Cognitive impairment with vascular impairment and degeneration

Current Neurovascular Research

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 342-350

  Pluta, Ryszard ^a   Jolkkonen, Jukka ^b   Cuzzocrea, Salvatore ^c,h   Pedata, Felicita ^d   Cechetto, David ^e   Popa Wagner, Aurel ^f,g  

^a MOSSAKOWSKI MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Poland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^f Medical University of Greifswald   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY OF CRAIOVA   (Romania)

^h IRCCS CENTRO NEUROLESI BONINO PULEJO   (Italy)

Author keywords

A ; Cerebrovascular diseases; Cognition; Dementia; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR AGONIST; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; MEMANTINE; PRESENILIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; MORTALITY; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; STROKE; VASCULAR AMYLOIDOSIS; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 82155185594     PISSN: 15672026     EISSN: 18755739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156720211798120981     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Desmond DW, Moroney JT, Sano M, et al. Incidence of dementia after ischemic stroke: results of a longitudinal study. Stroke 2002; 33(9): 2254-60. (Pubitemid 35014639)
2. Grau- Olivares M, Arboix A. Mild cognitive impairment in stroke patients with ischemic cerebral small-vessel disease: a forerunner of vascular dementia? Expert Rev Neurother. 2009; 9(8): 1201-17.
3. Hillis AE. Neurobiology of unilateral spatial neglect. Neuroscientist 2006; 12(2): 153-163.
4. Jellinger KA. The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113 (4): 349-388. (Pubitemid 46421627)
5. Barnett HJ. Stroke prevention in the elderly. Clin Exp Hypertens 2002; 24(7-8): 563-571. (Pubitemid 35415771)
6. Popa-Wagner A, Schroder E, Walker LC, et al. beta-Amyloid precursor protein and ss-amyloid peptide immunoreactivity in the rat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect of age. Stroke 1998; 29(10): 2196-2202. (Pubitemid 28443539)
7. Badan I, Buchhold B, Hamm A, et al. Accelerated glial reactivity to stroke in aged rats correlates with reduced functional recovery. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23(7): 845-854. (Pubitemid 36818692)
8. Lindner MD, Gribkoff VK, Donlan NA, et al. Long-lasting functional disabilities in middle-aged rats with small cerebral infarcts. J Neurosci 2003; 23(34): 10913-10922. (Pubitemid 37499701)
9. Markus TM, Tsai SY, Bollnow MR, Farrer, et al. Recovery and brain reorganization after stroke in adult and aged rats. Ann Neurol 2005; 58(6): 950-953. (Pubitemid 41746886)
10. Popa-Wagner A, Badan I, Walker L, et al. Accelerated infarct development, cytogenesis and apoptosis following transient cerebral ischemia in aged rats. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113(3): 277-293. (Pubitemid 46443563)
11. Popa-Wagner A, Buga A-M, Kokaia Z. Perturbed cellular response to brain injury during aging. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10(1): 71-9.
12. Pluta R, Januszewski S, Ulamek M. Ischemic blood-brain barrier and amyloid in white matter as etiological factors in leukoaraiosis. Acta Neurochir (Suppl) 2008; 102: 353-356.
13. O'Sullivan M. Leukoaraiosis. Pract Neurol 2008; 8(1): 26-38. (Pubitemid 351234350)
14. Schneider JA, Bennett DA. Where vascular and neurodegenerative diseases meet. Stroke 2010; 41(10 Suppl): S144-S146.
15. Qi J, Wu H, Yang Y, et al. Cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease: The expression of amyloid-ß and apolipoprotein E in human hippocampus. J Alzheimer's Dis 2007; 12(4): 335-341.
16. Preston SD, Steart PV, Wilkinson A, et al. Capillary and arterial cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease: defining the perivascular route for the elimination of amyloid beta from the human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003; 29(2): 106-117. (Pubitemid 36408329)
17. Hawkes CA, Härtig W, Kacza J, et al. Perivascular drainage of solutes is impaired in the ageing mouse brain and in the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 2011 Apr; 121(4): 431-43.
