Antibacterial coatings on titanium implants

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 470-480

  Zhao, Lingzhou ^a   Chu, Paul K ^b   Zhang, Yumei ^a   Wu, Zhifen ^a  

^a FOURTH MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Antibacterial properties; Biofilm; Coatings; Implants; Infection; Titanium

Indexed keywords

ANTIBACTERIAL COATINGS; ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES; BIOMEDICAL MATERIAL; IMPLANT SURFACE; IMPLANTS; INFECTION; PREVENTIVE MEASURES; TITANIUM IMPLANTS;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOFILMS; BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; COATINGS; IMPLANTS (SURGICAL); MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; METAL RECOVERY; TITANIUM;

TITANIUM ALLOYS;

ALLOY; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BIOMATERIAL; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CARBENICILLIN; CEFALOTIN; CEFAMANDOLE; CEPHALOSPORIN; GENTAMICIN; HYDROXYAPATITE; NITRIC OXIDE; POLYMER; SILVER; TITANIUM; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOFILM; DEVICE INFECTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG RELEASE; ENDOPROSTHESIS LOOSENING; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; IMPLANT; MATERIAL COATING; METAL IMPLANTATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL ADHESION; BIOFILMS; COATED MATERIALS, BIOCOMPATIBLE; DRUG CARRIERS; HUMANS; MATERIALS TESTING; NITRIC OXIDE; POLYMERS; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; TITANIUM;

EID: 70049118834     PISSN: 15524973     EISSN: 15524981     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31463     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Garvin KL, Hanssen AD. Infection after total hip arthroplasty. Past, present, and future. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:1576-1588.
2. Schmalzried TP, Amstutz HC, Au MK, Dorey FJ. Etiology of deep sepsis in total hip arthrosplasty. The significance of hematogenous and recurrent infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992;280:200-207.
3. Schutzer SF, Harris WH. Deep-wound infection after total hip replacement under contemporary aseptic conditions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988;70:724-727. (Pubitemid 18200233)
4. Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner PE. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1645-1654.
5. Gristina AG, Oga M, Webb LX, Hobgood CD. Adherent bacterial colonization in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis. Science 1985;228:990-993. (Pubitemid 15037520)
6. Oakes JA, Wood AJJ. Infections in surgery. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1129-1138.
7. Darouiche RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1422-1429. (Pubitemid 38419996)
8. Hetrick EM, Schoenfisch MH. Reducing implant-related infections: Active release strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2006;35:780-789.
9. Harris LG, Richards RG. Staphylococci and implant surfaces: A review. Injury 2006;37(Suppl 2):S3-S14.
10. Dunne WM Jr. Bacterial adhesion: Seen any good biofilms lately? Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:155-166.
11. Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:167-193.
12. Lewis K. Riddle of biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:999-1007.
13. Green SA, Ripley MJ. Chronic osteomyelitis in pin tracks. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984;66:1092-1098.
14. Green SA. Complications of external skeletal fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983;180:109-116.
15. Lindsay D, von Holy A. Bacterial biofilms within the clinical setting: What healthcare professionals should know. J Hosp Infect 2006;64:313-325. (Pubitemid 44661034)
16. Fux CA, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Stoodley P. Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends Microbiol 2005;13:34-40.
17. Stewart PS, Costerton JW. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 2001;358:135-138.
18. Busscher HJ, Bos R, van der Mei HC. Initial microbial adhesion is a determinant for the strength of biofilm adhesion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995;128:229-234.
19. Jahoda D, Nyc O, Pokorny D, Landor I, Sosna A. Antibiotic treatment for prevention of infectious complications in joint replacement. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 2006;73:108-114. (Pubitemid 43676830)
20. Williams DN, Gustilo RB, Beverly R, Kind AC. Bone and serum concentrations of five cephalosporin drugs (relevance to prophylaxis and treatment in othopeadic surgery). Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983;179:253-265.
21. Buchholz HW, Engelbrecht H. Über die Depotwirkung einiger Antibiotika bei Vermischung mit dem Kunstharz Palacos. Chirurg 1970;41:511-515.
