Microbiology of the phyllosphere

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 1875-1883

  Lindow, Steven E ^a   Brandl, Maria T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICROBIOLOGY; PHYLLOSPHERE;

CELL DENSITY; HABITAT STRUCTURE; LEAF SURFACE; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; PHYLLOSPHERE; PLANT MICROORGANISM INTERACTION; SHORT SURVEY; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

BACTERIA; BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; PLANT COMPONENTS, AERIAL; PLANT DISEASES; PLANT LEAVES;

EID: 0037394611     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.4.1875-1883.2003     Document Type: Short Survey

References (126)

1. Andrews, J. H., and R. F. Harris. 2000. The ecology and biogeography of microorganisms on plant surfaces. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38:145-180.
2. Bailey, M. J., P. B. Rainey, X.-X. Zhang, and A. K. Lilley. 2002. Population dynamics, gene transfer and gene expression in plasmids: the role of the horizontal gene pool in local adaptation at the plant surface, p. 173-192. In S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar, and V. J. Elliot (ed.), Phyllosphere microbiology. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
3. Balandreau, J., V. Viallard, B. Cournoyer, T. Coenye, S. Laevens, and P. Vandamme. 2001. Burkholderia cepacia genomovar III is a common plant-associated bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:982-985.
4. Bassler, B. L. 1999. How bacteria talk to each other: regulation of gene expression by quorum sensing. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:582-587.
5. Beattie, G. A. 2002. Leaf surface waxes and the process of leaf colonization by microorganisms, p. 3-26. In S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar, and V. Elliott (ed.), Phyllosphere microbiology. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
6. Beattie, G. A., and C. A. Axtell. 2002. The use of proU-gfp transcriptional fusion to quantify water stress on the leaf surface, p. 235-240. In S. A. Leong, C. Allen, and E. W. Triplett (ed.), Biology of plant-microbe interactions, vol. 3. International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, St. Paul, Minn.
7. Beattie, G. A., and S. E. Lindow. 1995. The secret life of foliar bacterial pathogens on leaves. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 33:145-172.
8. Beattie, G. A., and S. E. Lindow. 1999. Bacterial colonization of leaves: a spectrum of strategies. Phytopathology 89:353-359.
9. Beattie, G. A., and L. M. Marcell. 2002. Effect of alterations in cuticular wax biosynthesis on the physicochemical properties and topography of maize leaf surfaces. Plant Cell Environ. 25:1-16.
10. Bender, C. L., F. Alarcón-Chaidez, and D. C. Gross. 1999. Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxins: mode of action, regulation, and biosynthesis by peptide and polyketide synthetases. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:266-292.
11. Bjorklof, K., E. L. Nurmiaho-Lassila, N. Klinger, K. Haahtela, and M. Romantschuk. 2000. Colonization strategies and conjugal gene transfer of inoculated Pseudomonas syringae on the leaf surface. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89:423-432.
12. Brandl, M. T., and S. E. Lindow. 1998. Contribution of indole-3-acetic acid production to the epiphytic fitness of Erwinia herbicola. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3256-3263.
13. Brandl, M. T., and R. E. Mandrell. 2002. Fitness of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in the cilantro phyllosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3614-3621.
14. Brandl, M. T., B. Quinones, and S. E. Lindow. 2001. Heterogeneous transcription of an indoleacetic acid biosynthetic gene in Erwinia herbicola on plant surfaces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:3454-3459.
15. Braun-Kiewnick, A., B. J. Jacobsen, and D. C. Sands. 2000. Biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, the causal agent of basal kernel blight of barley, by antagonistic Pantoea agglomerans. Phytopathology 90:368-375.
16. Bunster, L., H. J. Fokkema, and B. Schippers. 1989. Effect of surface activity of Pseudomonas spp. on leaf wettability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1340-1345.
17. Campbell, V. J., J. Mohle-Boetani, R. Reporter, S. Abbott, J. Farrar, M. T. Brandl, R. E. Mandrell, and S. B. Werner. 2001. An outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson associated with fresh cilantro. J. Infect. Dis. 183:984-987.
18. Cha, C., P. Gao, Y.-C. Chen, P. D. Shaw, and S. K. Farrand. 1998. Production of acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals by gram-negative plant-associated bacteria. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:1119-1129.
