Genomes and virulence factors of novel bacterial pathogens causing bleaching disease in the marine red alga Delisea pulchra

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2011, Pages

  Fernandes, Neil ^a   Case, Rebecca J ^b,d   Longford, Sharon R ^a   Seyedsayamdost, Mohammad R ^b   Steinberg, Peter D ^a   Kjelleberg, Staffan ^a,c   Thomas, Torsten ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; ARGININE; CYTOLYSIN; INDOLEACETIC ACID; PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; PYRUVATE PHOSPHATE DIKINASE; RNA 16S; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BLEACHING DISEASE; CELL INVASION; CHEMOTAXIS; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOLYSIS; DELISEA PULCHRA; DNA ISOLATION; EPIPHYTE; GENE SEQUENCE; HOST RESISTANCE; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANKTON; PLANT DISEASE; QUORUM SENSING; RED ALGA; ROSEOBACTER; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; BACTERIUM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GENOME; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; VIRULENCE;

BACTERIA; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOME; GENOME, BACTERIAL; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHYLOGENY; QUORUM SENSING; RHODOPHYTA; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; ROSEOBACTER; VIRULENCE; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 82655180438     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027387     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Harvell C, Mitchell C, Ward J, Altizer S, Dobson A, et al. (2002) Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296: 2158-2162.
2. Lafferty KD, Porter JW, Ford SE, (2004) Are diseases increasing in the ocean? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 31-54.
3. Littler M, Littler D, (1995) Impact of CLOD pathogen on Pacific coral reefs. Science 267: 1356-1356.
4. Rosenberg E, Ben-Haim Y, (2002) Microbial diseases of corals and global warming. Environmental Microbiology 4: 318-326.
5. Campbell AH, Harder T, Nielsen S, Kjellenberg S, Steinberg P, (2011) Climate change and disease: bleaching of a chemically defended seaweed. Global Change Biology in press.
6. Gonzalez J, Keshavan N, (2006) Messing with bacterial quorum sensing. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 70: 859-875.
7. Case RJ, Longford SR, Campbell AH, Low A, Tujula N, et al. (2011) Temperature induced bacterial virulence and bleaching disease in a chemically defended marine macroalga. Environmental Microbiology 13: 529-537.
8. Ridgway K, (2007) Long-term trend and decadal variability of the southward penetration of the East Australian Current. Geophysical Research Letters 34: L13613.
9. Cai W, Shi G, Cowan T, Bi D, Ribbe J, (2005) The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 32: 1-4.
10. De Nys R, Steinberg P, Willemsen P, Dworjanyn S, Gabelish C, et al. (1995) Broad spectrum effects of secondary metabolites from the red alga Delisea pulchra in antifouling assays. Biofouling 8: 259-271.
11. Maximilien R, de Nys R, Holmström C, Gram L, Givskov M, et al. (1998) Chemical mediation of bacterial surface colonisation by secondary metabolites from the red alga Delisea pulchra. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 15: 233-246.
12. de Nys R, Givskov M, Kumar N, Kjelleberg S, Steinberg P, (2006) Furanones. Progress in molecular and subcellular biology 42: 55-86.
13. Vandecandelaere I, Nercessian O, Segaert E, Achouak W, Mollica A, et al. (2009) Nautella italica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a marine electroactive biofilm. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59: 811-817.
14. Imai I, Fujimaru D, Nishigaki T, Kurosaki M, Sugita H, (2006) Algicidal bacteria isolated from the surface of seaweeds from the coast of Osaka Bay in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 319-323.
15. Becker PT, Gillan DC, Eeckhaut I, (2009) Characterization of the bacterial community associated with body wall lesions of Tripneustes gratilla (Echinoidea) using culture-independent methods. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 100: 127-130.
16. Littman RA, Bourne DG, Willis BL, (2010) Responses of coral associated bacterial communities to heat stress differ with Symbiodinium type on the same coral host. Molecular Ecology 19: 1978-1990.
17. Sekar R, Kaczmarsky LT, Richardson LL, (2008) Microbial community composition of black band disease on the coral host Siderastrea siderea from three regions of the wider Caribbean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362: 85-98.
18. Sunagawa S, DeSantis TZ, Piceno YM, Brodie EL, DeSalvo MK, et al. (2009) Bacterial diversity and White Plague Disease-associated community changes in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata. The ISME Journal 3: 512-521.