22. Engesaeter LB, Lie SA, Espehaug B, Furnes O, Vollset SE, Havelin LI. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty: Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis systemically and in bone cement on the revision rate of 22,170 primary hip replacements followed 0-14 years in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop Scand 2003;74:644-651. (Pubitemid 38067862)
23. Berger RA, Jacobs JJ, Quigley LR, Rosenberg AG, Galante JO. Primary cementless acetabular reconstruction in patients younger than 50 years old. 7- to 11-year results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;344:216-226.
24. Alt V, Bitschnau A, Osterling J, Sewing A, Meyer C, Kraus R, Meissner SA, Wenisch S, Domann E, Schnettler R. The effects of combined gentamicin- hydroxyapatite coating for cementless joint prostheses on the reduction of infection rates in a rabbit infection prophylaxis model. Biomaterials 2006;27:4627-4634. (Pubitemid 43783227)
25. Stigter M, Bezemer J, de Groot K, Layrolle P. Incorporation of different antibiotics into carbonated hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium implants, release and antibiotic efficacy. J Control Release 2004;99:127-137. (Pubitemid 39165739)
26. Stigter M, de Groot K, Layrolle P. Incorporation of tobramycin into biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on titanium. Biomaterials 2002;23:4143-4153. (Pubitemid 34765705)
27. Radin S, Campbell JT, Ducheyne P, Cuckler JM. Calcium phosphate ceramic coatings as carriers of vancomycin. Biomaterials 1997;18:777-782. (Pubitemid 27231951)
28. Gautier H, Merle C, Auget JL, Daculsi G. Isostatic compression, a new process for incorporating vancomycin into biphasic calcium phosphate: Comparison with a classical method. Biomaterials 2000;21:243-249.
29. Gautier H, Daculsi G, Merle C. Association of vancomycin and calcium phosphate by dynamic compaction: In vitro characterization and microbiological activity. Biomaterials 2001;22:2481-2487.
30. Yamamura K, Iwata H, Yotsuyanagi T. Synthesis of antibiotic-loaded hydroxyapatite beads and in vitro drug release testing. J Biomed Mater Res 1992;26:1053-1064.
31. Barrere F, van Blitterswijk CA, de Groot K, Layrolle P. Influence of ionic strength and carbonate on the Ca-P coating formation from SBFx5 solution. Biomaterials 2002;23:1921-1930. (Pubitemid 34251066)
32. Lucke M, Schmidmaier G, Sadoni S, Wildemann B, Schiller R, Haas NP, Raschke M. Gentamicin coating of metallic implants reduces implant-related osteomyelitis in rats. Bone 2003;32:521-531. (Pubitemid 39665711)
33. Lucke M, Schmidmaier G, Gollwitzer H, Raschke M. Entwicklung einer biodegrabierbaren und antibiotisch wirksamen Beschichtung von Implantaten. Hefte zu der Unfallchirurg 2000;282:362-363.
34. Radin S, Ducheyne P. Controlled release of vancomycin from thin sol-gel films on titanium alloy fracture plate material. Biomaterials 2007;28:1721-1729. (Pubitemid 46080466)
35. Popat KC, Leoni L, Grimes CA, Desai TA. Influence of engineered titania nanotubular surfaces on bone cells. Biomaterials 2007;28:3188-3197. (Pubitemid 46654214)
36. Popat KC, Eltgroth M, Latempa TJ, Grimes CA, Desai TA. Decreased Staphylococcus epidermis adhesion and increased osteoblast functionality on antibiotic-loaded titania nanotubes. Biomaterials 2007;28:4880-4888. (Pubitemid 47285337)
37. Yao C, Slamovich EB, Webster TJ. Enhanced osteoblast functions on anodized titanium with nanotube-like structures. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008;85:157-166. (Pubitemid 351355365)
38. Edupuganti OP, Antoci V Jr, King SB, Jose B, Adams CS, Parvizi J, Shapiro IM, Zeiger AR, Hickok NJ, Wickstrom E. Covalent bonding of vancomycin to Ti6Al4V alloy pins provides long-term inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007;17:2692-2696. (Pubitemid 46636269)
39. Jose B, Antoci V Jr, Zeiger AR, Wickstrom E, Hickok NJ. Vancomycin covalently bonded to titanium beads kills Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Biol 2005;12:1041-1048. (Pubitemid 41338814)
40. Antoci V Jr, Adams CS, Parvizi J, Davidson HM, Composto RJ, Freeman TA, Wickstrom E, Ducheyne P, Jungkind D, Shapiro IM, Hickok NJ. The inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation by vancomycin-modified titanium alloy and implications for the treatment of periprosthetic infection. Biomaterials 2008;29:4684-4690.
