Targeting Aurora Kinases: A novel approach to curb the growth & chemoresistance of androgen refractory prostate cancer

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 144-163

  Jeet, V ^a,b,c,d   Russell, P J ^a,b,c,d   Verma, N D ^a,b   Khatri, A ^a,b  

^a PRINCE OF WALES HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^c Translational Research Institute   (Australia)

^d QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aurora kinases; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Combination therapy; Docetaxel; Prostate cancer; Targeted molecular therapy; Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP)

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; AURORA A KINASE; AURORA B KINASE; AURORA KINASE INHIBITOR; DOCETAXEL; HISTONE H3; SURVIVIN; TOZASERTIB;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BONE METASTASIS; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER INHIBITION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG TARGETING; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE MODULATION; HISTONE PHOSPHORYLATION; IN VIVO STUDY; LUNG METASTASIS; MALE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROSTATE CANCER; RNA INTERFERENCE; SOFT TISSUE METASTASIS; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; WESTERN BLOTTING;

ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; DRUG SYNERGISM; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; MALE; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; PIPERAZINES; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA INTERFERENCE; TAXOIDS;

EID: 84856465832     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: 18735576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156800912799095180     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Kim, S. J.; Kim, S. I. Current treatment strategies for castrationresistant prostate cancer. Korean J. Urol. 2011, 52, 157-165.
2. Petrylak, D. P.; Tangen, C. M.; Hussain, M. H.; Lara, P. N. Jr.; Jones, J. A.; Taplin, M. E.; Burch, P. A.; Berry, D.; Moinpour, C.; Kohli, M.; Benson, M. C.; Small, E. J.; Raghavan, D.; Crawford, E. D. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1513-1520.
3. Tannock, I. F.; de Wit, R.; Berry, W. R.; Horti, J.; Pluzanska, A.; Chi, K. N.; Oudard, S.; Theodore, C.; James, N. D.; Turesson, I.; Rosenthal, M. A.; Eisenberger, M. A. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1502-1512.
4. Picus, J.; Schultz, M. Docetaxel (taxotere) as monotherapy in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer: Preliminary results. Semin. Oncol. 1999, 26, 14-18.
5. Khan, M. A.; Carducci, M. A.; Partin, A. W. The evolving role of docetaxel in the management of androgen independent prostate cancer. J. Urol. 2003, 170, 1709-1716.
6. Sissung, T. M.; Danesi, R.; Price, D. K.; Steinberg, S. M.; de Wit, R.; Zahid, M.; Gaikwad, N.; Cavalieri, E.; Dahut, W. L.; Sackett, D. L.; Figg, W. D.; Sparreboom, A. Association of the cyp1b1*3 allele with survival in patients with prostate cancer receiving docetaxel. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2008, 7, 19-26.
7. Cook, K. M.; Figg, W. D. Angiogenesis inhibitors: Current strategies and future prospects. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2010, 60, 222-243.
8. Ning, Y. M.; Gulley, J. L.; Arlen, P. M.; Woo, S.; Steinberg, S. M.; Wright, J. J.; Parnes, H. L.; Trepel, J. B.; Lee, M. J.; Kim, Y. S.; Sun, H.; Madan, R. A.; Latham, L.; Jones, E.; Chen, C. C.; Figg, W. D.; Dahut, W. L. Phase ii trial of bevacizumab, thalidomide, docetaxel, and prednisone in patients with metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 2070-2076.
9. English, B. C.; Price, D. K.; Figg, W. D. Vegf inhibition and metastasis: Possible implications for antiangiogenic therapy. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2009, 8, 1214-1225.
10. Gross, M.; Higano, C.; Pantuck, A.; Castellanos, O.; Green, E.; Nguyen, K.; Agus, D. B. A phase ii trial of docetaxel and erlotinib as first-line therapy for elderly patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2007, 7, 142-147.
11. Mountzios, G.; Terpos, E.; Dimopoulos, M. A. Aurora kinases as targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2008, 34, 175-182.
12. Dar, A. A.; Goff, L. W.; Majid, S.; Berlin, J.; El-Rifai, W. Aurora kinases' inhibitors-rising stars in cancer therapeutics? Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010, 9, 268-278.
13. Kelly, K. R.; Ecsedy, J.; Mahalingam, D.; Nawrocki, S. T.; Padmanabhan, S.; Giles, F. J.; Carew, J. S. Targeting aurora kinases in cancer treatment. Curr. Drug Targets 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
14. Nigg, E. A. Mitotic kinases as regulators of cell division and its checkpoints. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 2, 21-32.