18. Attems J, Jellinger KA. Only cerebral capillary amyloid angiopathy correlates with Alzheimer pathology - a pilot study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2004; 107(2): 83-90. (Pubitemid 38159295)
19. Kumar-Singh S, Cras P, Wang R, et al. Dense-core senile plaques in the Flemish variant of Alzheimer's disease are vasocentric. Am J Pathol 2002; 161(2): 507-520. (Pubitemid 36142160)
20. Bourasset F, Mélissa O, Tremblay C, et al. Reduction of the cerebrovascular volume in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology. 2009; 56(4): 808-13.
21. Vonsattel JP, Myers RH, Hedley-Whyte ET, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy without and with cerebral hemorrhages: a comparative histological study. Ann Neurol 1991; 30(5): 637-649.
22. Kalaria RN, Ballard C. Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13 (Suppl 3): S115-123.
23. Roher AE, Kuo YM, Esh C, et al. Cortical and leptomeningeal cerebrovascular amyloid and white matter pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med 2003; 9(3-4): 112-122. (Pubitemid 36819967)
24. Popa-Wagner A, Pirici D, Petcu EP, et al. Pathophysiology of the vascular wall and its relevance for cerebrovascular disorders in aged rodents. Curr Neurovasc Res 2010; 7(3): 251-267.
25. Dermaut B, Kumar-Singh S, De Jonghe C, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a pathogenic lesion in Alzheimer's disease due to a novel presenilin 1 mutation. Brain 2001; 124(Pt 12): 2383-2392. (Pubitemid 33134928)
26. Kumar-Singh S, Pirici D, Mc Gowan E, et al. Dense core plaques in Tg2576 and PSAPP mouse models of Alzheimer's disease are centered on vessel walls. Am J Pathol 2005; 167(2): 527-543. (Pubitemid 43026107)
27. Hsiao K, Chapman P, Nilsen S, et al. Correlative memory deficits, A beta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Science 1996; 274(5284): 99-102. (Pubitemid 26332733)
28. Cheng IH, Palop JJ, Esposito LA, et al. Aggressive amyloidosis in mice expressing human amyloid peptides with the Arctic mutation. Nat Med 2004; 10(11): 1190-1192. (Pubitemid 39540434)
29. Davis J, Xu F, Deane R, et al. Early-onset and robust cerebral microvascular accumulation of amyloid beta-protein in transgenic mice expressing low levels of a vasculotropic Dutch/Iowa mutant form of amyloid beta-protein precursor. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(19): 20296-20306. (Pubitemid 38623475)
30. Miao J, Xu F, Davis J, et al. Cerebral microvascular Aß protein deposition induces vascular degeneration and neuroinflammation in transgenic mice expressing human vasculotropic mutant AßPP. Am J Pathol 2005; 167(2): 505-515. (Pubitemid 43026105)
31. Calhoun ME, Burgermeister P, Phinney AL, et al. Neuronal overexpression of mutant amyloid precursor protein results in prominent deposition of cerebrovascular amyloid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(24): 14088-14093.
32. Winkler DT, Bondolfi L, Herzig MC, et al. Spontaneous hemorrhagic stroke in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neurosci 2001; 21(5): 1619-1627. (Pubitemid 32182202)
33. Winkler DT, Biedermann L, Tolnay M, et al. Thrombolysis induces cerebral hemorrhage in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol 2002; 51(6): 790-793. (Pubitemid 34568863)
34. Weller RO, Galea I, Carare RO, et al. Pathophysiology of the lymphatic drainage of the central nervous system: Implications for pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis
35. Glenner GG, Wong CW. Alzheimer's disease: Initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 122(3): 885-890. (Pubitemid 14104991)
36. Kamino K, Orr HT, Payami H, et al. Linkage and mutational analysis of familial Alzheimer disease kindreds for the APP gene region. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51(5): 998-1014.
37. Miravalle L, Tokuda T, Chiarle R, et al. Substitutions at codon 22 of Alzheimer's abeta peptide induce conformational changes and diverse apoptotic effects in human cerebral endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275(35): 27110-27116.
38. Itoh Y, Yamada M, Hayakawa M, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a significant cause of cerebellar as well as lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 1993; 116(2): 135-141. (Pubitemid 23176848)
39. Jellinger KA. Vascular-ischemic dementia: an update. J Neural Transm (Suppl) 2002; 62: 1-23. (Pubitemid 37046648)
40. Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Orantes M, et al. Vascular pathology in Alzheimer disease: correlation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and arteriosclerosis/lipohyalinosis with cognitive decline. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62(12): 1287-1301. (Pubitemid 37494197)
41. Rensink AA, de Waal RM, Kremer B, et al. Pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2003; 43(2): 207-223. (Pubitemid 37315654)
42. Barone FC, Rosenbaum DM, Zhou J, et al. Vascular cognitive impairment: dementia biology and translational animal models. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 10(7): 624-637.
