Titanium oxide antibacterial surfaces in biomedical devices

International Journal of Artificial Organs

Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 929-946

  Visai, Livia ^a,b,e   de Nardo, Luigi ^c   Punta, Carlo ^c   Melone, Lucio ^c   Cigada, Alberto ^c   Imbriani, Marcello ^b   Arciola, Carla Renata ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^b IRCCS   (Italy)

^c POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^e International Center for Studies and Research in Biomedicine   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antibacterial properties; Biomaterial surface modifications; Infectionresistant materials; Titanium oxide

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIALS; BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT; COATINGS;

ALLOTROPIC FORMS; ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES; ANTIBACTERIAL SURFACES; BIOMATERIAL SURFACE MODIFICATION; BIOMATERIAL SURFACES; BIOMEDICAL DEVICES; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST; INFECTIONRESISTANT MATERIAL; PHOTO-INDUCED; SURFACE-MODIFICATION;

TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

OXYGEN; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; WATER;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BIOFILM; CELL SURVIVAL; DEVICE INFECTION; DISINFECTION; ELECTROPHORESIS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; IN VITRO STUDY; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; ORTHODONTIC DEVICE; PHOTOOXIDATION; PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SEMICONDUCTOR; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 81455138107     PISSN: 03913988     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000050     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Vasilev K, Cook J, Griesser HJ. Antibacterial surfaces for biomedical devices. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2009;6(5):553-567. doi:10.1586/erd.09.36.
2. Darouiche RO. Treatment of Infections Associated with Surgical Implants. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(14):1422-1429. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035415.
3. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections. Science. 1999;284(5418):1318-1322. doi:10.1126/science.284.5418. 1318.
4. Simchi A, Tamjid E, Pishbin F, Boccaccini AR. Recent progress in inorganic and composite coatings with bactericidal capability for orthopaedic applications. Nanomedicine. 2011;7(1):22-39. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2010.10.005.
5. Williams DF. On the nature of biomaterials. Biomaterials. 2009;30(30):5897-5909. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials. 2009.07.027.
6. Altomare L, Farè S. Cells response to topographic and chemical micropatterns. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2008;6(3):132-143.
7. Vörös J, Wieland M, Laurence R-T, Textor M, Brunette DM. Characterization of Titanium Surfaces. In: Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M, Thomsen P, eds. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses, and medical applications. Berlin, New York: Springer; 2001:87-144.
8. L, Chu PK, Zhang Y, Wu Z. Antibacterial coatings on titanium implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009;91(1):470-480. PubMed
9. Qiu Y, Zhang N, An YH, Wen X. Biomaterial strategies to reduce implant-associated infections. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30(9):828-841.
10. Bruellhoff K, Fiedler J, Möller M, Groll J, Brenner RE. Surface coating strategies to prevent biofilm formation on implant surfaces. Int J Artif Organs. 2010;33(9):646-653.
11. Hetrick EM, Schoenfisch MH. Reducing implant-related infections: active release strategies. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35(9):780-789. doi:10.1039/b515219b.
12. Catauro M, Verardi D, Melisi D, Belotti F, Mustarelli P. Novel sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid materials for drug delivery. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2010;8(1):42-51.
13. Kulkarni RV, Biswanath S. Electrically responsive smart hydrogels in drug delivery: A review. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2007;5(3):125-139.
14. Gagliardi M, Silvestri D, Cristallini C, Guadagni M, Crifaci G, Giusti P. Combined drug release from biodegradable bi-layer coating for endovascular stents. J Appl Biomater Biomech Res B Appl Biomater. 2010;93(2):375-385.
15. Tanzi MC, Bozzini S, Candiani G, et al. Trends in biomedical engineering: focus on Smart Bio-Materials and Drug Delivery. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2011;9(2):87-97. doi:10.5301/ JABB.2011.8563.
16. Kenawy E-R, Worley SD, Broughton R. The Chemistry and Applications of Antimicrobial Polymers: A State-of-the- Art Review. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8(5):1359-1384. doi:10.1021/bm061150q.
17. Abe R. Recent progress on photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting under visible light irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol C. 2010;11(4):179-209. doi:10.1016/j. jphotochemrev.2011.02.003.