19. Martens T, Heidorn T, Pukall R, Simon M, Tindall BJ, et al. (2006) Reclassification of Roseobacter gallaeciensis Ruiz-Ponteet al. 1998 as Phaeobacter gallaeciensis gen. nov., comb. nov., description of Phaeobacter inhibens sp. nov., reclassification of Ruegeria algicola (Lafayet al. 1995) Uchinoet al. 1999 as Marinovum algicola gen. nov., comb. nov., and emended descriptions of the genera Roseobacter, Ruegeria and Leisingera. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56: 1293-1304.
20. Buchan A, Gonzalez J, Moran M, (2005) Overview of the marine Roseobacter lineage. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 5665-5677.
21. Wagner-Döbler I, Biebl H, (2006) Environmental Biology of the Marine Roseobacter Lineage. Annual Review of Microbiology 60: 255-280.
22. Amaro A, Fuentes M, Ogalde S, Venegas J, Suarez-Isla B, (2005) Identification and characterization of potentially algal-lytic marine bacteria strongly associated with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52: 191-200.
23. Maloy A, Ford S, Karney R, Boettcher K, (2007) Roseovarius crassostreae, the etiological agent of Juvenile Oyster Disease (now to be known as Roseovarius Oyster Disease) in Crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture 269: 71-83.
24. Seyedsayamdost MR, Case RJ, Kolter R, Clardy J, (2011) The Jekyll-and-Hyde chemistry of Phaeobacter gallaeciensis. Nature Chemistry 3: 331-335.
25. Pantos O, Cooney R, Le Tissier M, Barer M, O'Donnell A, et al. (2003) The bacterial ecology of a plague-like disease affecting the Caribbean coral Montastrea annularis. Environmental Microbiology 5: 370-382.
26. Cooney R, Pantos O, Tissier M, Barer M, O'Donnell A, et al. (2002) Characterization of the bacterial consortium associated with black band disease in coral using molecular microbiological techniques. Environmental Microbiology 4: 401-413.
27. Ashen J, Goff L, (2000) Molecular and ecological evidence for species specificity and coevolution in a group of marine algal-bacterial symbioses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 3024-3030.
28. Goldberg S, Johnson J, Busam D, Feldblyum T, Ferriera S, et al. (2006) A Sanger/pyrosequencing hybrid approach for the generation of high-quality draft assemblies of marine microbial genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103: 11240-11245.
29. Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P, (1998) Consed: a graphical tool for sequence finishing. Genome Research 8: 195-202.
30. Longford S, (2007) The ecology of epiphytic bacteria on the marine red alga Delisea pulchra. PhD thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
31. Delcher A, Harmon D, Kasif S, White O, Salzberg S, (1999) Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Research 27: 4636-4641.
32. Thomas T, Rusch D, Demaere MZ, Yung PY, Lewis M, et al. (2010) Functional genomic signatures of sponge bacteria reveal unique and shared features of symbiosis. The ISME Journal pp. 1557-1567.
33. Markowitz V, Mavromatis K, Ivanova N, Chen I, Min A, et al. (2009) IMG ER: a system for microbial genome annotation expert review and curation. Bioinformatics 25: 2271-2278.
34. Moran M, Belas R, Schell M, Gonzalez J, Sun F, et al. (2007) Ecological genomics of marine roseobacters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 4559-4569.
35. Gonzalez J, Kiene R, Moran M, (1999) Transformation of sulfur compounds by an abundant lineage of marine bacteria in the alpha-subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3810-3819.
36. Moran M, Buchan A, González J, Heidelberg J, Whitman W, et al. (2004) Genome sequence of Silicibacter pomeroyi reveals adaptations to the marine environment. Nature 432: 910-913.
37. Swingley W, Sadekar S, Mastrian S, Matthies H, Hao J, et al. (2007) The complete genome sequence of Roseobacter denitrificans reveals a mixotrophic rather than photosynthetic metabolism. Journal of Bacteriology 189: 683-690.
38. Yoch D, (2002) Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: its sources, role in the marine food web, and biological degradation to dimethylsulfide. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 5804-5815.
39. Howard E, Henriksen J, Buchan A, Reisch C, Burgmann H, et al. (2006) Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean. Science 314: 649-652.
40. Gonzalez J, Simo R, Massana R, Covert J, Casamayor E, et al. (2000) Bacterial community structure associated with a dimethylsulfoniopropionate-producing North Atlantic algal bloom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 4237-4246.
