Understanding the genetics of coronary artery disease through the lens of noninvasive imaging

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 27-36

  Yang, Eunice ^a   Vargas, Jose D ^b   Bluemke, David A ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; carotid intima media thickness; CCTA; complex genetic analysis; coronary artery calcium; coronary artery disease; MRI; noninvasive cardiovascular imaging; PET; phenotype

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 123; CALCIUM; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; INDIUM 111; LIPID; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIAC IMAGING; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CALCINOSIS; CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PHENOTYPE; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 83755205369     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.175     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Beiser A, Levy D. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet 353(9147), 89-92 (1999). (Pubitemid 29088076)
2. Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121(7), e46-e215 (2010).
3. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wilson PW, Larson MG et al. Framingham risk score and prediction of lifetime risk for coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 94(1), 20-24 (2004). (Pubitemid 38813447)
4. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 291(18), 2204-2211 (2004). (Pubitemid 38608169)
5. Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am. Heart J. 111(2), 383-390 (1986). (Pubitemid 16107280)
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). State-specific mortality from sudden cardiac death - United States, 1999. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 51(6), 123-126 (2002).
7. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349(9064), 1498-1504 (1997). (Pubitemid 27216360)
8. Nora JJ, Lortscher RH, Spangler RD, Nora AH, Kimberling WJ. Genetic-epidemiologic study of early-onset ischemic heart disease. Circulation 61(3), 503-508 (1980). (Pubitemid 10179693)
9. Collins FS, Guyer MS, Charkravarti A. Variations on a theme: cataloging human DNA sequence variation. Science 278(5343), 1580-1581 (1997). (Pubitemid 27516268)
10. Lander ES. The new genomics: global views of biology. Science 274(5287), 536-539 (1996). (Pubitemid 26360427)
11. Risch N, Merikangas K. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273(5281), 1516-1517 (1996). (Pubitemid 26301653)
12. Lander ES. Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome. Nature 470(7333), 187-197 (2011).
13. Venter JC. The sequence of the human genome. Science 291(5507), 1304-1351 (2001).
14. The International HapMap Project. Nature 426(6968), 789-796 (2003).
15. Mardis ER. The impact of next-generation sequencing technology on genetics. Trends Genet. 24(3), 133-141 (2008).
16. McPherson R, Pertsemlidis A, Kavaslar N et al. A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease. Science 316(5830), 1488-1491 (2007). (Pubitemid 46906617)
17. Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A et al. A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction. Science 316(5830), 1491-1493 (2007). (Pubitemid 46906618)
18. Samani NJ, Schunkert H. Chromosome 9p21 and cardiovascular disease: the story unfolds. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. 1(2), 81-84 (2008).
19. Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR et al. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447(7145), 661-678 (2007). (Pubitemid 46889737)
20. Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM et al. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature 478, 103-109 (2011).
21. Ripke S, Sanders AR, Kendler KS et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat. Genet. 43(10), 969-976 (2011).
22. Biesecker LG, Shianna KV, Mullikin JC. Exome sequencing: the expert view. Genome Biol. 12(9), 128 (2011).
23. Shendure J. Next-generation human genetics. Genome Biol. 12(9), 408 (2011).
24. Mardis ER. Next-generation DNA sequencing methods. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 9, 387-402 (2008).
25. Ng SB, Turner EH, Robertson PD et al. Targeted capture and massively parallel sequencing of 12 human exomes. Nature 461(7261), 272-276 (2009).
26. Schunkert H, Konig IR, Kathiresan S et al. Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat. Genet. 43(4), 333-338 (2011).
27. Wild PS, Zeller T, Schillert A et al. A genome-wide association study identifies LIPA as a susceptibility gene for coronary artery disease. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. 4(4), 403-412 (2011).