18. Kalyanasundaram K, Graetzel M. Artificial photosynthesis: biomimetic approaches to solar energy conversion and storage. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2010;21(3):298-310. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.021.
19. Malato S, Blanco J, Alarcón DC, Maldonado MI, Fernández- Ibáñez P, Gernjak W. Photocatalytic decontamination and disinfection of water with solar collectors. Catal Today. 2007;122(1-2):137-149. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2007.01.034.
20. Ravelli D, Dondi D, Fagnoni M, Albini A. Photocatalysis. A multi-faceted concept for green chemistry. Chem Soc Rev. 2009;38(7):1999-2011. doi:10.1039/b714786b.
21. Gambarotti C, Melone L, Punta C. Semiconductors in organic photosynthesis. In: Najafpour M, eds. Photosynthesis - Book 3. InTech Open Access Publisher; (in press).
22. Palmisano G, Augugliaro V, Pagliaro M, Palmisano L. Photocatalysis: a promising route for 21st century organic chemistry. Chem Commun. 2007;33(33):3425-3437. doi:10.1039/ b700395c.
23. Narayanam JMR, Stephenson CRJ. Visible light photoredox catalysis: applications in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;40(1):102-113. doi:10.1039/b913880n.
24. 2 photocatalysis. Surf Sci Rep. 2011;66(6-7):185-297. doi:10.1016/j. surfrep.2011.01.001.
25. 2: A hypothesis on the mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2007;189(2-3):322-328. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem. 2007.02.022.
26. 2: A green route for the synthesis of heterocyclic aldehydes. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2005;171(3):237-242. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem. 2004.10.017.
27. 2. Chem Commun. 2003;(18):2350-2351. doi:10.1039/b306140j.
28. 2 in organic photosynthesis: Sunlight induced functionalization of heterocyclic bases. Curr Org Chem. 2010;14(11):1153-1169. doi:10.2174/138527210791317111.
29. Fagnoni M, Dondi D, Ravelli D, Albini A. Photocatalysis for the formation of the C-C bond. Chem Rev. 2007;107(6):2725-2756. doi:10.1021/cr068352x.
30. Gaya UI, Abdullah AH. Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: A review of fundamentals, progress and problems. J Photochem Photobiol C. 2008;9(1):1-12. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.12.003.
31. 2 Photocatalysis: A Historical Overview and Future Prospects. Jpn J Appl Phys.2005;44(12):8269-8285. doi:10.1143/JJAP.44.8269.
32. 2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep. 2008;63(12):515-582. doi:10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001.
33. Shah RR, Kaewgun S, Lee BI, Tzeng TRJ. The Antibacterial Effects of Biphasic Brookite-Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Multiple-Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2008;4(3):339-348. doi:10.1166/jbn.2008.324.
34. Miyagi T, Kamei M, Mitsuhashi T, Ishigaki T, Yamazaki A. Charge separation at the rutile/anatase interface: a dominant factor of photocatalytic activity. Chem Phys Lett.2004;390(4-6):399-402. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.042.
35. 2 Electrodes: A Kinetic Approach. J Electrochem Soc. 1986;133(5):924-929. doi:10.1149/1.2108764.
36. 2 Electrodes. J Electrochem Soc. 1981;128(9):1895-1900. doi:10.1149/1.2127760.
37. 2 powder. Langmuir. 1990;6(8):1396-1402. doi:10.1021/la00098a013.
38. ._cntdot.- studied by diffuse reflectance flash photolysis. J Phys Chem. 1990;94(11):4628-4634. doi:10.1021/j100374a048.
39. 2 Surface. Langmuir. 2004;20(7):2753-2759. doi:10.1021/la0361262.
40. 2 Photocatalytic One-Electron Oxidation of Aromatic Sulfides Studied by Time-Resolved Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B. 2004;108(19):5859-5866. doi:10.1021/jp037003t.
41. Macyk W, Kisch H. Photosensitization of Crystalline and Amorphous Titanium Dioxide by Platinum(IV) Chloride Surface Complexes. Chemistry. 2001;7(9):1862-1867. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20010504)7:9<1862::AIDCHEM1862>3.0.CO;2-G.
42. Fu X, Zeltner WA, Anderson MA. Applications in photocatalytic purification of air. In: Prashant VK, Dan M, eds. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997: 445-461
43. Carp O, Huisman CL, Reller A. Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide. Prog Solid State Chem. 2004;32(1-2):33-177. doi:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.08.001.
44. Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T, Nakamura N, Komine T. Continuous-sterilization system that uses photosemiconductor powders. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988;54(6):1330-1333.
45. Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T, Wake H. Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1985;29(1-2):211-214. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00864.x.
46. Dalrymple OK, Stefanakos E, Trotz MA, Goswami DY. A review of the mechanisms and modeling of photocatalytic disinfection. Appl Catal B. 2010;98(1-2):27-38. doi:10.1016/j. apcatb.2010.05.001.
47. 2 thin film. J Photochem Photobiol A.2003;156(1-3):227-233. doi:10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00434-3.
48. De Nardo L, Raffaini G, Ganazzoli F, Chiesa R. Metal surface oxidation and surface interactions. In: Williams R, ed. Surface modification of biomaterials: methods, analysis and applications. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing; 2011: 102-142.
49. Cigada A, Cabrini M, Pedeferri P. Increasing of the corrosion resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy by high thickness anodic oxidation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1992;3(6):408-412. doi:10.1007/BF00701236.
50. Chiesa R, Sandrini E, Santin M, Rondelli G, Cigada A. Osteointegration of titanium and its alloys by anodic spark deposition and other electrochemical techniques: a review. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2003;1(2):91-107.
51. Cigada A. Biomaterials, tissue engineering, gene therapy. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2008;6(3):127-131.
52. Variola F, Brunski JB, Orsini G, Tambasco de Oliveira P, Wazen R, Nanci A. Nanoscale surface modifications of medically relevant metals: state-of-the art and perspectives. Nanoscale.2011;3(2):335-353. doi:10.1039/c0nr00485e.
53. 2 film formed on Ti and TiAg exposed toLactobacillus acidophilus. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2007;80B(2):353-359. doi:10.1002/ jbm.b.30604.
54. Textor M, Sittig C, Frauchiger V, Tosatti S, Brunette DM. Properties and Biological Significance of Natural Oxide Films on Titanium and Its Alloys. In: Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M, Thomsen P, eds. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses, and medical applications. Berlin, New York: Springer; 2001: 171-230.
55. Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. Sol-gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 1989.
56. Alfieri I, Lorenzi A, Montenero A, Gnappi G, Fiori F. Sol-gel silicon alkoxides-polyethylene glycol derived hybrids for drug delivery systems. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2010;8(1):14-19.
57. Arcos D, Izquierdo-Barba I, Vallet-Regí M. Promising trends of bioceramics in the biomaterials field. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2009;20(2):447-455. doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3616-x.
58. I, Huang Y, Butz F, Ogawa T, Lin A, Wang CJ. Discrete deposition of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on a titanium implant with predisposing substrate microtopography accelerated osseointegration. Nanotechnology.2007;18(24):245101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/24/245101.
59. Gupta R, Kumar A. Bioactive materials for biomedical applications using sol-gel technology. Biomed Mater.2008;3(3):034005. doi:10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034005.
60. Advincula MC, Rahemtulla FG, Advincula RC, Ada ET, Lemons JE, Bellis SL. Osteoblast adhesion and matrix mineralization on sol-gel-derived titanium oxide. Biomaterials.2006;27(10):2201-2212. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.014.
61. 2 nanocomposite thin film photocatalysts under solar light irradiation. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009;336(1):117-124. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.018.
62. Akhavan O, Abdolahad M, Abdi Y, Mohajerzadeh S. Synthesis of titania/carbon nanotube heterojunction arrays for photoinactivation of E. coli in visible light irradiation. Carbon.2009;47(14):3280-3287. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.07.046.
63. 2 nanocomposite with various silver contents. Curr Appl Phys.2011;11(4):1048-1055. doi:10.1016/j.cap.2011.01.042.
64. Chun MJ, Shim E, Kho EH, et al. Surface modification of orthodontic wires with photocatalytic titanium oxide for its antiadherent and antibacterial properties. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(3):483-488. doi:10.2319/0003-3219(2007)077(0483:SMOOWW)2.0.CO;2.
65. Daoud WA, Xin JH. Nucleation and growth of anatase crystallites on cotton fabrics at low temperatures. J Am Ceram Soc. 2004;87(5):953-955. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00953.x.
