediated atopy and TH1- mediated autoimmune disorders: Lack of support for the hygiene hypothesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:131-5. (Pubitemid 36143303)
8. Helin T, Haahtela S, Haahtela T. No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, on birtch-pollen allergy: A placebo-controlled double-blind study. Allergy. 2002;57:243-6. (Pubitemid 34250756)
9. Martinez FD, Holt PG: Role of microbial burden in aetiology of allergy and asthma. The Lancet 1999;354 (suppl II):12-5.
10. Liew FY. TH1 and TH2 cells: A historical perspective. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2:55-60.
11. Neurath MF, Finotto S, Glimcher LH. The role of Th1/Th2 polarization in mucosal immunity. Nat Med. 2002;8:567-73. (Pubitemid 34633433)
12. Abraham SN, St. John AL. Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:440-52.
13. van Loveren H, Meade R, Askenase PW. An early component of delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by T cells and mast cells. J Exp Med. 1983;157:1604-17. (Pubitemid 13089000)
14. Kobayashi T, Miura T, Haba T, Sato M, Serizawa I, Nagai H, Ishizaka K: An essential role of mast cells in the development of airway hyper responsiveness in a murine asthma model. J Immunol 2000;164:3855-1.
15. Fukuda K, Ohbayashi M, Morohoshi K, Zhang L, Liu F, Ono SJ: Critical role of IgE-dependent mast cell activation in a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:827-3.
16. Biedermann T, Kneilling M, Mailhammer R, Maier K, Sander CA, Kollias G, Kinkel SL, Hültner L, Röcken M. Mast cells control neutrophil recruitment during T cell-mediated delayedtype hypersensitivity reactions through tumor necrosis factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. J Exp Med. 2000;192: 1441-51.
17. Matsuoka T, Hirata M, Tanaka H, Takahashi Y, Murata T, Kabashima K, Sugimoto Y, Kobayashi T, Ushikubi F, Aze Y, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Yoshida N, Kimura K, Mizoguchi A, Honda Y, Nagai H, Narumiya S. Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma. Science. 2000;287:2013-7.
18. Reuter S, Heinz A, Sieren M, Wiewrodt R, Gelfand EW, Stassen M, Buhl R, Taube C. Mast cell-derived tumour necrosis factor is essential for allergic airway disease. Eur Respir J. 2008;31: 773-82.
19. Metcalfe DD, Baram D, Mekori YA: Mast cells. Physiol Rev 1997;77:1033-9.
20. Alvarez de Toledo G, Fernandez JM: Compound versus multigranular exocytosis in peritoneal mast cells. J Gen Physiol 1990;95:397-9.
21. Pickett JA, Edwardson JM. Compound exocytosis: Mechanisms and functional significance. Traffic. 2006;7:109-16.
22. Ngoc LP, Gold DR, Tzianabos AO, Weiss ST, Celedón JC: Cytokines, allergy and asthma. Cur Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;5:161-6.
23. Vincent-Schneider H, Théry C, Mazzeo D, Tenza D, Raposo G, Bonnerot C: Secretory granules of mast cells accumulate mature and immature MHC class II molecules. J Cell Sci 2000; 114:323-4.
24. Raposo G, Tenza D, Mecheri S, Peronet R, Bonnerot C, Desaymard C: Accumulation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in mast cell secretory granules and their release upon degranulation. Mole Biol Cell 1997;8:2631-5.
25. Puri N, Roche PA. Mast cells possess distinct secretory granule subsets whose exocytosis is regulated by different SNARE isoforms. PNAS. 2008;105:2580-5. (Pubitemid 351520556)
26. Sagi-Eisenberg R. The mast cell: Where endocytosis and regulated exocytosis meet. Immunol Rev. 2007;217:292-303. (Pubitemid 46718149)
27. Blank U, Cyprien B, Martin-Verdeaux S, Paumet F, Pombo I, River J, Roa M, Varin-Blank N. SNAREs and associated regulators in the control of exocytosis in the RBL-2H3 mast cell line. Mole Immunol. 2001;38:1341-5.
28. Sutton RB, Fasshauer D, Jahn R, Brunger AT. Crystal structure of a SNARE complex involved in synaptic exocytosis at 2.4 A °resolution. Nature. 1998;395:347-53. (Pubitemid 28450677)
29. Antonin W, Fasshauer D, Becker S, Jahn R, Schneider TR: Crystal structure of the endosomal SNARE complex reveals common structural principles of all SNARES. Nat Struct Biol 2002;9:107-1.