28. Webb KE, Martin JF, Hamsten A et al. Polymorphisms in the thrombopoietin gene are associated with risk of myocardial infarction at a young age. Atherosclerosis 154(3), 703-711 (2001). (Pubitemid 32232169)
29. Vohnout B, Di Castelnuovo A, Trotta R et al. Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and risk of coronary artery disease. Haematologica 88(1), 54-60 (2003). (Pubitemid 36168855)
30. Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, De Knijff P et al. Polymorphisms in the coagulation factor VII gene and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 338(2), 79-85 (1998). (Pubitemid 28042270)
31. Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, Gattone M et al. Polymorphisms of the interleukin- 1beta gene affect the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke at young age and the response of mononuclear cells to stimulation in vitro. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25(1), 222-227 (2005). (Pubitemid 40054280)
32. Georgoulias P, Wozniak G, Samara M et al. Impact of ACE and ApoE polymorphisms on myocardial perfusion: correlation with myocardial single photon emission computed tomographic imaging. J. Hum. Genet. 54(10), 595-602 (2009).
33. Ikram MA, Seshadri S, Bis JC et al. Genomewide association studies of stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(17), 1718-1728 (2009).
34. Macedo R, Chen S, Lai S et al. MRI detects increased coronary wall thickness in asymptomatic individuals: the Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 28(5), 1108-1115 (2008).
35. Motoyama S, Kondo T, Sarai M et al. Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50(4), 319-326 (2007). (Pubitemid 47058884)
36. Motoyama S, Sarai M, Harigaya H et al. Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54(1), 49-57 (2009).
37. Ehara S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshiyama M et al. Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 110(22), 3424-3429 (2004). (Pubitemid 39602220)
38. Marwan M, Taher MA, El Meniawy K et al. In vivo CT detection of lipid-rich coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques using quantitative histogram analysis: a head to head comparison with IVUS. Atherosclerosis 215(1), 110-115 (2011).
39. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(13), 1336-1345 (2008). (Pubitemid 351468410)
40. Doherty TM, Fitzpatrick LA, Shaheen A, Rajavashisth TB, Detrano RC. Genetic determinants of arterial calcification associated with atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 79(2), 197-210 (2004). (Pubitemid 38140804)
41. Mautner GC, Mautner SL, Froehlich J et al. Coronary artery calcification: assessment with electron beam CT and histomorphometric correlation. Radiology 192(3), 619-623 (1994). (Pubitemid 24266771)
42. Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation 92(8), 2157-2162 (1995).
43. Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Popma JJ et al. Determinants and correlates of target lesion calcium in coronary artery disease: a clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29(2), 268-274 (1997). (Pubitemid 27059954)
44. Maehara A, Fitzgerald PJ. Coronary calcification: assessment by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Z. Kardiol. 89(Suppl. 2), 112-116 (2000).
45. Erbel R, Mohlenkamp S, Moebus S et al. Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 56(17), 1397-1406 (2010).
46. Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M, Hofman A et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation 112(4), 572-577 (2005). (Pubitemid 41060798)
47. Vliegenthart R, Hollander M, Breteler MM et al. Stroke is associated with coronary calcification as detected by electron-beam CT: the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. Stroke 33(2), 462-465 (2002). (Pubitemid 34123388)
48. Pfohl M, Athanasiadis A, Koch M et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is associated with coronary artery plaque calcification as assessed by intravascular ultrasound. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31(5), 987-991 (1998). (Pubitemid 28212497)
49. Kardia SLR, Haviland MB, Ferrell RE, Sing CF. The relationship between risk factor levels and presence of coronary artery calcification is dependent on Apolipoprotein E genotype. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. 19(2), 427-435 (1999). (Pubitemid 29072760)
50. Glaeser C, Handschug K, Boehm U et al. Endothelial factors and atherosclerosis: Investigation of the LRP (low density lipoprotein receptor related protein) and E-selectin gene-polymorphism in patients with coronary and peripheral arterial and cerebro-vascular diseases. Circulation 94(8), 1585-1585 (1996).