66. 2 film on stainless steel substrate. Key Eng Mater. 2005; Vols. 208-283: 801-804.
67. 2 films for biological applications. Bull Korean Chem Soc.2008;29(5):1038-1042. doi:10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.5.1038.
68. 2 films and sunlight. Water Res. 2006;40(17):3274-3280. doi:10.1016/j. watres.2006.07.006.
69. Heidenau F, Mittelmeier W, Detsch R, et al. A novel antibacterial titania coating: Metal ion toxicity and in vitro surface colonization. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2005;16(10):883-888. doi:10.1007/s10856-005-4422-3.
70. 2Thin Films Prepared bya Sol-Gel Method. J Biomed Nanotechnol.2009;5(1):121-129. doi:10.1166/jbn.2009.1002.
71. 2 powders and electrodes. Appl Catal B. 2009;89(1-2):273-283. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.02.007.
72. Foster HA, Ditta IB, Varghese S, Steele A. Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2011;90(6):1847-1868. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3213-7.
73. 2) coating for metallic implants: in vitro effectiveness against MRSA and mechanical properties. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011;22(2):381-387. doi:10.1007/s10856-010-4204-4.
74. Sun CX, Li Q, Gao S, Cao LH, Shang JK. Enhanced Photocatalytic Disinfection of Escherichia coli Bacteria by Silver and Nickel Comodification of a Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxide Nanoparticle Photocatalyst Under Visible-Light Illumination. J Am Ceram Soc. 2010;93(2):531-535. doi:10.1111/ j.1551-2916.2009.03388.x.
75. Yuan WY, Ji J, Fu JH, Shen JC. A facile method to construct hybrid multilayered films as a strong and multifunctional antibacterial coating. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater.2008;85B(2):556-563. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30979.
76. Zhao XJ, Zhao QN, Yu JG, Liu BS. Development of multifunctional photoactive self-cleaning glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2008;354(12-13):1424-1430. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.10.093.
77. Wu P, Xie R, Shang JK. Enhanced Visible-Light Pho- tocatalytic Disinfection of Bacterial Spores by Palladium- Modified Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxide. J Am Ceram Soc. 2008;91(9):2957-2962. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02573.x.
78. Visai L, De Nardo L, Punta C, Melone L, Cigada A, Imbriani M, Arciola CR. Titanium oxide antibacterial surfaces in biomedical devices. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34: 929-946.
79. Delplancke JL, Degrez M, Fontana A, Winand R. Self-colour anodizing of titanium. Surf Technol. 1982;16(2):153-162. doi:10.1016/0376-4583(82)90033-4.
80. Delplancke JL, Winand R. Galvanostatic anodization of titanium- II. Reactions efficiencies and electrochemical behaviour model. Electrochim Acta. 1988;33(11):1551-1559. doi:10.1016/0013-4686(88)80224-X.
81. Delplancke JL, Winand R. Galvanostatic anodization of titanium-I. Structures and compositions of the anodic films. Electrochim Acta. 1988;33(11):1539-1549. doi:10.1016/0013-4686(88)80223-8.
82. Aladjem A. Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys. J Mater Sci. 1973;8(5):688-704. doi:10.1007/BF00561225.
83. Hurlen T, Gulbrandsen E. Growth of Anodic films on valve metals. Electrochim Acta. 1994;39(14):2169-2172. doi:10.1016/S0013-4686(94)85069-0.
84. Yerokhin AL, Nie X, Leyland A, Matthews A, Dowey SJ. Plasma electrolysis for surface engineering. Surf Coat Tech.1999;122(2-3):73-93. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00441-7.
85. Ask M, Lausmaa J, Kasemo B. Preparation and surface spectroscopic characterization of oxide films on Ti6Al4V. Appl Surf Sci. 1989;35(3):283-301. doi:10.1016/0169-4332(89)90013-5.
86. Lausmaa J, Kasemo B, Mattsson H, Odelius H. Multitechnique surface charaterization of oxide films on electropolished and anodically oxidized titanium. Appl Surf Sci.1990;45(3):189-200. doi:10.1016/0169-4332(90)90002-H.
87. Del Curto B, Brunella MF, Giordano C, et al. Decreased bacterial adhesion to surface-treated titanium. Int J Artif Organs.2005;28(7):718-730.