19. Cho, J. J., M. N. Schroth, S. D. Kominos, and S. K. Green. 1975. Ornamental plants as carriers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytopathology 65:425-431.
20. Cook, K. A., T. E. Dobbs, W. G. Hlady, J. G. Wells, T. J. Barrett, N. D. Puhr, G. A. Lancette, D. W. Bodager, B. L. Toth, C. A. Genese, A. K. Highsmith, K. E. Pilot, L. Finelli, and D. L. Swerdlow. 1998. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Hartford infections associated with pasteurized orange juice. JAMA 280:1504-1509.
21. Costerton, J. W., Z. Lewandowski, D. E. Caldwell, D. R. Korber, and H. M. Lappin-Scott. 1995. Microbial biofilms. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49:711-745.
22. Dickinson, C. H., B. Austin, and M. Goodfellow. 1975. Quantitative and qualitative studies of phylloplane bacteria from Lolium perenne. J. Gen. Microbiol. 91:157-166.
23. Dumenyo, C. K., A. Mukherjee, W. Chun, and A. K. Chatterjee. 1998. Genetic and physiological evidence for the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and other fluorescent plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:569-582.
24. Ellis, R. J., I. P. Thompson, and M. J. Bailey. 1999. Temporal fluctuations in the pseudomonad population associated with sugar beet leaves. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 28:345-356.
25. Ercolani, G. L. 1978. Pseudomonas savastanoi and other bacteria colonizing the surface of olive leaves in the field. J. Gen. Microbiol. 109:245-257.
26. Ercolani, G. L. 1991. Distribution of epiphytic bacteria on olive leaves and the influence of leaf age and sampling time. Microb. Ecol. 21:35-48.
27. Fett, W. F., S. F. Osman, and M. F. Dunn. 1987. Auxin production by plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1839-1845.
28. Fokkema, N. J., and B. Schippers. 1986. Phyllosphere vs rhizosphere as environments for saprophytic colonization. p. 137-159. In N. J. Fokkema and J. Van den Heuvel (ed.), Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom.
29. Freiberg, E. 1998. Microclimatic parameters influencing nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere in a Costa Rican premontane rain forest. Oecologia (Berlin) 117:9-18.
30. Freiberg, E. 1999. Influence of microclimate on the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the phyllosphere in a premontane rain forest of Costa Rica. Plant Biol. (Stuttgart) 1:244-252.
31. Fry, S. C. 1989. Cellulases, hemicelluloses and auxin-stimulated growth: a possible relationship. Physiol. Plant. 75:532-536.
32. Glickmann, E., L. Gardan, S. Jacquet, S. Hussain, M. Elasri, A. Petit, and Y. Dessaux. 1988. Auxin production is a common feature of most pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:156-162.
33. Goldberg, R. 1980. Cell wall polysaccharidase activities and growth processes: a possible relationship. Physiol. Plant. 50:261-264.
34. Govan, J. R., J. E. Hughes, and P. Vandamme. 1996. Burkholderia cepacia: medical, taxonomic and ecological issues. J. Med. Microbiol. 45:395-407.
35. He, S. Y. 1998. Type III protein secretion systems in plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36:363-392.
36. Hedberg, C. W., F. J. Angulo, K. E. White, C. W. Langkop, W. L. Schell, M. G. Stobierski, A. Schuchat, J. M. Besser, S. Dietrich, L. Helsel, P. M. Griffin, J. W. McFarland, and M. T. Osterholm. 1999. Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health. Epidemiol. Infect. 122:385-393.
37. Hedberg, C. W., K. L. MacDonald, and M. T. Osterholm. 1994. Changing epidemiology of food-borne disease: a Minnesota perspective. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:671-682.
38. Hirano, S. S., A. O. Charkowski, A. Collmer, D. K. Willis, and C. D. Upper. 1999. Role of the Hrp type III protein secretion system in growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a on host plants in the field. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:9851-9856.
39. Hirano, S. S., E. M. Ostertag, S. A. Savage, L. S. Baker, D. K. Willis, and C. D. Upper. 1997. Contribution of the regulatory gene lemA to field fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4304-4312.
40. Hirano, S. S., and C. D. Upper. 1989. Diel variation in population size and ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae on snap bean leaflets. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:623-630.
