Radiation of the Australian flora: What can comparisons of molecular phylogenies across multiple taxa tell us about the evolution of diversity in present-day communities?

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 359, Issue 1450, 2004, Pages 1551-1571

  Crisp, Mike ^a   Cook, Lyn ^a   Steane, Dorothy ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Australia; Cenozoic; Climate change; Extinction; Molecular dating; Rapid radiation

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; FOSSIL RECORD; PALEOBOTANY; PHYLOGENY; PLIOCENE; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY);

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

ACACIA; ACER PENSYLVANICUM; ALLOCASUARINA; AMARANTHACEAE; ARAUCARIACEAE; BANKSIA; EMBRYOPHYTA; LEPIDIUM; NOTHOFAGUS; PISUM SATIVUM; PODOCARPACEAE;

EID: 8144226824     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1528     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (173)

1. Applequist, W. L. & Wallace, R. S. 2001 Phylogeny of the portulacaceous cohort based on ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 26, 406-419.
2. Barker, N. P., Linder, H. P. & Harley, E. H. 1998 Sequences of the grass-specific insert in the chloroplast rpoC2 gene elucidate generic relationships of the Arundinoideae (Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 23, 327-350.
3. Barker, N. P., Schrire, B. D. & Kim, J.-H. 2000 Generic relationships in the tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) based on morphology and sequence data from the plastid trnL intron and matK genes, and nuclear ITS (internal transcribed spacer) gene. In Advances in legume systematics, part 9 (ed. P. S. Herendeen & A. Bruneau), pp. 311-337. Kew, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens.
4. Barker, N. P., Linder, H. P., Morton, C. M. & Lyle, M. 2003 The paraphyly of Cortaderia (Danthonioideae; Poaceae): evidence from morphology and chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 90, 1-24.
5. Barlow, B. A. 1981 The Australian flora: its origin and evolution. In Flora of Australia, vol. 1. Introduction (ed. A. S. George), pp. 25-75. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
6. Barnes, R. W., Hill, R. S. & Bradford, J. C. 2001 The history of Cunoniaceae in Australia from macrofossil evidence. Aust. J. Bot. 49, 301-320.
7. Bateman, R. M. & DiMichelle, W. A. 1994 Saltational evolution of form in vascular plants: a neoGoldschmidtian synthesis. In Shape and form in plants and fungi (ed. D. S. Ingram & A. Hudson), pp. 63-102. London: Academic.
8. Baum, D. A., Small, R. L. & Wendel, J. F. 1998 Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple datasets. Syst. Biol. 47, 181-207.
9. Bayer, R. J., Greber, D. G. & Bagnall, N. H. 2002 Phylogeny of Australian Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear sequences, the trnL intron, trnL/trnF intergenic spacer, matK and ETS. Syst. Bot. 27, 801-814.
10. Beardsley, P. M. & Olmstead, R. G. 2002 Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae and Phryma. Am. J. Bot. 89, 1093-1102.
11. Bleeker, W., Franzke, A., Pollmann, K., Brown, A. H. D. & Hurka, H. 2002a Phylogeny and biogeography of Southern Hemisphere high-mountain Cardamine species (Brassicaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 15, 575-581.
12. Bleeker, W., Weber-Sparenberg, C. & Hurka, H. 2002b Chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography in the genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae). Pl. Biol. 4, 104-111.
13. Bowler, J. M. 1982 Aridity in the late Tertiary and Quaternary of Australia. In Evolution of the flora and fauna of arid Australia (ed. W. R. Barker & P. J. M. Greenslade), pp. 35-45. Glen Osmond, SA: Peacock Publications.
14. Bradford, J. C. & Barnes, R. W. 2001 Phylogenetics and classification of Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales) using chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Bot. 26, 354-385.
15. Breitwieser, I., Glenny, D. S., Thorne, A. & Wagstaff, S. J. 1999 Phylogenetic relationships in Australasian Gnaphalieae (Compositae) inferred from ITS sequences. NZ J. Bot. 37, 399-412.
16. Brown, A. H. D., Doyle, J. L., Grace, J. P. & Doyle, J. J. 2002 Molecular phylogenetic relationships within and among diploid races of Glycine tomentella (Leguminosae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 15, 37-47.
17. Brown, G. K., Udovicic, F. & Ladiges, P. Y. 2001 Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera (Myrtaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 14, 565-585.
18. Brown, J. H. & Lomolino, M. V. 1998 Biogeography. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
19. Burbidge, N. T. 1960 The phytogeography of the Australian region. Aust. J. Bot. 8, 75-209.
20. Carpenter, R. J., Jordan, G. J. & Hill, R. S. 1994 Banksieaephyllum taylorii (Proteaceae) from the Late Paleocene of New South Wales and its relevance to the origin of Australia's scleromorphic flora. Aust. Syst. Bot. 7, 385-392.
21. Chanderbali, A. S., Van der Werff, H. & Renner, S. S. 2001 Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Lauraceae: evidence from the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 88, 104-134.
22. Chandler, G. T. & Plunkett, G. M. 2004 Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144, 123-147.