30. Söllner T, Whiteheart, SW, Brunner M, Erdjument-Bromage H, Geromanos S, Tempst P, Rothman JE: SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion. Nature 1993;362: 318-4.
31. Fukuda R, McNew JA, Weber T, Parlati F, Engel T, nickel W, Rothman JE, Söllner TH: Functional architecture of an intracellular membrane t-SNARE. Nature 2000;407:198-2.
32. McNew JA, Parlati F, Fukuda R, Johnston RJ, Paz K, Paumet F, Söllner TH, Rothman JE: Compartmental specificity of cellular membrane fusion encoded in SNARE proteins. Nature 2000;407:153-9.
33. Weber T, Zemelman BV, McNew, JA, Westermann B, Gmachl M, Parlati F, Söllner TH, Rothman JE. SNAREpins: Minimal machinery for membrane fusion. Cell 1998;92:759-2.
34. Paumet F, Rahimian V, Rothman JE. The specificity of SNAREdependent fusion is encoded in the SNARE motif. PNAS. 2004;101:3376-80. (Pubitemid 38338202)
35. Parlati F, Varlamov O, Paz K, McNew JA, Hurtado D, Söllner TH, Rothman JE. Distinct SNARE complexes mediating membrane fusion in golgi transport based on combinatorial specificity. PNAS. 2002;99:5424-9. (Pubitemid 34411564)
36. Paumet F, Le Mao J,Martin S, Galli T, David B, Blank U, Roa M. Soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) in RBL-2H3mast cells: Functional role of syntaxin 4 in exocytosis and indentification of a vesicle-assocated membrane protein 8-containing secretory compartment. J Immunol. 2000;164:5850-7. (Pubitemid 30389829)
37. Sander LE, Frank SPC, Bolat S, Blank U, Galli T, Bigalke H, Bischoff SC, Lorentz A. Vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP)-7 and VAMP-8, but not VAMP-2 or VAMP-3, are required for activation-induced degranulation of mature human mast cells. Eur J Immunol. 2008;38:855-63.
38. Hepp R, Puri N, Hohenstein AC, Crawford GL, Whiteheart SW, Roche PA. Phosphorylation of SNAP-23 regulates exocytosis from mast cells. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:6610-20. (Pubitemid 40341212)
39. Suzuki K, Verma IM. Phosphorylation of SNAP-23 by IjB kinase 2 regulates mast cell degranulation. Cell. 2008;134: 485-95.
40. Puri N, Roche PA. Ternary SNARE complexes are enriched in Lipid rafts during mast cell exocytosis. Traffic. 2006;7:1482-4.
41. Lippert U, Ferrari DM, Jahn R. Endobrevin/VAMP8 mediates exocytic release of hexosaminidase from rat basophilic leukemia cells. FEBS Lett. 2007;581:3479-84. (Pubitemid 47048197)
42. Salinas E, Quintanar-Stephano A, Córdova LE, Quintanar JL. Allergen-sensitization increases mast-cell expression of the exocytic proteins SNAP-23 and Syntaxin 4, which are involved in histamine secretion. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol. 2008;18: 366-71.
43. Guo Z, Turner C, Castle D. Relocation of the t-SNARE SNAP- 23 from lamellipodia-like cell surface projections regulates compound exocytosis in mast cells. Cell. 1998;94:537-8.
44. Galli T, Zahraoui A, Vaidyanathan RaposoVV, Min Tian G, Karin J, Niemann MH, Louvard D. A novel tetanus neurotoxininsensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein in SNARE complexes of the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Mole Biol Cell. 1998;9:1437-48. (Pubitemid 28303488)
45. Hibi T, Hirashima N, Nakanishi M. Rat basophilic leukemia cells express syntaxin-3 and vamp-7 in granule membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;271:36-41. (Pubitemid 30444852)
46. Chapman ER. How does synaptotagmin trigger neurotransmitter release? Ann Rev Biochem. 2008;77:615-41.
47. Baram D, Adachi R, Medalia O, Tuvim M, Dickey BF, Medori YA, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Synaptotagmin II negatively regulates Ca2?-triggered exocytosis of lysosomes in mast cells. J Exp Med. 1999;189:1649-57. (Pubitemid 29240890)
48. Haberman Y, Grimberg E, Fukuda M, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Synaptotagmin IX, a possible linker between the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment and the microtubules. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:4307-18. (Pubitemid 37369588)
49. Kimura N, Shin-ichiro S, Mizunashi K, Ohtsu H, Kimura I. Synaptotagmin I expression in mast cells of normal human tissues, systemic mast cell disease and a human mast cell leukemia cell line. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49:341-5. (Pubitemid 32176396)
50. Meicoff E, Sansores-Garcia L, Gomez A, Moreira DC, Datta P, Thakur P, Petrova Y, Siddigi T, Murthy JN, Dickey BF, Heidelberger R, Adachi R. Synaptotagmin-2 controls regulated exocytosis but not other secretory responses of mast cells. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:19445-51.