15. Berdnik, D.; Knoblich, J. A. Drosophila aurora-a is required for centrosome maturation and actin-dependent asymmetric protein localization during mitosis. Curr. Biol. 2002, 12, 640-647.
16. Hirota, T.; Kunitoku, N.; Sasayama, T.; Marumoto, T.; Zhang, D.; Nitta, M.; Hatakeyama, K.; Saya, H. Aurora-a and an interacting activator, the lim protein ajuba, are required for mitotic commitment in human cells. Cell 2003, 114, 585-598.
17. Marumoto, T.; Honda, S.; Hara, T.; Nitta, M.; Hirota, T.; Kohmura, E.; Saya, H. Aurora-a kinase maintains the fidelity of early and late mitotic events in hela cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 51786-51795.
18. Sakakura, C.; Hagiwara, A.; Yasuoka, R.; Fujita, Y.; Nakanishi, M.; Masuda, K.; Shimomura, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Inazawa, J.; Abe, T.; Yamagishi, H. Tumour-amplified kinase btak is amplified and overexpressed in gastric cancers with possible involvement in aneuploid formation. Br. J. Cancer 2001, 84, 824-831.
19. Gritsko, T. M.; Coppola, D.; Paciga, J. E.; Yang, L.; Sun, M.; Shelley, S. A.; Fiorica, J. V.; Nicosia, S. V.; Cheng, J. Q. Activation and overexpression of centrosome kinase btak/aurora-a in human ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9, 1420-1426.
20. Li, D.; Zhu, J.; Firozi, P. F.; Abbruzzese, J. L.; Evans, D. B.; Cleary, K.; Friess, H.; Sen, S. Overexpression of oncogenic stk15/btak/aurora a kinase in human pancreatic cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9, 991-997.
21. Jeng, Y. M.; Peng, S. Y.; Lin, C. Y.; Hsu, H. C. Overexpression and amplification of aurora-a in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 10, 2065-2071.
22. Zhou, H.; Kuang, J.; Zhong, L.; Kuo, W. L.; Gray, J. W.; Sahin, A.; Brinkley, B. R.; Sen, S. Tumour amplified kinase stk15/btak induces centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and transformation. Nat. Genet. 1998, 20, 189-193.
23. Buschhorn, H. M.; Klein, R. R.; Chambers, S. M.; Hardy, M. C.; Green, S.; Bearss, D.; Nagle, R. B. Aurora-a over-expression in high-grade pin lesions and prostate cancer. Prostate 2005, 64, 341-346.
24. Ditchfield, C.; Johnson, V. L.; Tighe, A.; Ellston, R.; Haworth, C.; Johnson, T.; Mortlock, A.; Keen, N.; Taylor, S. S. Aurora b couples chromosome alignment with anaphase by targeting bubr1, mad2, and cenp-e to kinetochores. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 161, 267-280.
25. Giet, R.; Glover, D. M. Drosophila aurora b kinase is required for histone h3 phosphorylation and condensin recruitment during chromosome condensation and to organize the central spindle during cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 2001, 152, 669-682.
26. Hauf, S.; Cole, R. W.; LaTerra, S.; Zimmer, C.; Schnapp, G.; Walter, R.; Heckel, A.; van Meel, J.; Rieder, C. L.; Peters, J. M. The small molecule hesperadin reveals a role for aurora b in correcting kinetochore-microtubule attachment and in maintaining the spindle assembly checkpoint. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 161, 281-294.
27. Bischoff, J. R.; Anderson, L.; Zhu, Y.; Mossie, K.; Ng, L.; Souza, B.; Schryver, B.; Flanagan, P.; Clairvoyant, F.; Ginther, C.; Chan, C. S.; Novotny, M.; Slamon, D. J.; Plowman, G. D. A homologue of drosophila aurora kinase is oncogenic and amplified in human colorectal cancers. EMBO J. 1998, 17, 3052-3065.
28. Tatsuka, M.; Katayama, H.; Ota, T.; Tanaka, T.; Odashima, S.; Suzuki, F.; Terada, Y. Multinuclearity and increased ploidy caused by overexpression of the aurora-and ipl1-like midbody-associated protein mitotic kinase in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 4811-4816.
29. Smith, S. L.; Bowers, N. L.; Betticher, D. C.; Gautschi, O.; Ratschiller, D.; Hoban, P. R.; Booton, R.; Santibanez-Koref, M. F.; Heighway, J. Overexpression of aurora b kinase (aurkb) in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma is frequent, generally driven from one allele, and correlates with the level of genetic instability. Br. J. Cancer 2005, 93, 719-729.