41. Hirano, S. S., and C. D. Upper. 2000. Bacteria in the leaf ecosystem with emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae - a pathogen, ice nucleus, and epiphyte. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64:624-653.
42. Holland, M. A., R. L. G. Long, and J. C. Polacco. 2002. Methylobacterium spp.: phylloplane bacteria involved in cross-talk with the plant host?, p. 125-135. In S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar, and V. J. Elliot (ed.), Phyllosphere microbiology. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
43. Hutchison, M. L., and K. Johnstone. 1993. Evidence for the involvement of the surface active properties of the extracellular toxin tolaasin in the manifestation of brown blotch disease symptoms by Pseudomonas tolaasii on Agaricus bisporus. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 42:373-384.
44. Hutchison, M. L., M. A. Tester, and D. C. Gross. 1995. Role of biosurfactant and ion channel-forming activities of syringomycin in transmembrane ion flux: a model for the mechanism of action in the plant-pathogen interaction. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:610-620.
45. Jacobs, J. L., and G. W. Sundin. 2001. Effect of solar UV-B radiation on a phyllosphere bacterial community. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5488-5496.
46. Jacques, M.-A., L. L. Kinkel, and C. E. Morris. 1995. Population sizes, immigration, and growth of epiphytic bacteria on leaves of different ages and positions of field-grown endive (Cichorium endiva var. latifolia). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:899-906.
47. Jacques, M.-A., and C. E. Morris. 1995. A review of issues related to the quantification of bacteria from the phyllosphere. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 18:1-14.
48. Johnson, K. B., and V. O. Stockwell. 1998. Management of fire blight: a case study in microbial ecology. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36:227-248.
49. Johnson, K. B., V. O. Stockwell, T. L. Sawyer, and D. Sugar. 2000. Assessment of environmental factors influencing growth and spread of Pantoea agglomerans on and among blossoms of pear and apple. Phytopathology 90:1285-1294.
50. Joyner, D. C., and S. E. Lindow. 2000. Heterogeneity of iron bioavailability on plants assessed with a whole-cell GFP-based bacterial biosensor. Microbiology (Reading) 146:2435-2445.
51. Jurkevitch, E. J., and G. Shapira. 2000. Structure and colonization dynamics of epiphytic bacterial communities and of selected component strains on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. Microb. Ecol. 40:300-308.
52. 22) controls alginate production and tolerance to environmental stress in Pseudomonas syringae. J. Bacteriol. 181:7176-7184.
53. Kim, J. J., and G. W. Sundin. 2000. Regulation of the rulAB mutagenic DNA repair operon of Pseudomonas syringae by UV-B (290- to 320-nanometers) radiation and analysis of rul4B-mediated mutability in vitro and in planta. J. Bacteriol. 182:6137-6144.
54. Kim, J. J., and G. W. Sundin. 2001. Construction and analysis of photolyase mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas syringae: contribution of photoreactivation, nucleotide excision repair, and mutagenic DNA repair to cell survival and mutability following exposure to UV-B radiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1405-1411.
55. Kinkel, L. L. 1997. Microbial population dynamics on leaves. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 35:327-347.
56. Kinkel, L. L., and S. E. Lindow. 1993. Invasion and exclusion among coexisting Pseudomonas syringae strains on leaves. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3447-3454.
57. Kinkel, L. L., and S. E. Lindow. 1997. Microbial competition and plant disease biocontrol, p. 128-138. In D. Andow, D. Ragsdale, and R. Nyvall (ed.), Ecological interactions and biological control. Westview Press, New York, N.Y.
58. Kinkel, L. L., M. Wilson, and S. E. Lindow. 2000. Plant species and plant incubation conditions influence variability in epiphytic bacterial population size. Microb. Ecol. 39:1-11.
59. Kiraly, Z., H. M. El-Zahaby, and Z. Klement. 1997. Role of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) slime in plant pathogenic bacteria in protecting cells to reactive oxygen species. J. Phytopathol. 145:59-68.
60. Knoll, D., and L. Schreiber. 1998. Influence of epiphytic micro-organisms on leaf wettability: wetting of the upper leaf surface of Juglans regia and of model surfaces in relation to colonization by micro-organisms. New Phytol. 140:271-282.
61. Knoll, D., and L. Schreiber. 2000. Plant-microbe interactions: wetting of ivy. (Hedera helix L.) leaf surfaces in relation to colonization by epiphytic microorganisms. Microb. Ecol. 40:33-42.