51. Wolfe PC, Chang E, Rivera J, Fewtrell C. Differential effects of the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on calcium responses and secretion in adherent and suspended RBL-2H3 mucosal mast cells. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:6658-65.
52. Brose N. For better or for worse: Complexins regulate SNARE function and vesicle fusion. Traffic. 2008;9:1403-13.
53. Giraudo CG, Eng WS, Melia TJ, Rothman JE. A clamping mechanism involved in SNARE-dependent exocytosis. Science. 2006;313:676-80. (Pubitemid 44201147)
54. Li F, Pincet F, Perez E, Giraudo CG, Tareste D, Rothman JE. Complexin activates and clamps SNAREpins by a common mechanism involving an intermediate energetic states. Nat Struct Mole Biol. 2011;18:941-7.
55. Weniger KR. Complexin arrests a neighbor. Nat Struct Mole Biol. 2011;18:861-3.
56. Kümmel D, Krishnakumar SS, Tadoff DT, Li F, Giraudo CG, Pincet F, Rothman JE, Reinisch KM. Complexin cross-links prefusion SNAREs into a zigzag array. Nat Struct Mole Biol. 2011;18:927-34.
57. Krishnakumar SS, Radoff DT, Kümmel D, Giraudo CG, Li F, Khandan L, Baguley SW, Coleman J, Reinish KM, Pincet F, Rothman JE. A conformational switch in complexin is required for synaptotagmin to trigger synaptic fusion. Nat Struct Mole Biol. 2011;18:934-41.
58. Tadokoro S, Nakanishi M, Hirashima N. Complexin II facilitates exocytic release in mast cells by enhancing Ca2? sensitivity of the fusion process. J Cell Sci. 2005;118:2239-46. (Pubitemid 40872845)
59. Tadokoro S, Nakanishi M, Hirashima N. Complexin II regulates degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells by interacting with SNARE complex containing syntaxin-3. Cell Immunol. 2010;261:51-6.
60. Martin-Verdeaux S, Pombo I, Iannascoli B, Roa M, Varin-Blank N, Rivera J, Blank U. Evidence of a role for Munc18-2 and microtubules in mast cell granule exocytosis. J Cell Sci. 2002;116:325-34.
61. Han GA, Malintan NT, Collins BM, Meunier FA, Sugita S. Munc18-1 as a key regulator of neurosecretion. J Neurochem. 2010;115:1-10.
62. Jahn R. Sec1/Munc18 proteins: Mediators of membrane fusion moving to center stage. Neuron. 2000;27:201-4.
63. Carr CM, Rizo J. At the junction of SNARE and SM protein function. Cur Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22:488-95.
64. Nigam R, Sepulveda J, Tuvim M, Petrova Y, Adachi R, Dickey BF, Agrawal A. Expression and transcriptional regulation of Munc18 isoforms in mast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1728:77-83. (Pubitemid 40409957)
65. Tadokoro S, Kurimoto T, Nakanishi M, Hirashima N. Munc18-2 regulates exocytic membrane fusion positively interacting with syntaxin-3 in RBL-2H3. Mol Immunol. 2007;44: 3427-33. (Pubitemid 46678193)
66. Sutherland RE, Olsen JS, McKinstry A, Villalta SS, Wolters PJ. Mast cell IL-6 improves survival from Klebsiella pneumonia and sepsis by enhancing neutrophil killing. J Immunol. 2008;181:5598-605.
67. Xu X, Zhang D, Lyubynska N, Wolters PJ, Killeen NP, Baluk P, McDonald DM, Hawgood S, Caughey GH. Mast cells protect mice from mycoplasma pneumonia. Am J Res Crit Care Med. 2005;173:219-25. (Pubitemid 43187895)
68. Gekara NO, Weiss S. Mast cells initiate early anti-listeria host defenses. Cell Microbiol. 2007;10:225-36.
69. Dawicki W, Jawdat DW, Xu N, Marshall JS. Mast cells, histamine, and IL-6 regulate the selective influx of dendritic cell subsets into an inflamed lymph node. J Immunol. 2010;184: 2116-23.