51. Revelle BM, Scott D, Beck PJ. Single amino acid residues in the E- and P-selectin epidermal growth factor domains can determine carbohydrate binding specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 271(27), 16160-16170 (1996). (Pubitemid 26236233)
52. Ellsworth DL, Bielak LF, Turner ST, Sheedy PF 2nd, Boerwinkle E, Peyser PA. Gender- and age-dependent relationships between the E-selectin S128R polymorphism and coronary artery calcification. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 79(7), 390-398 (2001). (Pubitemid 32692635)
53. Pollanen PJ, Lehtimaki T, Ilveskoski E et al. Coronary artery calcification is related to functional polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase 3: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Atherosclerosis 164(2), 329-335 (2002). (Pubitemid 35223084)
54. Herrmann SM, Nicaud V, Tiret L et al. Polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) gene and essential hypertension: the ECTIM and PEGASE studies. J. Hypertens. 20(2), 229-235 (2002). (Pubitemid 34913787)
55. Farzaneh-Far A, Davies JD, Braam LA et al. A polymorphism of the human matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein promoter alters binding of an activating protein-1 complex and is associated with altered transcription and serum levels. 276(35), 32466-32473 (2001).
56. Emi M, Tsukamoto K, Orimo H et al. Association of bone mineral density with polymorphism of the human calcium-sensing receptor locus. Calcified Tissue Int. 66(3), 181-183 (2000). (Pubitemid 30091757)
57. Gonzalez P, Alvarez R, Batalla A et al. Genetic variation at the chemokine receptors CCR5/CCR2 in myocardial infarction. Genes Immunol. 2(4), 191-195 (2001). (Pubitemid 33676982)
58. Valdes AM, Wolfe ML, O'Brien EJ et al. Val64Ile polymorphism in the C-C chemokine receptor 2 is associated with reduced coronary artery calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22(11), 1924-1928 (2002). (Pubitemid 35315783)
59. Oei HH, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Hofman A, Oudkerk M, van Duijn CM, Witteman JC. The association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and coronary calcification. The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. Atherosclerosis 182(1), 169-173 (2005). (Pubitemid 41188383)
60. Lange LA, Lange EM, Bielak LF et al. Autosomal genome-wide scan for coronary artery calcification loci in sibships at high risk for hypertension. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22(3), 418-423 (2002). (Pubitemid 34218748)
61. Yuan C, Polissar NL, Hatsukami TS. What will noninvasive carotid atherosclerosis imaging show us about high-risk coronary plaques? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58(4), 423-425 (2011).
62. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 340(1), 14-22 (1999). (Pubitemid 29024679)
63. Polak JF, Pencina MJ, Pencina KM, O'Donnell CJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB. Carotid-wall intima-media thickness and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(3), 213-221 (2011).
64. Pankow JS, Heiss G, Evans GW et al. Familial aggregation and genome-wide linkage analysis of carotid artery plaque: the NHLBI family heart study. Hum. Hered. 57(2), 80-89 (2004). (Pubitemid 38798150)
65. Pankow JS, Folsom AR, Province MA et al. Family history of coronary heart disease and hemostatic variables in middle-aged adults. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Investigators and Family Heart Study Research Group. Thromb. Haemost. 77(1), 87-93 (1997). (Pubitemid 27064974)
66. Paternoster L, Martinez-Gonzalez NA, Charleton R, Chung M, Lewis S, Sudlow CLM. Genetic effects on carotid intima- media thickness: systematic assessment and meta-analyses of candidate gene polymorphisms studied in more than 5000 subjects. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. 3(1), 15-21 (2009).