88. Song W-H, Ryu HS, Hong S-H. Antibacterial properties of Ag (or Pt)-containing calcium phosphate coatings formed by micro- arc oxidation. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009;88A(1):246-254. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31877.
89. 2 film formed on Ti and TiAg exposed toLactobacillus acidophilus. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2007;80B(2):353-359. doi:10.1002/ jbm.b.30604.
90. 2 coating and anodized Ca2+ modification of titanium surfaces on early microbial biofilm formation. BMC Oral Health. 2011;11(1):8. doi:10.1186/1472-6831-11-8.
91. Iwasaki M, Iwasaki Y, Tada H, Ito S. One-pot process for anodic oxide films of titanium with high photocatalytic activity. Mater Trans. 2004;45(5):1607-1612. doi:10.2320/mater trans.45.1607.
92. Visai L, Rimondini L, Giordano C, et al. Electrochemical surface modification of titanium for implant abutments can affect oral bacteria contamination. J Appl Biomater Biomech.2008;6(3):170-177.
93. Zhitomirsky I. Electrophoretic hydroxyapatite coatings and fibers. Mater Lett. 2000;42(4):262-271. doi:10.1016/S0167-577X(99)00197-4.
94. I. Cathodic electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic materials. Fundamental aspects. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2002;97(1-3):279-317. doi:10.1016/S0001-8686(01)00068-9.
95. Zhitomirsky I. Electrophoretic deposition of organic-inorganic nanocomposites. J Mater Sci. 2006;41(24):8186-8195. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0994-7.
96. Zhitomirsky I, Gal-Or L. GalOr L. Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1997;8(4):213-219. doi:10.1023/A:1018587623231.
97. Santillán MJ, Quaranta NE, Boccaccini AR. Titania and titania- silver nanocomposite coatings grown by electrophoretic deposition from aqueous suspensions. Surf Coat Tech.2010;205(7):2562-2571. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.10.001.
98. 2 films deposited using the radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Thin Solid Films. 2007;515(13):5275-5281. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.183.
99. 2 ultra- thin films. Surf Sci. 2003;530(3):L323-L327. doi:10.1016/ S0039-6028(03)00397-2.
100. 2 thin films prepared by sputtering. Appl Catal B. 2000;25(2-3):83-92. doi:10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00123-X.
101. 2-films reactively sputtered from Ti in an RF magnetron. Vacuum. 1996;47(11):1333-1336. doi:10.1016/S0042-207X(96)00196-0.
102. Zhang F, Liu X, Jin S, Bender H, Lou NZ, Wilson ZH. Microstructure of titanium oxide films investigated by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B. 1998;142(1-2):61-66. doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(98)00211-0.
103. 2 and ZnO deposited inside a tubing by spray pyrolysis. Thin Solid Films.2002;419(1-2):60-64. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00786-1.
104. De Nardo L, Alberti R, Cigada A, Yahia LH, Tanzi MC, Farè S. Shape memory polymer foams for cerebral aneurysm reparation: Effects of plasma sterilization on physical properties and cytocompatibility. Acta Biomater. 2009;5(5):1508-1518. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2008.11.017.
105. De Nardo L, Moscatelli M, Silvi F, Tanzi MC, Yahia LH, Farè S. Chemico-physical modifications induced by plasma and ozone sterilizations on shape memory polyurethane foams. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010;21(7):2067-2078. doi:10.1007/s10856-010-4082-9.
106. De Nardo L, Polizu S, Farè S, Tanzi MC, Yahia LH. Plasma treatment and hydrolysis behaviour of CaloMER™, a shape memory polymer. 7th World Biomaterials Congress 2004: 1116.
107. Rauscher H, Perucca M, Buyle G. Plasma technology for hyperfunctional surfaces: food, biomedical and textile applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-VCH; 2010.
108. Pelletier J, Anders A. Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition: a review of physics, technology, and applications. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2005;33(6):1944-1959.
109. 2 thin films by plasma source ion implantation. Surf Coat Tech.2001;136(1-3):241-243. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(00)01022-7.
110. Jing FJ, Wang L, Fu RKY, et al. Behavior of endothelial cells on micro-patterned titanium oxide fabricated by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition and plasma etching. Surf Coat Tech. 2007;201(15):6874-6877. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.09.088.