41. Thompson FL, Iida T, Swings J, (2004) Biodiversity of Vibrios. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68: 403-431.
42. Gledhill M, (2007) The determination of heme b in marine phyto-and bacterioplankton. Marine Chemistry 103: 393-403.
43. Hopkinson B, Roe K, Barbeau K, (2008) Heme uptake by Microscilla marina and evidence for heme uptake systems in the genomes of diverse marine bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 6263-6270.
44. Strzepek R, Harrison P, (2004) Photosynthetic architecture differs in coastal and oceanic diatoms. Nature 431: 689-692.
45. Newton R, Griffin L, Bowles K, Meile C, Gifford S, et al. (2010) Genome characteristics of a generalist marine bacterial lineage. The ISME Journal 4: 784-798.
46. Antunez-Lamas M, Cabrera-Ordonez E, Lopez-Solanilla E, Raposo R, Trelles-Salazar O, et al. (2009) Role of motility and chemotaxis in the pathogenesis of Dickeya dadantii 3937 (ex Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937). Microbiology 155: 434-442.
47. Josenhans C, Suerbaum S, (2002) The role of motility as a virulence factor in bacteria. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 291: 605-614.
48. O'Toole R, Milton D, Wolf-Watz H, (1996) Chemotactic motility is required for invasion of the host by the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Molecular Microbiology 19: 625-637.
49. Butler S, Camilli A, (2004) Both chemotaxis and net motility greatly influence the infectivity of Vibrio cholerae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101: 5018-5023.
50. Krukonis E, DiRita V, (2003) From motility to virulence: sensing and responding to environmental signals in Vibrio cholerae. Current Opinion in Microbiology 6: 186-190.
51. Case R, (2006) Molecular and culture based approaches to unraveling the chemical cross-talk between Delisea pulchra and Ruegeria strain R11, PhD Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia.
52. Jung A, Domratcheva T, Tarutina M, Wu Q, Ko W, et al. (2005) Structure of a bacterial BLUF photoreceptor: insights into blue light-mediated signal transduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 12350-12355.
53. Quest B, Gartner W, (2004) Chromophore selectivity in bacterial phytochromes. European Journal of Biochemistry 271: 1117-1126.
54. Parsek M, Singh P, (2003) Bacterial Biofilms: An Emerging Link to Disease Pathogenesis. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 57: 677-701.
55. Rahme L, Stevens E, Wolfort S, Shao J, Tompkins R, et al. (1995) Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals. Science 268: 1899-1902.
56. Pizarro-Cerdá J, Cossart P, (2006) Bacterial adhesion and entry into host cells. Cell 124: 715-727.
57. Soto G, Hultgren S, (1999) Bacterial adhesins: common themes and variations in architecture and assembly. Journal of Bacteriology 181: 1059-1071.
58. Smit G, Kijne J, Lugtenberg B, (1987) Involvement of both cellulose fibrils and a Ca2+-dependent adhesin in the attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum to pea root hair tips. Journal of Bacteriology 169: 4294-4301.
59. Matthysse A, (1983) Role of bacterial cellulose fibrils in Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. Journal of Bacteriology 154: 906-915.
60. Dang H, Lovell C, (2000) Bacterial primary colonization and early succession on surfaces in marine waters as determined by amplified rRNA gene restriction analysis and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66: 467-475.
61. Rao D, Webb J, Kjelleberg S, (2006) Microbial colonization and competition on the marine alga Ulva australis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 5547-5555.
62. Mithöfer A, (2002) Suppression of plant defence in rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Trends in Plant Science 7: 440-444.
63. Geider K, Du Z, Hildebrand M, Kim W, Menggad M, et al. (2001) Regulation and Biochemistry of Exopolysaccharide Synthesis of the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora and Pear Pathogens from Korea and Japan. Acta Hort (ISHS) 590: 457-461.
64. Rao D, Webb J, Holmstrom C, Case R, Low A, et al. (2007) Low densities of epiphytic bacteria from the marine alga Ulva australis inhibit settlement of fouling organisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 7844-7852.
65. Boyd K, Adams D, Burgess J, (1999) Antibacterial and repellent activities of marine bacteria associated with algal surfaces. Biofouling 14: 227-236.
66. Tancrede C, (1992) Role of human microflora in health and disease. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 11: 1012-1015.