67. Chen Q, Reis SE, Kammerer CM et al. APOE polymorphism and angiographic coronary artery disease severity in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Atherosclerosis 169(1), 159-167 (2003). (Pubitemid 36830935)
68. Fox CS, Cupples LA, Chazaro I et al. Genomewide linkage analysis for internal carotid artery intimal medial thickness: evidence for linkage to chromosome 12. Am J. Hum. Genet. 74(5), 253-261 (2004); Erratum in 74(5), 1080 (2004). (Pubitemid 38168613)
69. Wang D, Yang H, Quinones MJ et al. A genome-wide scan for carotid artery intima-media thickness: the Mexican- American Coronary Artery Disease family study. Stroke 36(3), 540-545 (2005). (Pubitemid 40344153)
70. Shrestha S, Irvin MR, Taylor KD et al. A genome-wide association study of carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-infected men. AIDS 24(4), 583-592 (2010).
71. Dong C, Beecham A, Slifer S et al. Genomewide linkage and peakwide association analyses of carotid plaque in Caribbean Hispanics. Stroke, 41(12), 2750-2756 (2010).
72. Bis JC, Kavousi M, Franceschini N et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from the CHARGE consortium identifies common variants associated with carotid intima media thickness and plaque. Nat. Genet. 43(10), 940-947 (2011).
73. Sun J, Zhang Z, Lu B et al. Identification and quantification of coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a comparison of 64-MDCT and intravascular ultrasound. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 190(3), 748-754 (2008). (Pubitemid 351304521)
74. Petranovic M, Soni A, Bezzera H et al. Assessment of nonstenotic coronary lesions by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in comparison to intravascular ultrasound: evaluation of nonculprit coronary lesions. J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr. 3(1), 24-31 (2009).
75. Leber AW, Knez A, Becker A et al. Accuracy of multidetector spiral computed tomography in identifying and differentiating the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a comparative study with intracoronary ultrasound. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43(7), 1241-1247 (2004). (Pubitemid 38452602)
76. Gottlieb I, Miller JM, Arbaβ-Zadeh A et al. The absence of coronary calcification does not exclude obstructive coronary artery disease or the need for revascularization in patients referred for conventional coronary angiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(7), 627-634 (2010).
77. Choi BW, Hur J, Kim YJ et al. Quantification and characterization of obstructive coronary plaques using 64-slice computed tomography: a comparison with intravascular ultrasound. J. Comput. Assist. Tomo. 33(2), 186-192 (2009).
78. Sarwar A, Rieber J, Mooyaart EA et al. Calcified plaque: measurement of area at thin-section flat-panel CT and 64-section multidetector CT and comparison with histopathologic findings. Radiology 249(1), 301-306 (2008).
79. Hoffmann U, Kwait DC, Handwerker J, Chan R, Lamuraglia G, Brady TJ. Vascular calcification in ex vivo carotid specimens: precision and accuracy of measurements with multi-detector row CT. Radiology 229(2), 375-381 (2003). (Pubitemid 37310820)
80. Poon M. Technology insight: cardiac CT angiography. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 3(5), 265-275 (2006).
81. Roberts WT, Bax JJ, Davies LC. Cardiac CT and CT coronary angiography: technology and application. Heart 94(6), 781-792 (2008). (Pubitemid 351752298)
82. de Feyter PJ, Nieman K, Oudkerk M et al. Coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography. Lancet 357(9256), 599-603 (2001). (Pubitemid 32179614)
83. Schoepf UJ, Zwerner PL, Savino G, Herzog C, Kerl JM, Costello P. Coronary CT angiography. Radiology 244(1), 48-63 (2007). (Pubitemid 46981958)
84. Achenbach S, Moselewski F, Ropers D et al. Detection of calcified and noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced, submillimeter multidetector spiral computed tomography - a segment-based comparison with intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 109(1), 14-17 (2004). (Pubitemid 38056013)
85. Nieman K, Cademartiri F, Lemos PA, Raaijmakers R, Pattynama PMT, de Feyter PJ. Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 106(16), 2051-2054 (2002). (Pubitemid 35192809)
86. Hsiao EM, Rybicki FJ, Steigner M. CT coronary angiography: 256-slice and 320-detector row scanners. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 12(1), 68-75 (2010).