62. Legard, D. E., M. P. McQuilken, J. M. Whipps, J. S. Fenlon, T. R. Fermor, I. P. Thompson, M. J. Bailey, and J. M. Lynch. 1994. Studies of seasonal changes in the microbial populations on the phyllosphere of spring wheat as a prelude to the release of genetically modified microorganisms. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 50:87-101.
63. Leveau, J. H. J., and S. E. Lindow. 2001. Appetite of an epiphyte: quantitative monitoring of bacterial sugar consumption in the phyllosphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:3446-3453.
64. Lilley, A. K., and M. J. Bailey. 1997. The acquisition of indigenous plasmids by a genetically marked pseudomonad population colonizing the sugar beet phytosphere is related to local environment conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1577-1583.
65. Lilley, A. K., M. J. Bailey, M. J. Day, and J. C. Fry. 1996. Diversity of mercury resistance plasmids obtained by exogenous isolation from the bacteria of sugar beet in three successive years. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 20:211-227.
66. Lindemann, J., D. C. Arny, and C. D. Upper. 1984. Epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on snap bean and nonhost plants and the incidence of bacterial brown spot disease in relation to cropping patterns. Phytopathology 74:1329-1333.
67. Lindow, S. E. 1985. Integrated control and role of antibiosis in biological control of fire blight and frost injury, p. 83-115. In C. Windels and S. E. Lindow (ed.), Biological control on the phylloplane. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
68. Lindow, S. E. 1987. Competitive exclusion of epiphytic bacteria by Ice-Pseudomonas syringae mutants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2520-2527.
69. Lindow, S. E. 1988. Lack of evidence of correlation of in vitro antibiosis with antagonism of ice nucleation active bacteria on leaf surfaces by non-ice nucleation active bacteria. Phytopathology 78:444-450.
70. Lindow, S. E. 1995. Control of epiphytic ice nucleation-active bacteria for management of plant frost injury. p. 239-256. In R. E. Lee, G. J. Warren, and L. V. Gusta (ed.), Biological ice nucleation and its applications. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
71. Lindow, S. E., C. Desurmont, R. Elkins, G. McGourty, E. Clark, and M. T. Brandl. 1998. Occurrence of indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacteria on pear trees and their association with fruit russet. Phytopathology 88:1149-1157.
72. Lindow, S. E. 2002. Differential survival of solitary and aggregated cells of Pseudomonas syringae on leaves. Phytopathology 92:S97.
73. Lindow, S. E., and J. H. J. Leveau. 2002. Phyllosphere microbiology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13:238-243.
74. Lindow, S. E., G. McGourty, and R. Elkins. 1996. Interactions of antibiotics with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 in the control of fire blight and frost injury to pear. Phytopathology 86:841-848.
75. Loper, J. E., and S. E. Lindow. 1994. A biological sensor for iron available to bacteria in their habitats on plant surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1934-1941.
76. Manulis, S., A. Haviv-Chesner, M. T. Brandl, S. E. Lindow, and I. Barash. 1998. Differential involvement of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic pathways in pathogenicity and epiphytic fitness of Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:634-642.
77. Mechaber, W. L., D. B. Marshall, R. A. Mechaber, R. T. Jobe, and F. S. Chew. 1996. Mapping leaf surface landscapes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4600-4603.
78. Mercier, J., and S. E. Lindow. 2000. Role of leaf surface sugars in colonization of plants by bacterial epiphytes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:369-374.
79. Mercier, J., and S. E. Lindow. 2001. Field performance of antagonistic bacteria identified in a novel laboratory assay for biological control of fire blight of pear. Biol. Control 22:66-71.
80. Miller, W. G., M. T. Brandl, B. Quiñones, and S. E. Lindow. 2001. Biological sensor for sucrose availability: relative sensitivities of various reporter genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1308-1317.
81. Mo, Y. Y., and D. C. Gross. 1991. Expression in vitro and during plant pathogenesis of the syrB gene required for syringomycin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:28-36.
82. Mohle-Boetani, J., R. Reporter, and S. B. Werner. 1999. An outbreak of Salmonella serogroup Saphra due to cantaloupes from Mexico. J. Infect. Dis. 180:1361-1364.