41. Tunney MM, Ramage G, Patrick S, Nixon JR, Murphy PG, Gorman SP. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from orthopedic implants following revision hip surgery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:3002-3005. (Pubitemid 28501241)
42. Wahlig H, Dingeldein E. Antibiotics and bone cements. Experimental and clinical long-term observations. Acta Orthop Scand 1980;51:49-56.
43. Antoci V Jr, Adams CS, Hickok NJ, Shapiro IM, Parvizi J. Antibiotics for local delivery systems cause skeletal cell toxicity in vitro. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;462:200-206. (Pubitemid 47367864)
44. Ince A, Schutze N, Hendrich C, Jakob F, Eulert J, Lohr JF. Effect of polyhexanide and gentamycin on human osteoblasts and endothelial cells. Swiss Med Wkly 2007;137:139-145. (Pubitemid 46465530)
45. Ince A, Schutze N, Hendrich C, Thull R, Eulert J, Lohr JF. In vitro investigation of orthopedic titanium-coated and brushite-coated surfaces using human osteoblasts in the presence of gentamycin. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:762-771.
46. Naal FD, Salzmann GM, von Knoch F, Tuebel J, Diehl P, Gradinger R, Schauwecker J. The effects of clindamycin on human osteoblasts in vitro. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2008;128:317-323.
47. Salzmann GM, Naal FD, von Knoch F, Tuebel J, Gradinger R, Imhoff AB, Schauwecker J. Effects of cefuroxime on human osteoblasts in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007;82:462-468. (Pubitemid 47051678)
48. Campbell AA, Song L, Li XS, Nelson BJ, Bottoni C, Brooks DE, DeJong ES. Development, characterization, and anti-microbial efficacy of hydroxyapatite-chlorhexidine coatings produced by surface-induced mineralization. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;53:400-407. (Pubitemid 30608804)
49. Morra M, Cassinelli C, Cascardo G, Carpi A, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Giardino R. Adsorption of cationic antibacterial on collagen-coated titanium implant devices. Biomed Pharmacother 2004;58:418-422. (Pubitemid 39349487)
50. Kim W-H, Lee S-B, Oh K-T, Moon S-K, Kim K-M, Kim K-N. The release behavior of CHX from polymer-coated titanium surfaces. Surf Interface Anal 2008;40:202-204.
51. Harris LG, Mead L, Muller-Oberlander E, Richards RG. Bacteria and cell cytocompatibility studies on coated medical grade titanium surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006;78:50-58. (Pubitemid 44032526)
52. Kozlovsky A, Artzi Z, Moses O, Kamin-Belsky N, Greenstein RB. Interaction of chlorhexidine with smooth and rough types of titanium surfaces. J Periodontol 2006;77:1194-1200. (Pubitemid 44725026)
53. Barbour ME, O'Sullivan DJ, Jagger DC. Chlorhexidine adsorption to anatase and rutile titanium dioxide. Colloids Surf A 2007;307:116-120. (Pubitemid 47198488)
54. Darouiche RO, Green G, Mansouri MD. Antimicrobial activity of antiseptic-coated orthopaedic devices. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998;10:83-86. (Pubitemid 28234365)
55. Heasman PA, Heasman L, Stacey F, McCracken GI. Local delivery of chlorhexidine gluconate (PerioChip) in periodontal maintenance patients. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:90-95. (Pubitemid 33755239)
56. Berger TJ, Spadaro JA, Chapin SE, Becker RO. Electrically generated silver ions: Quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976;9:357-358.
57. Melaiye AYW. Silver and its application as an antimicrobial agent. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005;15:125-130. (Pubitemid 40298270)
58. Li JX, Wang J, Shen LR, Xu ZJ, Li P, Wan GJ, Huang N. The influence of polyethylene terephthalate surfaces modified by silver ion implantation on bacterial adhesion behavior. Surf Coat Technol 2007;201:8155-8159. (Pubitemid 47074244)
59. Percival SL, Bowler PG, Russell D. Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care. J Hosp Infect 2005;60:1-7. (Pubitemid 40485843)
60. Bosetti M, Masse A, Tobin E, Cannas M. Silver coated materials for external fixation devices: In vitro biocompatibility and genotoxicity. Biomaterials 2002;23:887-892.