111. 2 -conferred photocatalytic bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Surf Interface Anal. 2009;41(1):17-22. doi:10.1002/sia.2965.
112. Suketa N, Sawase T, Kitaura H, et al. An antibacterial surface on dental implants, based on the photocatalytic bactericidal effect. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7(2):105-111. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2005.tb00053.x.
113. 2 surface supporting biomimetic growth of apatite. Biomaterials. 2005;26(31):6143-6150. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.035.
114. Chu PK. Plasma-Treated Biomaterials. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 2007;35(2):181-187.
115. 2Nanostructured Powders by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying. J Therm Spray Technol. 2008;17(3):329-337. doi:10.1007/s11666-008-9181-5
116. Li B, Liu X, Meng F, Chang J, Ding C. Preparation and antibacterial properties of plasma sprayed nano-titania/ silver coatings. Mater Chem Phys. 2009;118(1):99-104. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.07.011.
117. Li B, Liu X, Cao C, Ding C. Biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of plasma sprayed titania coating grafting collagen and gentamicin. J Biomed Mater Res A.2007;83A(4):923-930. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.31414.
118. 2 thin films: dynamic view of the active oxygen species responsible for the effect. J Photochem Photobiol A. 1997;106(1-3):51-56. doi:10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00038-5.
119. Kühn KP, Chaberny IF, Massholder K, et al. Disinfection of surfaces by photocatalytic oxidation with titanium dioxide and UVA light. Chemosphere. 2003;53(1):71-77. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00362-X.
120. 2 films coated on a stainless steel substrate. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37(10):2296-2301. doi:10.1021/ es0259483.
121. Brook LA, Evans P, Foster HA, et al. Highly bioactive silver and silver/titania composite films grown by chemical vapour deposition. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2007;187(1):53-63. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.09.014.
122. Yates HM, Brook LA, Ditta IB, et al. Photo-induced selfcleaning and biocidal behaviour of titania and copper oxide multilayers. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2008;197(2-3):197-205. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.12.023.
123. Matsunaga T. Sterilization with particulate photosemiconductor. J Antibact Antifung Agents. 1985;13:211-220.
124. 2 thin film photocatalysts. Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32(5):726-728. doi:10.1021/es970860o.
125. Yates HM, Brook LA, Sheel DW, Ditta IB, Steele A, Foster HA. The growth of copper oxides on glass by flame assisted chemical vapour deposition. Thin Solid Films.2008;517(2):517-521. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.06.071.
126. 2/CuO dual layers on Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T4. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;79(1):127-133. doi:10.1007/ s00253-008-1411-8.
127. Paspaltsis I, Kotta K, Lagoudaki R, Grigoriadis N, Poulios I, Sklaviadis T. Titanium dioxide photocatalytic inactivation of prions. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(10):3125-3130. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81746-0.
128. van Grieken R, Marugán J, Pablos C, Furones L, López A. Comparison between the photocatalytic inactivation of Gram-positive E. faecalis and Gram-negative E. coli faecal contamination indicator microorganisms. Appl Catal B. 2010;100(1-2):212-220. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.07.034.
129. 2 concentrations with or without exposure to O2. J Adv Oxid Technol. 1998;3:145-150.
130. 2-photocatalysis as a tertiary treatment of naturally treated wastewater. Catal Today. 2002;76(2-4):279-289. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00226-2.
131. Cho M, Choi Y, Park H, Kim K, Woo G-J, Park J. Titanium Dioxide/UV Photocatalytic Disinfection in Fresh Carrots. J Food Prot. 2007;70(1):97-101
132. 2 on mutans streptococci. J Photochem Photobiol B.1992;14(4):369-379. doi:10.1016/1011-1344(92)85115-B.
133. Huang Z, Maness P-C, Blake DM, Wolfrum EJ, Smolinski SL, Jacoby WA. Bactericidal mode of titanium dioxide photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2000;130(2-3):163-170. doi:10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00205-1.
134. 2 under Visible Light Irradiation. Langmuir. 2007;23(9):4982-4987. doi:10.1021/ la063626x.
135. 2 photocatalysis involves adsorption onto catalyst and the loss of membrane integrity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006;258(1):18-24. doi:10.1111/ j.1574-6968.2006.00190.x.