70. Malaviya R, Ikeda T, Ross E, Abraham SN. Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNF-a. Nature. 1996;381:77-80. (Pubitemid 26130006)
71. Malaviya R, Gao Z, Thankavel K, Anton van der Merwe P, Abraham SN. The mast cell tumor necrosis factor a response to FimH-expressing Escherichia coli is mediated by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol- anchored molecular CD48. PNAS. 1999; 96:8110-5. (Pubitemid 29328416)
72. Shelburne CP, Nakano H, St. John AL, Chan C, McLachlan JB, Gunn MD, Staats HF, Abraham SN: Mast cells augment adaptive immunity by orchestrating dendritic cell trafficking through infected tissues. Cell Host Microbe. 2009; 6:331-2.
73. Cruse G, Fernandes VE, de Salort J, Pankhania D, Marinas MS, Brewin H, Andrew PW, Bradding P, Kadioglu A. Human lung mast cells mediate pneumococcal cell death in response to activation by pneumolysin. J Immunol. 2010;184:7108-15.
74. Padawer J, Fruhman GJ. Phagocytosis of zymosan particles by mast cells. Experientia. 1968;24:471-2.
75. Padawer J. Ingestion of colloidal gold by mast cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968;129:905-7.
76. Malaviya R, Ross E, MacGregor JI, Ikeda T, Little JR, Jakschik BA, Abraham SN. Mast cell phagocytosis of FimH-expressing enterobacteria. J Immunol. 1994;152:1907-14. (Pubitemid 24075724)
77. Flannagan RS, Cosío G, Grinstein S. Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:355-66.
78. Kinchen JM, Ravichandran KS. Phagosome maturation: Going through the acid test. Nat Rev Mole Cell Biol. 2008;9:781-95.
79. Stow JL, Manderson AP, Murray RZ. SNAREing immunity: The role of SNAREs in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6:919-29. (Pubitemid 44851734)
80. Lin T, Gao Z, Arock M, Abraham SN. Internalization of FimH? Escherichia coli by the human mast cell line (HMC-1 5C6) involves protein kinase C. J Leukoc Biol. 1999;66:1031-8. (Pubitemid 30010530)
81. Lin T, Garduno R, Boudreau RTM, Issekutz AC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa activates human mast cells to induce neutrophil transendothelial migration via mast cell-derived IL-1a and b. J Immunol. 2002;169:4522-30. (Pubitemid 35178230)
82. Muñoz S, Rivas-Santiago B, Enciso JA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis entry into mast cells through cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. Scand J Immunol. 2009;70:256-63.
83. Abraham SN, Thankavel K, Malaviya R. Mast cells as modulators of host defense in the lung. Front Biosci. 1997;2:d78-87.
84. Malaviya R, Ross E, Jakschik BA, Abraham SN. Mast cell degranulation induced by Type I fimbriated Escherichia coli in mice. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:1645-53. (Pubitemid 24116404)
85. Barbuti G, Moschioni M, Censini S, Covacci A, Montecucco C, Montemurro P. Streptococcus pneumoniae induces mast cell degranulation. Int J Med Microbiol. 2006;296:325-9. (Pubitemid 44016161)
86. Rocha-de-Souza CM, Berent-Maoz B, Mankuto D, Moses AE, Levi-Schaffer F. Human mast cell activation by Staphylococcus aureus: Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha release and the role of toll-like receptor 2 and CD48 molecules. Infect Immun. 2008;76:4489-97.
87. Muñoz S, Hernández-Pando R, Abraham SN, Enciso JA. Mast cell activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Mediator release and role of CD48. J Immunol. 2003;170:5590-6. (Pubitemid 36617849)
88. Hoek KL, Cassell GH, Duffer LB, Prescott Atkinson T. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced activation and cytokine production in rodent mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; 109:470-6. (Pubitemid 34234198)
89. Magerl M, Lammel V, Siebenhaar F, Zuberbier T, Metz M, Maurer M. Non-pathogenic commensal Escherichia coli bacteria can inhibit degranulation of mast cells. Exp Dermatol. 2008;17:427-35. (Pubitemid 351513957)
90. Schiffer C, Lalanne AI, Cassard L, Mancardi DA, Malbec O, Bruhns P, Dif F, Daëron Marc. A strain of lactobacillus casei inhibits the effector phase of immune inflammation. J Immunol. 2011;187:1-10.