87. Cordeiro MA, Lima JA. Atherosclerotic plaque characterization by multidetector row computed tomography angiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(8 Suppl.), C40-C47 (2006).
88. Moselewski F, Ropers D, Pohle K et al. Comparison of measurement of cross-sectional coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vessel areas by 16-slice multidetector computed tomography versus intravascular ultrasound. Am. J. Cardiol. 94(10), 1294-1297 (2004). (Pubitemid 39469953)
89. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Hoffmann U et al. Assessment of coronary remodeling in stenotic and nonstenotic coronary atherosclerotic lesions by multidetector spiral computed tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43(5), 842-847 (2004). (Pubitemid 38296486)
90. Virmani R, Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Farb A. Vulnerable plaque: the pathology of unstable coronary lesions. J. Interv. Cardiol. 15(6), 439-446 (2002). (Pubitemid 35387383)
91. Husmann L, Valenta I, Gaemperli O et al. Feasibility of low-dose coronary CT angiography: first experience with prospective ECG-gating. Eur. Heart J. 29(2), 191-197 (2008).
92. Achenbach S, Marwan M, Ropers D et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography with a consistent dose below 1 mSv using prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition. Eur. Heart J. 31(3), 340-346 (2010).
93. Mettler FA Jr., Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology 248(1), 254-263 (2008).
94. Blackmon KN, Streck J, Thilo C, Bastarrika G, Costello P, Schoepf UJ. Reproducibility of automated noncalcified coronary artery plaque burden assessment at coronary CT angiography. J. Thorac. Imaging 24(2), 96-102 (2009).
95. Noguchi T, Yamada N, Higashi M, Goto Y, Naito H. High-intensity signals in carotid plaques on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging predict coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58(4), 416-422 (2011).
96. Cai J, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS et al. In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque: comparison of high-resolution, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Circulation 112(22), 3437-3444 (2005). (Pubitemid 43739559)
97. Kang X, Polissar NL, Han C, Lin E, Yuan C. Analysis of the measurement precision of arterial lumen and wall areas using high-resolution MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 44(6), 968-972 (2000).
98. Vidal A, Bureau Y, Wade T et al. Scan- rescan and intra-observer variability of magnetic resonance imaging of carotid atherosclerosis at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Phys. Med. Biol. 53(23), 6821-6835 (2008).
99. Zhang S, Cai J, Luo Y et al. Measurement of carotid wall volume and maximum area with contrast-enhanced 3D MR imaging: initial observations. Radiology 228(1), 200-205 (2003). (Pubitemid 36736091)
100. Shinnar M, Fallon JT, Wehrli S et al. The diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo MRI for human atherosclerotic plaque characterization. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19(11), 2756-2761 (1999). (Pubitemid 29536054)
101. Coombs BD, Rapp JH, Ursell PC, Reilly LM, Saloner D. Structure of plaque at carotid bifurcation: high-resolution MRI with histological correlation. Stroke 32(11), 2516-2521 (2001). (Pubitemid 33055299)
102. Cappendijk VC, Cleutjens KB, Heeneman S et al. In vivo detection of hemorrhage in human atherosclerotic plaques with magnetic resonance imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 20(1), 105-110 (2004). (Pubitemid 38857523)
103. Moody AR, Murphy RE, Morgan PS et al. Characterization of complicated carotid plaque with magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in patients with cerebral ischemia. Circulation 107(24), 3047-3052 (2003). (Pubitemid 36758978)
104. Corti R, Osende JI, Fayad ZA et al. In vivo noninvasive detection and age definition of arterial thrombus by MRI. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(8), 1366-1373 (2002). (Pubitemid 34297879)
105. Hatsukami TS, Ross R, Polissar NL, Yuan C. Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque in vivo with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102(9), 959-964 (2000). (Pubitemid 30656003)
106. Yuan C, Mitsumori LM, Beach KW, Maravilla KR. Carotid atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology 221(2), 285-299 (2001). (Pubitemid 33043408)
107. Zhu DC, Ferguson MS, DeMarco JK. An optimized 3D inversion recovery prepared fast spoiled gradient recalled sequence for carotid plaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0 T. Magn. Reson. Med. 26(10), 1360-1366 (2008).