61. Hardes J, Ahrens H, Gebert C, Streitbuerger A, Buerger H, Erren M, Gunsel A, Wedemeyer C, Saxler G, Winkelmann W, Gosheger G. Lack of toxicological side-effects in silver-coated megaprostheses in humans. Biomaterials 2007;28:2869-2875. (Pubitemid 46482663)
62. Gosheger G, Hardes J, Ahrens H, Streitburger A, Buerger H, Erren M, Gunsel A, Kemper FH, Winkelmann W, Von Eiff C. Silver-coated megaendoprostheses in a rabbit model - an analysis of the infection rate and toxicological side effects. Biomaterials 2004;25:5547-5556. (Pubitemid 38610194)
63. Zhang W, Luo Y, Wang H, Jiang J, Pu S, Chu PK. Ag and Ag/N(2) plasma modification of polyethylene for the enhancement of antibacterial properties and cell growth/proliferation. Acta Biomater 2008;4:2028-2036.
64. Kwok SCH, Zhang W, Wan GJ, McKenzie DR, Bilek MMM, Chu PK. Hemocompatibility and anti-bacterial properties of silver-doped diamond-like carbon prepared by pulsed filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition. Diamond Relat Mater 2007;16:1353-1360. (Pubitemid 46566527)
65. Ewald A, Gluckermann SK, Thull R, Gbureck U. Antimicrobial titanium/silver PVD coatings on titanium. Biomed Eng Online 2006;5:22.
66. Chen W, Liu Y, Courtney HS, Bettenga M, Agrawal CM, Bumgardner JD, Ong JL. In vitro anti-bacterial and biological properties of magnetron co-sputtered silver-containing hydroxyapatite coating. Biomaterials 2006;27:5512-5517.
67. Rujitanaroj P-O, Pimpha N, Supaphol P. Wound-dressing materials with antibacterial activity from electrospun gelatin fiber mats containing silver nanoparticles. Polymer 2008;49:4723-4732.
68. Balamurugan A, Balossier G, Laurent-Maquin D, Pina S, Rebelo AH, Faure J, Ferreira JM. An in vitro biological and anti-bacterial study on a sol-gel derived silver-incorporated bioglass system. Dent Mater 2008;24:1343-1351.
69. Meinert K, Uerpmann C, Matschullat J, Wolf GK. Corrosion and leaching of silver doped ceramic IBAD coatings on SS 316L under simulated physiological conditions. Surf Coat Technol 1998;103-104:58-65. (Pubitemid 28469644)
70. Wan YZ, Raman S, He F, Huang Y. Surface modification of medical metals by ion implantation of silver and copper. Vacuum 2007;81:1114-1118. (Pubitemid 46719314)
71. Spadaro JA, Berger TJ, Barranco SD, Chapin SE, Becker RO. Antibacterial effects of silver electrodes with weak direct current. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974;6:637-642.
72. Secinti KD, Ayten M, Kahilogullari G, Kaygusuz G, Ugur HC, Attar A. Antibacterial effects of electrically activated vertebral implants. J Clin Neurosci 2008;15:434-439.
73. Wan YZ, Xiong GY, Liang H, Raman S, He F, Huang Y. Modification of medical metals by ion implantation of copper. Appl Surf Sci 2007;253:9426-9429. (Pubitemid 47374876)
74. Yoshinari M, Oda Y, Kato T, Okuda K. Influence of surface modifications to titanium on antibacterial activity in vitro. Biomaterials 2001;22:2043-2048. (Pubitemid 32567643)
75. Petrini P, Arciola CR, Pezzali I, Bozzini S, Montanaro L, Tanzi MC, Speziale P, Visai L. Antibacterial activity of zinc modified titanium oxide surface. Int J Artif Organs 2006;29:434-442. (Pubitemid 43918553)
76. Jeyachandran YL, Narayandass SaK, Mangalaraj D, Bao CY, Li W, Liao YM, Zhang CL, Xiao LY, Chen WC. A study on bacterial attachment on titanium and hydroxyapatite based films. Surf Coat Technol 2006;201:3462-3474. (Pubitemid 44743035)
77. Chin MY, Sandham A, de Vries J, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Biofilm formation on surface characterized micro-implants for skeletal anchorage in orthodontics. Biomaterials 2007;28:2032-2040. (Pubitemid 46176170)
78. Gallardo-Moreno AM, Pacha-Olivenza MA, Saldana L, Perez-Giraldo C, Bruque JM, Vilaboa N, Gonzalez-Martin ML. In vitro biocompatibility and bacterial adhesion of physico-chemically modified Ti6Al4V surface by means of UV irradiation. Acta Biomater 2009;5:181-192.