91. Kawahara T. Inhibitory effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus strain on immunoglobulin E-mediated degranulation and late-phase immune reactions of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. Animal Sci J. 2010;81:714-21.
92. Harata G, He F, Takahashi K, Hosono A, Kawase M, Kubota A, Hiramatsu S, Kaminogawa S. Bifidobacterium suppresses IgEmediated degranulation of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. Microbiol Immunol. 2010;54:54-7.
93. Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1076-9. (Pubitemid 32322538)
94. Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361: 1869-71. (Pubitemid 36645184)
95. Blümer N, Sel S, Virna S, Patrascan CC, Zimmerman S, Herz U, Renz H, Garn H. Perinatal maternal application of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG suppresses allergic airway inflammation in mouse offspring. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37:348-57. (Pubitemid 46393247)
96. Wassengerg J, Nutten S, Audran R, Barbier N, Aubert V, Moulin J, Mercenier A, Spertini F. Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 on nasal provocation test with grass pollen allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:565-73.
97. Feleszko W, Jaworska J, Rha R-D, Avagyan A, Jaudszus A, Ahrens B, Groneberg DA, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. Probioticinduced suppression of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation is associated with an increase of T regulatorydependent mechanisms in a murine model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;37:498-505.
98. Kulka M, Fukuiski N, Rottem M, Mekori YA, Metcalfe DD. Mast cells, which interact with Escherichia coli, up-regulate genes associated with innate immunity and become less responsive to FceRI-mediated activation. J Leukoc Biol. 2006; 79:339-50. (Pubitemid 44831166)
99. Oksaharju A, Kankainen M, Kekkonen RA, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT, Korpela R, Miettinen M. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus downregulates FCERI and HRH4 expression in human mast cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:750-9.
100. Gonzalez-Expinosa C, Odom S, Olivera A, Peyton Hobson J, Eugina Cid Martinez M, Oliveiera-dos-Santos A, Barra L, Spiegel S, Penninger JM, Rivera J. Preferential signaling and induction of allergy-promoting lymphokines upon weak stimulations of the high affinity IgE receptor on mast cells. J Exp Med. 2003;197:1453-65. (Pubitemid 36682544)
101. Chen K, Xiang Y, Yao X, Liu Y, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Wang JM. The active contribution of toll-like receptors to allergic airway inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011; doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2001.05.003:1-8.
102. Barton GM, Kagan JC. A cell biological view of toll-like receptor function: Regulation through compartmentalization. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:535-42.
103. Rodríguez D, Keller AC, Faquim-Mauro EL, de Macedo M, Cunha FQ, Lefort J, Vargaftig BB, Russo M. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide signaling through toll-like receptor 4 suppresses asthma-like responses via nitric oxide synthase 2 activity. J Immunol. 2003;171:1001-8. (Pubitemid 36871416)
104. Velasco G, Campo M, Manrique OJ, Bellou A, He H, Arestides RSS, Schaub B, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Toll-like receptor 4 or 2 agonists decrease allergic inflammation. Am J Res Cell Mole Biol. 2005;32:218-24. (Pubitemid 40387648)
105. Fuchs B, Knothe S, Rochlitzer S, Nassimi M, Greweling M, Lauenstein H, Nassenstein C, Müller M, Ebensen T, Dittich A, Krug N, Guzman CA, Braun A. A toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist reduces allergic airway inflammation in chronic respiratory sensitisation to timothy grass pollen antigens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;152:131-9.
106. Kubo Y, Fukuishi N, Yoshioka Y, Kawasoe Y, Iriguchi S, Imajo N, Yasui Y, Matsui N, Akagi M. Bacterial components regulate the expression of toll-like receptor 4 on human mast cells. Infalmmation Research. 2007;56:70-5. (Pubitemid 46412011)
107. Yoshioka M, Fukuishi N, Iriguchi S, Ohsaki K, Yamanobe H, Inukai A, Kurihara D, Imajo N, Yasui Y, Matsui N, Tsujita T, Ishii A, Seya T, Takahama M, Akagi M. Lipoteichoic acid downregulates FceRI expression on human mast cells through toll-like receptor 2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:452-61. (Pubitemid 47102373)
108. Kasakura K, Takahashi K, Aizawa T, Hosono A, Kaminogawa S. A TLR2 ligand supresses allergic inflammatory reactions by acting directly on mast cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009; 150:359-69.
109. Takeda K, Akira S. TLR signaling pathways. Sem Immunol. 2004;16:3-9. (Pubitemid 38147427)