30. Chieffi, P.; Cozzolino, L.; Kisslinger, A.; Libertini, S.; Staibano, S.; Mansueto, G.; De Rosa, G.; Villacci, A.; Vitale, M.; Linardopoulos, S.; Portella, G.; Tramontano, D. Aurora b expression directly correlates with prostate cancer malignancy and influence prostate cell proliferation. Prostate 2006, 66, 326-333.
31. Chen, J.; Jin, S.; Tahir, S. K.; Zhang, H.; Liu, X.; Sarthy, A. V.; McGonigal, T. P.; Liu, Z.; Rosenberg, S. H.; Ng, S. C. Survivin enhances aurora-b kinase activity and localizes aurora-b in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 486-490.
32. Delacour-Larose, M.; Molla, A.; Skoufias, D. A.; Margolis, R. L.; Dimitrov, S. Distinct dynamics of aurora b and survivin during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2004, 3, 1418-1426.
33. Wheatley, S. P.; Henzing, A. J.; Dodson, H.; Khaled, W.; Earnshaw, W. C. Aurora-B phosphorylation in vitro identifies a residue of survivin that is essential for its localization and binding to inner centromere protein (incenp) in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 5655-5660.
34. Mita, A. C.; Mita, M. M.; Nawrocki, S. T.; Giles, F. J. Survivin: Key regulator of mitosis and apoptosis and novel target for cancer therapeutics. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 5000-5005.
35. Kimura, M.; Matsuda, Y.; Yoshioka, T.; Okano, Y. Cell cycledependent expression and centrosome localization of a third human aurora/ipl1-related protein kinase, aik3. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 7334-7340.
36. Khan, J.; Ezan, F.; Cremet, J. Y.; Fautrel, A.; Gilot, D.; Lambert, M.; Benaud, C.; Troadec, M. B.; Prigent, C. Overexpression of active aurora-c kinase results in cell transformation and tumour formation. PLoS One 2011, 6, e26512.
37. Wang, Y.; Serradell, N. Vx-680/mk-0457. Drugs of the Future 2007, 32, 144-147
38. Lee, E. C.; Frolov, A.; Li, R.; Ayala, G.; Greenberg, N. M. Targeting aurora kinases for the treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 4996-5002.
39. Fu, J.; Bian, M.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, C. Roles of aurora kinases in mitosis and tumorigenesis. Mol. Cancer Res. 2007, 5, 1-10.
40. Jeet, V.; Ow, K.; Doherty, E.; Curley, B.; Russell, P. J.; Khatri, A. Broadening of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (tramp) model to represent late stage androgen depletion independent cancer. Prostate 2008, 68, 548-562.
41. Anand, S.; Penrhyn-Lowe, S.; Venkitaraman, A. R. Aurora-a amplification overrides the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, inducing resistance to taxol. Cancer Cell. 2003, 3, 51-62.
42. Hata, T.; Furukawa, T.; Sunamura, M.; Egawa, S.; Motoi, F.; Ohmura, N.; Marumoto, T.; Saya, H.; Horii, A. Rna interference targeting aurora kinase a suppresses tumor growth and enhances the taxane chemosensitivity in human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 2899-2905.
43. Foster, B. A.; Gingrich, J. R.; Kwon, E. D.; Madias, C.; Greenberg, N. M. Characterization of prostatic epithelial cell lines derived from transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (tramp) model. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 3325-3330.
44. Pfaffl, M. W.; Horgan, G. W.; Dempfle, L. Relative expression software tool (rest) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time pcr. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, e36.
45. Martiniello-Wilks, R.; Dane, A.; Voeks, D. J.; Jeyakumar, G.; Mortensen, E.; Shaw, J. M.; Wang, X. Y.; Both, G. W.; Russell, P. J. Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy for prostate cancer in a mouse model that imitates the development of human disease. J. Gene Med. 2004, 6, 43-54.
46. Voeks, D. J.; Martiniello-Wilks, R.; Russell, P. J. Derivation of mpr and tramp models of prostate cancer and prostate cancer metastasis for evaluation of therapeutic strategies. Urol. Oncol. 2002, 7, 111-118.
47. Power, C. A.; Pwint, H.; Chan, J.; Cho, J.; Yu, Y.; Walsh, W.; Russell, P. J. A novel model of bone-metastatic prostate cancer in immunocompetent mice. Prostate 2009, 69, 1613-1623.