43. Asplund K, Stegmayr B, Peltonen M. From the twentieth to the twenty-first century. A public health perspective on stroke. In: Ginsberg MD, Bogousslavsky J, Eds. Cerebrovascular disease. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Blackwell Science 1999; pp. 901-918.
44. Leys D, Hénon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, et al. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4(11): 752-9. (Pubitemid 41457291)
45. Lipsanen A, Jolkkonen J. Experimental approaches to study functional recovery following cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68(18): 3007-17.
46. Yonemori F, Yamaguchi T, Yamada H, et al. Spatial cognitive performance after chronic focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19(5): 483-94. (Pubitemid 30159810)
47. Roof RL, Schielke GP, Ren X, et al. A comparison of long-term functional outcome after 2 middle cerebral artery occlusion models in rats. Stroke 2001; 32(11): 2648-57. (Pubitemid 33055320)
48. Zhao C-s, Puurunen K, Schallert T, et al. Effect of cholinergic medication, before and after focal photothrombotic ischemic cortical injury, on histological and functional outcome in aged and young adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2005; 156(1): 85-94. (Pubitemid 39330439)
49. Stebbins GT, Nyenhuis DL, Wang C, et al. Gray matter atrophy in patients with ischemic stroke with cognitive impairment. Stroke 2008;39(3):785-93. (Pubitemid 351619583)
50. van Groen T, Puurunen K, Mäki H-M, et al. Transformation of diffuse ß-amyloid precursor protein and ß-amyloid deposits to plaques in the thalamus following transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. Stroke 2005; 36(7): 1551-1556. (Pubitemid 40967528)
51. Clarke J, Thornell A, Corbett D, et al. Overexpression of APP provides neuroprotection in the absence of functional benefit following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26(7): 1845-52. (Pubitemid 47493192)
52. Whitehead SN, Hachinski VC, Cechetto DF. Interaction between a rat model of cerebral ischemia and beta-amyloid toxicity: inflammatory responses. Stroke 2005; 36(1): 107-12. (Pubitemid 40054184)
53. Whitehead S, Cheng G, Hachinski V, et al. Interaction between a rat model of cerebral ischemia and beta-amyloid toxicity: II. Effects of triflusal Stroke. 2005; 36(8):1782-89. (Pubitemid 41098779)
54. Whitehead S, Cheng G, Hachinski V, et al. Progressive increase in infarct size, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits in the presence of high levels of amyloid Stroke 2007; 38(12): 3245-50. (Pubitemid 350175744)
55. Sastre M, Dewachter I, Landreth GE, et al. Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- gamma agonists modulate immunostimulated processing of amyloid precursor protein through regulation of beta-secretase. J Neurosci 2003; 23(30): 9796-9804. (Pubitemid 37371592)
56. Koistinaho M, Kettunen MI, Goldsteins G, et al. Beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice that harbor diffuse A beta deposits but do not form plaques show increased ischemic vulnerability: role of inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(3): 1610-1615. (Pubitemid 34136540)
57. Whitehead SN, Massoni E, Cheng G, et al. Triflusal reduces cerebral ischemia induced inflammation in a combined mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Brain Res 2010; 1366:246-56.
58. Malm T, Koistinaho M. Relationships between brain ischemia and Alzheimer's disease - Insights derived from preclinical animal models. In: Pluta R, Ed. Ischemia-reperfusion pathways in Alzheimer's disease. New York, Nova Science Publishers 2007; pp. 17-39.