67. Baker C, Orlandi E, (1995) Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis. Annual Review of Phytopathology 33: 299-321.
68. Levine A, Tenhaken R, Dixon R, Lamb C, (1994) H2O2 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Cell 79: 583-593.
69. Alvarez M, Pennell R, Meijer P, Ishikawa A, Dixon R, et al. (1998) Reactive oxygen intermediates mediate a systemic signal network in the establishment of plant immunity. Biophysical Journal 92: 773-784.
70. Cabiscol E, Tamarit J, Ros J, (2000) Oxidative stress in bacteria and protein damage by reactive oxygen species. International microbiology: the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology 3: 3-8.
71. Salanoubat M, Genin S, Artiguenave F, Gouzy J, Mangenot S, et al. (2002) Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Nature 415: 497-502.
72. Bell K, Sebaihia M, Pritchard L, Holden M, Hyman L, et al. (2004) Genome sequence of the enterobacterial phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and characterization of virulence factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101: 11105-11110.
73. Antia N, Harrison P, Oliveira L, (1991) Phycological reviews 2: The role of dissolved organic nitrogen in phytoplankton nutrition, cell biology and ecology. Phycologia 30: 1-89.
74. Banin E, Khare S, Naider F, Rosenberg E, (2001) Proline-rich peptide from the coral pathogen Vibrio shiloi that inhibits photosynthesis of zooxanthellae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1536-1541.
75. Forman S, Linhartova I, Osicka R, Nassif X, Sebo P, et al. (2003) Neisseria meningitidis RTX proteins are not required for virulence in infant rats. Infection and Immunity 71: 2253-2257.
76. Welch R, (2001) RTX toxin structure and function: a story of numerous anomalies and few analogies in toxin biology. Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology 257: 85-111.
77. Lally E, Hill R, Kieba I, Korostoff J, (1999) The interaction between RTX toxins and target cells. Trends in Microbiology 7: 356-361.
78. Kobayashi M, Izui H, Nagasawa T, Yamada H, (1993) Nitrilase in biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid from indole-3-acetonitrile: cloning of the Alcaligenes gene and site-directed mutagenesis of cysteine residues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90: 247-251.
79. Kobayashi M, Suzuki T, Fujita T, Masuda M, Shimizu S, (1995) Occurrence of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid from indole-3-acetonitrile in plant-associated bacteria, Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92: 714-718.
80. Teale W, Paponov I, Palme K, (2006) Auxin in action: signalling, transport and the control of plant growth and development. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7: 847-860.
81. Lindow S, Brandl M, (2003) Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 1875-1883.
82. Yamada T, (1993) The role of auxin in plant-disease development. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31: 253-273.
83. Beattie G, Lindow S, (1995) The secret life of foliar bacterial pathogens on leaves. Annual Review of Phytopathology 33: 145-172.
84. Cohen B, Amsellem Z, Maor R, Sharon A, Gressel J, (2002) Transgenically enhanced expression of indole-3-acetic acid confers hypervirulence to plant pathogens. Phytopathology 92: 590-596.
85. Cheng H, Walker G, (1998) Succinoglycan is required for initiation and elongation of infection threads during nodulation of alfalfa by Rhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 180: 5183-5191.
86. Dangl J, Jones J, (2001) Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature 411: 826-833.
87. Heath M, (2000) Hypersensitive response-related death. Plant Molecular Biology 44: 321-334.
88. Abramovitch R, Martin G, (2004) Strategies used by bacterial pathogens to suppress plant defenses. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7: 356-364.
89. Marie C, Deakin W, Viprey V, Kopciñska J, Golinowski W, et al. (2003) Characterization of Nops, nodulation outer proteins, secreted via the type III secretion system of NGR234. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16: 743-751.
90. Bartsev A, Deakin W, Boukli N, McAlvin C, Stacey G, et al. (2004) NopL, an effector protein of Rhizobium sp. NGR234, thwarts activation of plant defense reactions. Plant Physiology 134: 871-879.
91. Beier D, Gross R, (2006) Regulation of bacterial virulence by two-component systems. Current Opinion in Microbiology 9: 143-152.
92. Calva E, Oropeza R, (2006) Two-component signal transduction systems, environmental signals, and virulence. Microbial Ecology 51: 166-176.
93. Parker C, Sperandio V, (2009) Cell-to-cell signalling during pathogenesis. Cellular Microbiology 11: 363-369.
94. Soto M, Sanjuan J, Olivares J, (2006) Rhizobia and plant-pathogenic bacteria: common infection weapons. Microbiology 152: 3167-3174.