48. Khatri, A.; Zhang, B.; Doherty, E.; Chapman, J.; Ow, K.; Pwint, H.; Martiniello-Wilks, R.; Russell, P. J. Combination of cytosine deaminase with uracil phosphoribosyl transferase leads to local and distant bystander effects against rm1 prostate cancer in mice. J. Gene Med. 2006, 8, 1086-1096.
49. Khatri, A.; Husaini, Y.; Russell, P. J. Murine CTLL-2 cells respond to mil12: Prospects for developing an alternative bioassay for measurement of murine cytokines il12 and il18. J. Immunol. Methods 2007, 326, 41-53.
50. Chou, T. C.; Talalay, P. Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: The combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1984, 22, 27-55.
51. Reynolds, M. A. Molecular alterations in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 2008, 271, 13-24.
52. Wu, Z.; Cho, H.; Hampton, G. M.; Theodorescu, D. CDC6 and cyclin e2 are pten-regulated genes associated with human prostate cancer metastasis. Neoplasia 2009, 11, 66-76.
53. Wang, S.; Gao, J.; Lei, Q.; Rozengurt, N.; Pritchard, C.; Jiao, J.; Thomas, G. V.; Li, G.; Roy-Burman, P.; Nelson, P. S.; Liu, X.; Wu, H. Prostate-specific deletion of the murine pten tumor suppressor gene leads to metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Cell. 2003, 4, 209-221.
54. Zhou, Z.; Flesken-Nikitin, A.; Corney, D. C.; Wang, W.; Goodrich, D. W.; Roy-Burman, P.; Nikitin, A. Y. Synergy of p53 and rb deficiency in a conditional mouse model for metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 7889-7898.
55. Arima, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Shibata, T.; Hayashi, H.; Nagano, O.; Saya, H.; Taya, Y. Rb depletion results in deregulation of e-cadherin and induction of cellular phenotypic changes that are characteristic of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 5104-5112.
56. Kauffman, E. C.; Robinson, V. L.; Stadler, W. M.; Sokoloff, M. H.; Rinker-Schaeffer, C. W. Metastasis suppression: The evolving role of metastasis suppressor genes for regulating cancer cell growth at the secondary site. J. Urol. 2003, 169, 1122-1133.
57. Sessa, F.; Mapelli, M.; Ciferri, C.; Tarricone, C.; Areces, L. B.; Schneider, T. R.; Stukenberg, P. T.; Musacchio, A. Mechanism of aurora b activation by incenp and inhibition by hesperadin. Mol. Cell. 2005, 18, 379-391.
58. Petrylak, D. P. The treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer: Docetaxel and beyond. Rev Urol. 2006, 8 Suppl 2, S48-55.
59. Li, J. J.; Li, S. A. Mitotic kinases: The key to duplication, segregation, and cytokinesis errors, chromosomal instability, and oncogenesis. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006, 111, 974-984.
60. Shen, Y. C.; Hu, F. C.; Jeng, Y. M.; Chang, Y. T.; Lin, Z. Z.; Chang, M. C.; Hsu, C.; Cheng, A. L. Nuclear overexpression of mitotic regulatory proteins in biliary tract cancer: Correlation with clinicopathologic features and patient survival. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18, 417-423.
61. Macarulla, T.; Ramos, F. J.; Tabernero, J. Aurora kinase family: A new target for anticancer drug. Recent Pat. Anticancer Drug Discov. 2008, 3, 114-122.
62. Moore, M. L.; Teitell, M. A.; Kim, Y.; Watabe, T.; Reiter, R. E.; Witte, O. N.; Dubey, P. Deletion of psca increases metastasis of tramp-induced prostate tumors without altering primary tumor formation. Prostate 2008, 68, 139-151.
63. Ueda, T.; Suzuki, H.; Ichikawa, T. [Molecular analysis for prostate cancer]. Nippon Rinsho. 2005, 63, 213-217.
64. Jeet, V.; Russell, P. J.; Khatri, A. Modeling prostate cancer: A perspective on transgenic mouse models. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010, 29, 123-142.
65. Li, Y.; Cozzi, P. J. Muc1 is a promising therapeutic target for prostate cancer therapy. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2007, 7, 259-271.
66. Suzuki, H.; Ueda, T.; Ichikawa, T.; Ito, H. Androgen receptor involvement in the progression of prostate cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2003, 10, 209-216.
67. Feldman, B. J.; Feldman, D. The development of androgenindependent prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2001, 1, 34-45.