108. Cai JM, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS, Small R, Polissar NL, Yuan C. Classification of human carotid atherosclerotic lesions with in vivo multicontrast magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 106(11), 1368-1373 (2002). (Pubitemid 35013040)
109. Kerwin W, Hooker A, Spilker M et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of neovasculature volume in carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 107(6), 851-856 (2003). (Pubitemid 36241043)
110. Kerwin WS, O'Brien KD, Ferguson MS, Polissar N, Hatsukami TS, Yuan C. Inflammation in carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging study. Radiology 241(2), 459-468 (2006). (Pubitemid 44632892)
111. Qiao Y, Ronen I, Viereck J, Ruberg FL, Hamilton JA. Identification of atherosclerotic lipid deposits by diffusion-weighted imaging. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. 28(2), E10-E10 (2008).
112. Du J, Bydder M, Takahashi AM, Chung CB. Two-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging using a spiral trajectory. Magn. Reson. Med. 26(3), 304-312 (2008).
113. Miao C, Chen S, Macedo R et al. Positive remodeling of the coronary arteries detected by magnetic resonance imaging in an asymptomatic population: MESA (Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 53(18), 1708-1715 (2009).
114. Sakuma H, Ichikawa Y, Chino S, Hirano T, Makino K, Takeda K. Detection of coronary artery stenosis with whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(10), 1946-1950 (2006). (Pubitemid 44738453)
115. Dobrucki LW, Sinusas AJ. PET and SPECT in cardiovascular molecular imaging. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 7(1), 38-47 (2009).
116. Dobrucki LW, Sinusas AJ. PET and SPECT in cardiovascular molecular imaging. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 7(1), 38-47 (2010).
117. Wahl RL, Quint LE, Cieslak RD, Aisen AM, Koeppe RA, Meyer CR. 'Anatometabolic' tumor imaging: fusion of FDG PET with CT or MRI to localize foci of increased activity. J. Nucl. Med. 34(7), 1190-1197 (1993). (Pubitemid 23191341)
118. Mazzone A, Mazzucchelli I, Vezzoli M et al. Increased expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors on leukocytes in silent myocardial ischemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36(3), 746-750 (2000).
119. Gildersleeve DL, Van Dort ME, Johnson JW, Sherman PS, Wieland DM. Synthesis and evaluation of [123I]-iodo-PK11195 for mapping peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (omega 3) in heart. Nucl. Med. Biol. 23(1), 23-28 (1996).
120. Flotats A, Carrio I. Cardiac neurotransmission SPECT imaging. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 11(5), 587-602 (2004).
121. Henneman MM, Bengel FM, van der Wall EE, Knuuti J, Bax JJ. Cardiac neuronal imaging: application in the evaluation of cardiac disease. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 15(3), 442-455 (2008).
122. Lu E, Wagner WR, Schellenberger U et al. Targeted in vivo labeling of receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor: approach to identification of ischemic tissue. Circulation 108(1), 97-103 (2003). (Pubitemid 36859027)
123. Meoli DF, Sadeghi MM, Krassilnikova S et al. Noninvasive imaging of myocardial angiogenesis following experimental myocardial infarction. J. Clin. Invest. 113(12), 1684-1691 (2004). (Pubitemid 39071660)
124. van den Borne SW, Isobe S, Verjans JW et al. Molecular imaging of interstitial alterations in remodeling myocardium after myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52(24), 2017-2028 (2008).