95. Williams P, Camara M, Hardman A, Swift S, Milton D, et al. (2000) Quorum sensing and the population-dependent control of virulence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 355: 667-680.
96. Waters CM, Bassler BL, (2005) Quorum Sensing: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21: 319-346.
97. Rosenberg E, Koren O, Reshef L, Efrony R, Zilber-Rosenberg I, (2007) The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5: 355-362.
98. White-Ziegler C, Davis T, (2009) Genome-wide identification of H-NS-controlled, temperature-regulated genes in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of Bacteriology 191: 1106-1110.
99. Ono S, Goldberg M, Olsson T, Esposito D, Hinton J, et al. (2005) H-NS is a part of a thermally controlled mechanism for bacterial gene regulation. Biochemical Journal 391: 203-213.
100. Nasser W, Faelen M, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Reverchon S, (2001) Role of the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS in the synthesis of virulence factors in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 14: 10-20.
101. Chowdhury S, Maris C, Allain F, Narberhaus F, (2006) Molecular basis for temperature sensing by an RNA thermometer. The EMBO Journal 25: 2487-2497.
102. Waldminghaus T, Fippinger A, Alfsmann J, Narberhaus F, (2005) RNA thermometers are common in alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria. Biological Chemistry 386: 1279-1286.
103. Subramoni S, Venturi V, (2009) LuxR-family'solos': bachelor sensors/regulators of signalling molecules. Microbiology 155: 1377-1385.
104. Patankar AV, González JE, (2009) Orphan LuxR regulators of quorum sensing. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 33: 739-756.
105. Case RJ, Labbate M, Kjelleberg S, (2008) AHL-driven quorum-sensing circuits: their frequency and function among the Proteobacteria. The ISME Journal 2: 345-349.
106. Ferluga S, Venturi V, (2009) OryR is a LuxR-family protein involved in interkingdom signaling between pathogenic Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and rice. Journal of Bacteriology 191: 890-897.
107. De Kievit T, Iglewski B, (2000) Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. Infection and Immunity 68: 4839-4849.
108. Zhu J, Miller M, Vance R, Dziejman M, Bassler B, et al. (2002) Quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. Science's STKE 99: 3129-3134.
109. Sperandio V, Torres A, Giron J, Kaper J, (2001) Quorum sensing is a global regulatory mechanism in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7. Journal of Bacteriology 183: 5187-5197.
110. Abe H, Miyahara A, Oshima T, Tashiro K, Ogura Y, et al. (2008) Global regulation by horizontally transferred regulators establishes the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli. DNA Research 15: 25-38.
111. Mole BM, Baltrus DA, Dangl JL, Grant SR, (2007) Global virulence regulation networks in phytopathogenic bacteria. Trends in Microbiology 15: 363-371.
112. Perez JC, Shin D, Zwir I, Latifi T, Hadley TJ, et al. (2009) Evolution of a bacterial regulon controlling virulence and Mg2 homeostasis. PLoS Genet 5: e1000428.
113. Cotter PA, DiRita VJ, (2000) Bacterial virulence gene regulation: an evolutionary perspective. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 54: 519-565.
114. Perez JC, Groisman EA, (2009) Evolution of transcriptional regulatory circuits in bacteria. Cell 138: 233-244.
115. Hentzer M, Wu H, Andersen J, Riedel K, Rasmussen T, et al. (2003) Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by quorum sensing inhibitors. The EMBO Journal 22: 3803.
116. Lesser M, Bythell J, Gates R, Johnstone R, Hoegh-Guldberg O, (2007) Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data. Journal of Experminental Marine Biology and Ecology 346: 36-44.
117. Webster N, Cobb R, Negri A, (2008) Temperature thresholds for bacterial symbiosis with a sponge. The ISME Journal 2: 830-842.
118. Tsolis R, (2002) Comparative genome analysis of the alpha-proteobacteria: relationships between plant and animal pathogens and host specificity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 12503-12505.
119. Persson OP, Pinhassi J, Riemann L, Marklund BI, Rhen M, et al. (2009) High abundance of virulence gene homologues in marine bacteria. Environmental Microbiology 11: 1348-1357.
120. Pallen MJ, Wren BW, (2007) Bacterial pathogenomics. Nature 449: 835-842.