83. Morris, C. E., and L. L. Kinkel. 2002. Fifty years of phylosphere microbiology: significant contributions to research in related fields, p. 365-375. In S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar, and V. Elliott (ed.), Phyllosphere microbiology. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
84. Morris, C. E., J.-M. Monier, and M.-A. Jacques. 1997. Methods for observing microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces and recovering them for isolation of culturable microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1570-1576.
85. Morris, C. E., J.-M. Monier, and M.-A. Jacques. 1998. A technique to quantify the population size and composition of the biofilm component in communities of bacteria in the phyllosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4789-4795.
86. Neu, T. R., T. Nartner, and K. Poralla. 1990. Surface active properties of viscosin: a peptidolipid antibiotic. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:518-520.
87. Normander, B., B. B. Christensen, S. Molin, and N. Kroer. 1998. Effect of bacterial distribution and activity on conjugal gene transfer on the phylloplane of the bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1902-1909.
88. Nuclo, R. L., K. B. Johnson, V. O. Stockwell, and D. Sugar. 1998. Secondary colonization of pear blossoms by two bacterial antagonists of the fire blight pathogen. Plant Dis. 82:661-668.
89. O'Brien, R. D., and S. E. Lindow. 1989. Effect of plant species and environmental conditions on epiphytic population sizes of Pseudomonas syringae and other bacteria. Phytopathology 79:619-627.
90. Ott, E. M., T. Muller, M. Muller, C. M. Franz, A. Ulrich, M. Gabel, and W. Seyfarth. 2001. Population dynamics and antagonistic potential of enterococci colonizing the phyllosphere of grasses. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:54-66.
91. Papen, H., A. Gessler, E. Zumbusch, H. Rennenberg. 2002. Chemolithoautotrophic nitrifiers in the phyllosphere of a spruce ecosystem receiving high atmospheric nitrogen input. Curr. Microbiol. 44:56-60.
92. Pierson, E. A., D. W. Wood, J. A. Cannon, F. M. Blachere, and L. S. Pierson III. 1998. Interpopulation signaling via N-acyl-homoserine lactones among bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:1078-1084.
93. Pierson, L. S., III, D. W. Wood, and E. A. Pierson. 1998. Homoserine lactone-mediated gene regulation in plant-associated bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 36:207-225.
94. Preston, G. M., N. Bertrand, and P. B. Rainey. 2001. Type III secretion in plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. Mol. Microbiol. 41:999-1014.
95. Pusey, P. L. 2002. Biological control agents for fire blight of apple compared under conditions limiting natural dispersal. Plant Dis. 86:639-644.
96. Quigley, N. B., and D. C. Gross. 1994. Syringomycin production among strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae: conservation of the syrB and syrD genes and activation of phytotoxin production by plant signal molecules. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:78-90.
97. Rouse, D. I., E. V. Nordheim, S. S. Hirano, and C. D. Upper. 1985. A model relating the probability of foliar disease incidence to the population frequencies of bacterial plant pathogens. Phytopathology 75:505-509.
98. Singh, S., B. Koehler, and W. F. Fett. 1992. Effect of osmolarity and dehydration on alginate production by fluorescent pseudomonads. Curr. Microbiol. 25:335-339.
99. Skirvin, R. M., E. Kohler, H. Steiner, D. Ayers, A. Laughnan, M. A. Norton, and M. Warmund. 2000. The use of genetically engineered bacteria to control frost on strawberries and potatoes. Whatever happened to all of that research? Sci. Hortic. (Amst.) 84:179-189.
100. Stadler, B., B. Michalzik, and T. Mueller. 1998. Linking aphid ecology with nutrient fluxes in a coniferous forest. Ecology 79:1514-1525.
101. Stewart, P. S., F. Roe, J. Rayner, J. G. Elkins, Z. Lewandowski, U. A. Ochsner, and D. J. Hassett. 2000. Effect of catalase on hydrogen peroxide penetration into Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:836-838.
102. Stockwell, V. O., R. J. McLaughlin, M. D. Henkels, J. E. Loper, D. Sugar, and R. G. Roberts. 1999. Epiphytic colonization of pear stigmas and hypanthia by bacteria during primary bloom. Phytopathology 89:1162-1168.
103. Stout, J. D. 1960. Bacteria of soil and pasture leaves at Claudelands showgrounds. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 3:413-430.