136. 2 thin films. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2003;70(1):45-50. doi:10.1016/ S1011-1344(03)00054-X.
137. Chung C-J, Lin H-I, Chou C-M, et al. Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli under various light sources on photocatalytic titanium dioxide thin film. Surf Coat Tech. 2009;203(8):1081-1085. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.09.036.
138. 2(N) films illuminated with visible light. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;25(1):27-31. doi:10.1007/ s11274-008-9856-6.
139. 2.2006. NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, 2006: 588-591.
140. 2 nanoparticles for bacteria and kinetic study. J Environ Sci (China). 2008;20(12):1527-1533. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62561-9.
141. Shah RR, Kaewgun S, Lee BI, Tzeng T-RJ. The Antibacterial Effects of Biphasic Brookite-Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Multiple-Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2008;4(3):339-348. doi:10.1166/jbn.2008.324.
142. 2 (Fe) Films with Optimized Morphology. In: Mathur S, Singh M, eds. Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology II: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 29, Issue 8. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2009: 67-76. doi: 10.1002/9780470456248.ch6
143. 2 films obtained by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering deposition. Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2005;7(2):915-919.
144. 2 photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005;78(3):253-258. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.016.
145. 2. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2006;181(2-3):401-407. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.12.028.
146. 2 crystals. Russ J Phys Chem B. 2008;2(1):105-114.
147. 2 photocatalysis studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and AFM microscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2005;169(2):131-137. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.06.011.
148. Ireland JC, Klostermann P, Rice EW, Clark RM. Inactivation of Escherichia coli by titanium dioxide photocatalytic oxidation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993;59(5):1668-1670.
149. 2 Reaction: toward an Understanding of Its Killing Mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65(9):4094-4098.
150. Salih FM. Enhancement of solar inactivation of Escherichia coli by titanium dioxide photocatalytic oxidation. J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92(5):920-926. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01601.x.
151. 2 photocatalytic disinfection. Water Res.2004;38(4):1069-1077. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.029.
152. 2 Photocatalytic Disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol.2005;71(1):270-275. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.1.270-275.2005.
153. Visai L, Arciola CR, Pietrocola G, Rindi S, Olivero P, Speziale P. Staphylococcus biofilm components as targets for vaccines and drugs. Int J Artif Organs. 2007;30(9):813-819.
154. Giordano C, Saino E, Rimondini L, et al. Electrochemically induced anatase inhibits bacterial colonization on Titanium Grade 2 and Ti6Al4V alloy for dental and orthopedic devices. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011;88(2):648-655. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.054.
155. Dunlop PSM, Sheeran CP, Byrne JA, McMahon MAS, Boyle MA, McGuigan KG. Inactivation of clinically relevant pathogens by photocatalytic coatings. J Photochem Photobiol A. 2010;216(2-3):303-310. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.07.004.
156. Gage JP, Roberts TM, Duffy JE. Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm to UV-A illumination over photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic surfaces. Biofilms.2005;2(03):155-163. doi:10.1017/S1479050505001857.
157. Liu Y, Li J, Qiu X, Burda C. Bactericidal activity of nitro- gen-doped metal oxide nanocatalysts and the influence of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). J Photochem Photobiol A. 2007;190(1):94-100. doi:10.1016/j. jphotochem.2007.03.017.
158. Blackwood DJ. Biomaterials: Past successes and future problems. Corros Rev. 2003;21(2-3):97-124. doi:10.1515/ CORRREV.2003.21.2-3.97.
159. Brunski JB. Metals. In: Ratner BD, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE, eds. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 1996: 37-50.
160. Freese HL, Volas MG, Wood JR. Metallurgy and technological properties of Titanium and Titanium alloys. In: Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M, Thomsen P, eds. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses, and medical applications. Berlin, New York: Springer; 2001: 25-51.
161. Navarro M, Michiardi A, Castaño O, Planell JA. Biomaterials in orthopaedics. J R Soc Interface. 2008;5(27):1137-1158. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0151.
162. Niinomi M. Metallic biomaterials. J Artif Organs.2008;11(3):105-110. doi:10.1007/s10047-008-0422-7.
163. 2: A review. Recent Pat Biomed Eng.2008;2(3):157-164. doi:10.2174/187221208786306289.