68. Balk, S. P.; Knudsen, K. E. AR, the cell cycle, and prostate cancer. Nucl. Recept. Signal. 2008, 6, e001, 1-12.
69. Strock, C. J.; Park, J. I.; Nakakura, E. K.; Bova, G. S.; Isaacs, J. T.; Ball, D. W.; Nelkin, B. D. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity controls cell motility and metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 7509-7515.
70. Hotte, S. J.; Saad, F. Current management of castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Curr. Oncol. 2010, 17 Suppl 2, S72-79.
71. Brown, S. A.; Guise, T. A. Cancer treatment-related bone disease. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 2009, 19, 47-60.
72. Pollen, J. J.; Shlaer, W. J. Osteoblastic response to successful treatment of metastatic cancer of the prostate. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 1979, 132, 927-931.
73. Fournier, P. G.; Chirgwin, J. M.; Guise, T. A. New insights into the role of t cells in the vicious cycle of bone metastases. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2006, 18, 396-404.
74. Kang, Y.; Siegel, P. M.; Shu, W.; Drobnjak, M.; Kakonen, S. M.; Cordon-Cardo, C.; Guise, T. A.; Massague, J. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell. 2003, 3, 537-549.
75. Fizazi, K. The role of src in prostate cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2007, 18, 1765-1773.
76. LaTulippe, E.; Satagopan, J.; Smith, A.; Scher, H.; Scardino, P.; Reuter, V.; Gerald, W. L. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of prostate cancer reveals distinct transcriptional programs associated with metastatic disease. Cancer Res. 2002, 62, 4499-4506.
77. Dhanasekaran, S. M.; Barrette, T. R.; Ghosh, D.; Shah, R.; Varambally, S.; Kurachi, K.; Pienta, K. J.; Rubin, M. A.; Chinnaiyan, A. M. Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nature 2001, 412, 822-826.
78. Yang, H.; Ou, C. C.; Feldman, R. I.; Nicosia, S. V.; Kruk, P. A.; Cheng, J. Q. Aurora-a kinase regulates telomerase activity through c-myc in human ovarian and breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 463-467.
79. Bolton, M. A.; Lan, W.; Powers, S. E.; McCleland, M. L.; Kuang, J.; Stukenberg, P. T. Aurora b kinase exists in a complex with survivin and incenp and its kinase activity is stimulated by survivin binding and phosphorylation. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2002, 13, 3064-3077.
80. Vagnarelli, P.; Earnshaw, W. C. Chromosomal passengers: The four-dimensional regulation of mitotic events. Chromosoma 2004, 113, 211-222.
81. Hirota, T.; Lipp, J. J.; Toh, B. H.; Peters, J. M. Histone h3 serine 10 phosphorylation by aurora b causes hp1 dissociation from heterochromatin. Nature 2005, 438, 1176-1180.
82. Ruchaud, S.; Carmena, M.; Earnshaw, W. C. Chromosomal passengers: Conducting cell division. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 8, 798-812.
83. Kishi, H.; Igawa, M.; Kikuno, N.; Yoshino, T.; Urakami, S.; Shiina, H. Expression of the survivin gene in prostate cancer: Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, proliferative activity and apoptosis. J. Urol. 2004, 171, 1855-1860.
84. Shariat, S. F.; Lotan, Y.; Saboorian, H.; Khoddami, S. M.; Roehrborn, C. G.; Slawin, K. M.; Ashfaq, R. Survivin expression is associated with features of biologically aggressive prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2004, 100, 751-757.
85. Zhang, M.; Latham, D. E.; Delaney, M. A.; Chakravarti, A. Survivin mediates resistance to antiandrogen therapy in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2005, 24, 2474-2482.
86. Gao, P.; Wang, R.; Shen, J. J.; Lin, F.; Wang, X.; Dong, K.; Zhang, H. Z. Hypoxia-inducible enhancer/alpha-fetoprotein promoterdriven rna interference targeting stk15 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci. 2008, 99, 2209-2217.
87. Harrington, E.A.; Bebbington, D.; Moore, J.; Rasmussen, R. K.; Ajose-Adeogun, A. O.; Nakayama, T.; Graham, J. A.; Demur, C.; Hercend, T.; Diu-Hercend, A.; Su, M.; Golec, J. M.; Miller, K. M. Vx-680, a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of the aurora kinases, suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Nat. Med. 2004, 10, 262-267.
88. Carvajal, R. D.; Tse, A.; Schwartz, G. K. Aurora kinases: New targets for cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 6869-6875.