104. Stout, J. D. 1960. Biological studies of some tussock-grassland soils. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 3:214-223.
105. Stromberg, K. D., L. L. Kinkel, and K. J. Leonard. 1999. Relationship between phyllosphere population sizes of Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and bacterial leaf streak severity on wheat seedlings. Phytopathology 89:131-135.
106. Stromberg, K. D., L. L. Kinkel, and K. J. Leonard. 2000. Interactions between Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak of wheat, and bacterial epiphytes in the wheat phyllosphere. Biol. Control 17:61-72.
107. Sundin, G. W. 2002. Ultraviolet radiation on leaves: its influence on microbial communities and their adaptations, p. 27-42. In S. E. Lindow, E. I. Hecht-Poinar, and V. Elliott (ed.), Phyllosphere microbiology. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
108. Sundin, G. W. 2002. Distinct recent lineages of the strA-strB streptomycin-resistance genes in clinical and environmental bacteria. Curr. Microbiol. 45:63-69.
109. Sundin, G. W., and C. Bender. 1996. Molecular analysis of closely related copper- and streptomycin-resistance plasmids in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Plasmid 35:98-107.
110. Sundin, G. W., and C. L. Bender. 1994. Relative fitness in vitro and in planta of Pseudomonas syringae strains containing copper and streptomycin resistance plasmids. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:279-285.
111. Sundin, G. W., D. H. Demezas, and C. L. Bender. 1994. Genetic and plasmid diversity within natural populations of Pseudomonas syringae with various exposures to copper and streptomycin bactericides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4421-4431.
112. Sundin, G. W., and J. L. Jacobs. 1999. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) sensitivity analysis and UVR survival strategies of a bacterial community from the phyllosphere of field-grown peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.). Microb. Ecol. 38:27-38.
113. Thompson, I. P., M. J. Bailey, R. J. Ellis, A. K. Lilley, P. J. McCormack, K. J. Purdy, and P. B. Rainey. 1995. Short-term community dynamics in the phyllosphere microbiology of field-grown sugar beet. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 16:205-211.
114. Thompson, I. P., M. J. Bailey, J. S. Fenlon, T. R. Fermor, A. K. Lilley, J. M. Lynch, P. J. McCormack, M. P. McQuilken, and K. J. Purdy. 1993. Quantitative and qualitative seasonal changes in the microbial community from the phyllosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Plant Soil 150:177-191.
115. Tukey, H. B. 1970. The leaching of substances from plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21:305-324.
116. Vanderhoff, L. N., and R. R. Dute. 1981. Auxin-regulated wall loosening and sustained growth in elongation. Plant Physiol. 67:146-149.
117. Voelksch, B., and R. May. 2001. Biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea by epiphytic bacteria under field conditions. Microb. Ecol. 41:132-139.
118. Wilson, M., S. S. Hirano, and S. E. Lindow. 1999. Location and survival of leaf-associated bacteria in relation to pathogenicity and potential for growth within the leaf. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1435-1443.
119. Wilson, M., and S. E. Lindow. 1993. Interactions between the biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Erwinia amylovora in pear blossoms. Phytopathology 83:117-123.
120. +) Pseudomonas syringae strains and a non-ice-nucleating (Ice-) biological control agent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3128-3137.
121. Wilson, M., and S. E. Lindow. 1994. Coexistence among epiphytic bacterial populations mediated through nutritional resource partitioning. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4468-4477.
122. Yamada, T. 1993. The role of auxin in plant-disease development. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 31:253-273.
123. Yang, C.-H., D. E. Crowley, J. Borneman, and N. T. Keen. 2001. Microbial phyllosphere populations are more complex than previously realized. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:3889-3894.
124. Yu, J., A. Penaloza-Vazquez, A. M. Chakrabarty, and C. L. Bender. 1999. Involvement of the exopolysaccharide alginate in the virulence and epiphytic fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Mol. Microbiol. 33:712-720.
125. Yuen, G. Y., J. R. Steadman, D. T. Lindgren, D. Schaff, and C. Jochum. 2001. Bean rust biological control using bacterial agents. Crop Prot. 20:395-402.
126. Zhang, Z., and G. Y. Yuen. 1999. Biological control of Bipolaris sorokiniana on tall fescue by Stenotrophomotias maltophilia strain C3. Phytopathology 89:817-822.