59. Pluta R. Ischemia-reperfusion pathways in Alzheimer's disease. New York, Nova Science Publishers; 2007.
60. Badan I, Dinca I, Buchhold B, et al. Accelerated accumulation of N- and C-terminal beta APP fragments and delayed recovery of microtubule-associated protein 1B expression following stroke in aged rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19(8): 2270-2280. (Pubitemid 38582215)
61. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Investigators. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(18): 2046-52. (Pubitemid 35168212)
62. Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6(9): 782-92. (Pubitemid 47243710)
63. Puurunen K, Jolkkonen J, Sirviö J, et al. Selegiline combined with enriched-environment housing attenuates spatial learning deficits following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2001; 167(2): 348-355. (Pubitemid 32150892)
64. Dahlqvist P, Rönnbäck A, Bergström SA, et al. Environmental enrichment reverses learning impairment in the Morris water maze after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19(8): 2288-98. (Pubitemid 38582217)
65. Puurunen K, Sivenius J. Influence of enriched environment on spatial learning following cerebral insult. Rev Neurosci 2002; 13(4): 347-364. (Pubitemid 36043289)
66. Komitova M, Mattsson B, Johansson BB, et al. Enriched environment increases neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of stroke-lesioned adult rats. Stroke 2005; 36(6): 1278-82. (Pubitemid 40798751)
67. Matsumori Y, Hong SM, Fan Y, et al. Enriched environment and spatial learning enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and salvages ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22(1): 187-98.
68. Zhao LR, Mattsson B, Johansson BB. Environmental influence on brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA expression after middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 2000; 97(1): 177-84. (Pubitemid 30195887)
69. Gillani RL, Tsai SY, Wallace DG, et al. Cognitive recovery in the aged rat after stroke and anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208(2): 415-24.
70. Von Lubitz DK, Lin RC, Jacobson KA. Cerebral ischemia in gerbils: effects of acute and chronic treatment with adenosine A2A receptor agonist and antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 287(3): 295-302. (Pubitemid 26006341)
71. Bona E, Aden U, Gilland E, et al. Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: the effect of adenosine receptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 1997; 36(9): 1327-1338. (Pubitemid 27465621)
72. Monopoli A, Lozza G, Forlani A, et al. Blockade of A2A adenosine receptors by SCH 58261 results in neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischaemia in rats. Neuro Report 1998; 9(17): 3955-3959. (Pubitemid 29189333)
73. Melani A, Pantoni L, Bordoni F, et al. The selective A2A receptor antagonist SCH 58261 reduces striatal transmitter out flow, turning behavior and ischemic brain damage induced by permanent focal ischemia in the rat Brain Res 2003; 959(2): 243-250. (Pubitemid 35472186)
74. 2A receptor antagonism in cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2005; 27(2): 169-174. (Pubitemid 40388422)
75. Melani A, Gianfriddo M, Vannucchi MG, et al. The selective A(2A) receptor antagonist SCH 58261 protects from neurological deficit, brain damage and activation of p38 MAPK in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074: 470-480.
76. Higashi H, Meno JR, Marwaha AS, et al. Hippocampal injury and neurobehavioral deficits following hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia: effect of theophylline and ZM 241385. J Neurosurg 2002; 96(1): 117-126. (Pubitemid 34229996)
77. Melani A, Cipriani S, Vannucchi MG, et al. Selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonism reduces JNK activation in oligodendrocytes after cerebral ischaemia. Brain 2009; 132(Pt 6): 1480-1495.
78. Marcoli M, Raiteri L, Bonfanti A, et al. Sensitivity to selective adenosine A1 and A2A receptor antagonists of the release of glutamate induced by ischemia in rat cerebrocortical slices. Neuropharmacology 2003; 45(2): 201-210. (Pubitemid 36782533)
79. 2A receptors in ischemia. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 939: 74-84. (Pubitemid 32620057)
80. 2A receptors in neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons. Neurology 2003; 61(Suppl 6): S49-50. (Pubitemid 37505547)
81. 2A receptor antagonism in cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2005; 27(2): 169-174. (Pubitemid 40388422)
82. Pedata F, Melani A, Pugliese AM, et al. The role of ATP and adenosine in the brain under normoxic and ischemic conditions. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3(4): 299-310.
83. 2A receptor stimulation enhances striatal extracellular glutamate levels in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 287(2): 215-217.
84. 2A adenosine receptor expression and functioning following permanent focal ischemia in rat brain. J Neurochem 2008; 104(2): 479-490. (Pubitemid 350293874)
85. Irving EA, Barone FC, Reith AD, et al. Differential activation of MAPK/ERK and p38/SAPK in neurones and glia following focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2000; 77(1): 65-75. (Pubitemid 30256193)
86. Takagi Y, Nozaki K, Sugino T, et al. Phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase after transient forebrain ischemia in mice. Neurosci Lett 2000; 294(2): 117-120.