79. Gottenbos B, van der Mei HC, Klatter F, Grijpma DW, Feijen J, Nieuwenhuis P, Busscher HJ. Positively charged biomaterials exert antimicrobial effects on gram-negative bacilli in rats. Biomaterials 2003;24:2707-2710. (Pubitemid 36444593)
80. Harkes G, Feijen J, Dankert J. Adhesion of Escherichia coli on to a series of poly(methacrylates) differing in charge and hydrophobicity. Biomaterials 1991;12:853-860.
81. Verran J, Whitehead K. Factors affecting microbial adhesion to stainless steel and other materials used in medical devices. Int J Artif Organs 2005;28:1138-1145. (Pubitemid 43085406)
82. Legeay G, Poncin-Epaillard F, Arciola CR. New surfaces with hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics in relation to (no)bioadhesion. Int J Artif Organs 2006;29:453-461. (Pubitemid 43918555)
83. Koerner RJ, Butterworth LA, Mayer IV, Dasbach R, Busscher HJ. Bacterial adhesion to titanium-oxy-nitride (TiNOX) coatings with different resistivities: A novel approach for the development of biomaterials. Biomaterials 2002;23:2835-2840. (Pubitemid 34497072)
84. Anselme K. Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials. Biomaterials 2000;21:667-681.
85. Watanabe T, Nakajima A, Wang R, Minabe M, Koizumi S, Fujishima A, Hashimoto K. Photocatalytic activity and photoinduced hydrophilicity of titanium dioxide coated glass. Thin Solid Films 1999;351:260-263. (Pubitemid 32213768)
86. Aita H, Hori N, Takeuchi M, Suzuki T, Yamada M, Anpo M, Ogawa T. The effect of ultraviolet functionalization of titanium on integration with bone. Biomaterials 2009;30:1015-1025.
87. Del Curto B, Brunella MF, Giordano C, Pedeferri MP, Valtulina V, Visai L, Cigada A. Decreased bacterial adhesion to surface-treated titanium. Int J Artif Organs 2005;28:718-730. (Pubitemid 41167273)
88. Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 1972;238:37-38.
89. Zhang F, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Kang ET, Neoh KG. Silk-functionalized titanium surfaces for enhancing osteoblast functions and reducing bacterial adhesion. Biomaterials 2008;29:4751-4759.
90. Harris LG, Tosatti S, Wieland M, Textor M, Richards RG. Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to titanium oxide surfaces coated with non-functionalized and peptide-functionalized poly(L-lysine)-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers. Biomaterials 2004;25:4135-4148. (Pubitemid 38388578)
91. Singla AK, Chawla MM. Chitosan: Some pharmaceutical and biological aspects - AN update. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:1047-1067.
92. Muzzarelli RAA, Tarsi R, Filippini O, Giovanetti E, Biagini G, Varaldo PE. Antimicrobial properties of N-carboxybutyl chitosan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2019-2023.
93. Pitt WG, Morris RN, Mason ML, Hall MW, Luo Y, Prestwich GD. Attachment of hyaluronan to metallic surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;68:95-106.
94. Chua PH, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Wang W. Surface functionalization of titanium with hyaluronic acid/chitosan polyelectrolyte multilayers and RGD for promoting osteoblast functions and inhibiting bacterial adhesion. Biomaterials 2008;29:1412-1421.
95. Kim IY, Seo SJ, Moon HS, Yoo MK, Park IY, Kim BC, Cho CS. Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol Adv 2008;26:1-21. (Pubitemid 350138341)
96. Klokkevold PR, Vandemark L, Kenney EB, Bernard GW. Osteogenesis enhanced by chitosan (poly-N-acetyl glucosaminoglycan) in vitro. J Periodontol 1996;67:1170-1175. (Pubitemid 26413008)
97. Bumgardner JD, Wiser R, Gerard PD, Bergin P, Chesnutt B, Marini M, Ramsey V, Elder SH, Gilbert JA. Chitosan: potential use as a bioactive coating for orthopaedic and craniofacial/dental implants. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2003;14:423-438. (Pubitemid 36681493)
98. Lahiji A, Sohrabi A, Hungerford DS, Frondoza CG. Chitosan supports the expression of extracellular matrix proteins in human osteoblasts and chondrocytes. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;51:586-595. (Pubitemid 30450717)
99. Cai K, Yao K, Li Z, Yang Z, Li X. Rat osteoblast functions on the o-carboxymethyl chitosan-modified poly(D,L-lactic acid) surface. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2001;12:1303-1315. (Pubitemid 34187946)
100. Khor E, Lim LY. Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Biomaterials 2003;24:2339-2349.
101. Martin HJ, Schulz KH, Bumgardner JD, Walters KB. XPS study on the use of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to bond chitosan to a titanium surface. Langmuir 2007;23:6645-6651.
102. Martin HJ, Schulz KH, Bumgardner JD, Walters KB. An XPS study on the attachment of triethoxsilylbutyraldehyde to two titanium surfaces as a way to bond chitosan. Appl Surf Sci 2008;254:4599-4605.
103. Bumgardner JD, Chesnutt BM, Yuan Y, Yang Y, Appleford M, Oh S, McLaughlin R, Elder SH, Ong JL. The integration of chitosan-coated titanium in bone: an in vivo study in rabbits. Implant Dent 2007;16:66-79.
104. Wang J, de Boer J, de Groot K. Preparation and characterization of electrodeposited calcium phosphate/chitosan coating on Ti6Al4V plates. J Dent Res 2004;83:296-301. (Pubitemid 41713764)
105. Wang J, de Boer J, de Groot K. Proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on calcium phosphate/chitosan coatings. J Dent Res 2008;87:650-654.
106. Nablo BJ, Schoenfisch MH. In vitro cytotoxicity of nitric oxide-releasing sol-gel derived materials. Biomaterials 2005;26:4405-4415.
107. Mancinelli RL, McKay CP. Effects of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide on bacterial growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983;46:198-202.
108. Raulli R, McElhaney-Feser G, Hrabie JA, Cihlar RL. Antimicrobial properties of nitric oxide using diazeniumdiolates as the nitric oxide donor. Recent Res Devel Microbiol 2002;6:177-183.
109. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997;15:323-350.
110. Nablo BJ, Schoenfisch MH. Antibacterial properties of nitric oxide-releasing sol-gels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003;67:1276-1283.
111. Nablo BJ, Schoenfisch MH. Poly(vinyl chloride)-coated solgels for studying the effects of nitric oxide release on bacterial adhesion. Biomacromolecules 2004];5:2034-2041.
112. Nablo BJ, Rothrock AR, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide-releasing sol-gels as antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants. Biomaterials 2005;26:917-924.
113. Hetrick EM, Schoenfisch MH. Antibacterial nitric oxide-releasing xerogels: Cell viability and parallel plate flow cell adhesion studies. Biomaterials 2007;28:1948-1956.
114. Nablo BJ, Prichard HL, Butler RD, Klitzman B, Schoenfisch MH. Inhibition of implant-associated infections via nitric oxide release. Biomaterials 2005;26:6984-6990. (Pubitemid 41095521)
115. Engelsman AF, Krom BP, Busscher HJ, van Dam GM, Ploeg RJ, van der Mei HC. Antimicrobial effects of an NO-releasing poly(ethylene vinylacetate) coating on soft-tissue implants in vitro and in a murine model. Acta Biomater 2009;doi:10.1016/j.actbio. 2009.01.041.
116. Hanssen AD. Managing the infected knee: As good as it gets. J Arthroplasty 2002;17:98-101.
117. Suzuki Y, Tanihara M, Nishimura Y, Suzuki K, Kakimaru Y, Shimizu Y. A new drug delivery system with controlled release of antibiotic only in the presence of infection. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;42:112-116. (Pubitemid 28413003)
118. Ehrlich GD, Stoodley P, Kathju S, Zhao Y, McLeod BR, Balaban N, Hu FZ, Sotereanos NG, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Post JC, Lin Q. Engineering approaches for the detection and control of orthopaedic biofilm infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;437:59-66. (Pubitemid 41099067)