87. Piao CS, Kim JB, Han PL, et al. Administration of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 affords brain protection with a wide therapeutic window against focal ischemic insult. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73(4): 537-544. (Pubitemid 36944846)
88. Barone FC, Irving EA, Ray AM, et al. Inhibition of p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase provides neuroprotection in cerebral focal ischemia. Med Res Rev 2001; 21(2): 129-145. (Pubitemid 32185244)
89. Petroni A, Papini N, Blasevich M, et al. Blockade of A(2A) adenosine receptors leads to c-fos inhibition in a rat model of brain ischemia. Pharmacol Res 2002; 45(2): 125-128. (Pubitemid 35428847)
90. Lewis AJ, Manning AM. New targets for anti-inflammatory drugs. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1999; 3(4): 489-494. (Pubitemid 29376112)
91. Dewar D, Underhill SM, Goldberg MP. Oligodendrocytes and ischemic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23(3): 263-274. (Pubitemid 36312995)
92. Garcia JH, Gutierrez JA. Cerebral white matter is highly vulnerable to ischemia. Stroke 1996; 27(9): 1641-1646.
93. Correa F, Gauberti M, Parcq J, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator prevents white matter damage following stroke. J Exp Med. 2011 Jun 6;208(6):1229-42.
94. Howe CL, Bieber AJ, Warrington AE, et al. Antiapoptotic signaling by a remyelination-promoting human antimyelin antibody. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15(1): 120-131. (Pubitemid 38134387)
95. Jurewicz A, Matysiak M, Andrzejak S, et al. TRAIL-induced death of human adult oligodendrocytes is mediated by JNK pathway. Glia 2006; 53(2): 158-166.
96. Bonetti B, Stegagno C, Cannella B, et al. Activation of NF-κ B and c-jun transcription factors in multiple sclerosis lesions. Implications for oligodendrocyte pathology. Am J Pathol 1999; 155(5): 1433-1438.
97. Hirt L, Badaut J, Thevenet J, et al. D-JNKI1, a cell-penetrating c- Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibitor, protects against cell death in severe cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2004; 35(7): 1738-1743. (Pubitemid 38823657)
98. Borsello T, Clarke PG, Hirt L, et al. A peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N- terminal kinase protects against excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia. Nat Med 2003; 9(9): 1180-1186. (Pubitemid 37173703)
99. Kuan CY, Whitmarsh AJ, Yang DD, et al. A critical role of neural- specific JNK3 for ischemic apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(25): 15184-15189. (Pubitemid 37518037)
100. Sasaki M, Li B, Lankford KL, et al. Remyelination of the injured spinal cord. Prog Brain Res 2007; 161: 419-433. (Pubitemid 47017419)
101. Levine JM, Reynolds R, Fawcett JW. The oligodendrocyte precursor cell in health and disease. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24(1): 39-47. (Pubitemid 32332895)
102. Redwine JM, Armstrong RC. In vivo proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors expressing PDGFalpha R during early remyelination. J Neurobiol 1998; 37(3): 413-428. (Pubitemid 28506925)
103. Nishiyama A, Yu M, Drazba JA, et al. Normal and reactive NG2+ glial cells are distinct from resting and activated microglia. J Neurosci Res 1997; 48(4): 299-312. (Pubitemid 27232704)
104. Kitada M, Rowitch DH. Transcription factor co-expression patterns indicate heterogeneity of oligodendroglial subpopulations in adult spinal cord. Glia 2006; 54(1): 35-46. (Pubitemid 43980032)
105. Kawasaki H, Morooka T, Shimohama S, et al. Activation and involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in glutamate- induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(30): 18518-18521. (Pubitemid 27318185)
106. Matute C, Sanchez-Gomez MV, Martinez-Millan L, et al. Glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(16): 8830-8835. (Pubitemid 27335125)
107. Matute C, Alberdi E, Ibarretxe G, et al. Excitotoxicity in glial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 447(2-3): 239-246. (Pubitemid 34874457)
108. McDonald JW, Althomsons SP, Hyrc KL, et al. Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor- mediated excitotoxicity. Nat Med 1998; 4(3): 291-297. (Pubitemid 28144086)
109. Stevens B, Porta S, Haak LL, et al. Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials. Neuron 2002; 36(5): 855-868. (Pubitemid 35447857)