23. Chandler, G. T., Bayer, R. J. & Crisp, M. D. 2001 A molecular phylogeny of the endemic Australian genus Gastrolobium (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) and allied genera using chloroplast and nuclear markers. Am. J. Bot. 88, 1675-1687.
24. Chase, M. W., De Bruijn, A. Y., Cox, A. V., Reeves, C., Rudall, P. J., Johnson, M. A. T. & Eguiarte, L. E. 2000 Phylogenetics of Asphodelaceae (Asparagales): an analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences. Ann. Bot. Lond. 86, 935-951.
25. Christophel, D. C. & Greenwood, D. R. 1988 A comparison of Australian tropical rainforest and Tertiary fossil leaf-beds. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 15, 139-148.
26. Colls, K. & Whitaker, R. 2001 The Australian weather book. Sydney: Reed New Holland.
27. Conran, J. G., Wood, G. M., Martin, P. G., Dowd, J. M., Quinn, C. J., Gadek, P. A. & Price, R. A. 2000 Generic relationships within and between the gymnosperm families Podocarpaceae and Phyllocladaceae based on an analysis of the chloroplast gene rbcL. Aust. J. Bot. 48, 715-724.
28. Conway Morris, S. 1998 The evolution of diversity in ancient ecosystems: a review. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353, 327-345. (doi:10.1098/rstb.1998. 0213)
29. Cox, C. B. & Moore, P. D. 1993 Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
30. Crisp, M. D. 1996 The monsoon tropics: gateway or refugium? Aust. Syst. Bot. 9, preface.
31. Crisp, M. D. & Cook, L. G. 2003a Molecular evidence for definition of genera in the Oxylobium group (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). Syst. Bot. 28, 705-713.
32. Crisp, M. D. & Cook, L. G. 2003b Phylogeny and embryo sac evolution in the endemic Australasian papilionoid tribes Mirbelieae and Bossiaeeae. In Advances in legume systematics, part 10. Higher level systematics (ed. B. B. Klitgaard & A. Bruneau), pp. 253-268. Kew, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens.
33. Crisp, M. D. & Cook, L. G. 2003c Phylogeny and evolution of anomalous roots in Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164, 603-612.
34. Crisp, M. D., Linder, H. P. & Weston, P. H. 1995 Cladistic biogeography of plants in Australia and New Guinea: congruent pattern reveals two endemic tropical tracks. Syst. Biol. 44, 457-473.
35. Crisp, M. D., Laffan, S., Linder, H. P. & Monro, A. 2001 Endemism in the Australian flora. J. Biogeogr. 28, 183-198.
36. Cross, E. W., Quinn, C. J. & Wagstaff, S. J. 2002 Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of Olearia (Astereae: Asteraceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 235, 99-120.
37. Denda, T., Watanabe, K. & Ito, M. 1999 Molecular phylogeny of Brachycome (Asteraceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 217, 299-312.
38. Dettman, M. E. 1994 Cretaceous vegetation: the microfossil record. In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 143-170. Cambridge University Press.
39. Dodson, J. R. & Macphail, M. K. 2004 Palynological evidence for aridity events and vegetation change during the Middle Pliocene, a warm period in southwestern Australia. Global Planet. Change. (In the press.)
40. Donoghue, M. J. & Moore, B. R. 2003 Toward an integrative historical biogeography. Integr. Comp. Biol. 43, 261-270.
41. Doyle, J. J., Doyle, J. L., Rauscher, J. T. & Brown, A. H. D. 2004 Diploid and polyploid reticulate evolution throughout the history of the perennial soybeans (Glycine subgenus Glycine). New Phytol. 161, 121-132.
42. Edwards, K. J. & Gadek, P. A. 2001 Evolution and biogeography of Alectryon (Sapindaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 20, 14-26.
43. Ericson, P. G. P., Christidis, L., Cooper, A., Irestedt, M., Jackson, J., Johansson, U. S. & Norman, J. A. 2002 A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 235-241. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1877)
44. Florindo, F., Cooper, A. K. & O'Brien, P. E. 2003 Introduction to 'Antarctic Cenozoic palaeoenvironments: geologic record and models'. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. 198, 1-9.
45. Fortey, R. A., Briggs, D. E. G. & Wills, M. A. 1996 The Cambrian evolutionary 'explosion'; decoupling cladogenesis from morphological disparity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 57, 13-33.
46. Frakes, L. A. 1999 Evolution of Australian environments. In Flora of Australia, vol. 1. Introduction (ed. A. E. Orchard), pp. 163-203. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
47. Friis, E. M., Pedersen, K. R. & Schonenberger, J. 2003 Endressianthus, a new Normapolles-producing plant genus of Fagalean affinity from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164 (Suppl.), S201-S223.
48. Gadek, P. A., Wilson, P. G. & Quinn, C. J. 1996 Phylogenetic reconstruction in Myrtaceae using matK, with particular reference to the position of Psiloxylon and Heteropyxis. Aust. Syst. Bot. 9, 283-290.
49. Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M. & Quinn, C. J. 2000 Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. Am. J. Bot. 87, 1044-1057.
50. Gallagher, S. J., Greenwood, D. R., Taylor, D., Smith, A. J., Wallace, M. W. & Holdgate, G. R. 2003 The Pliocene climatic and environmental evolution of southeastern Australia: evidence from the marine and terrestrial realm. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. 193, 349-382.
51. Garcia, V. F. & Olmstead, R. G. 2003 Phylogenetics of tribe Anthocercideae (Solanaceae) based on ndhF and trnL/F sequence data. Syst. Bot. 28, 609-615.
52. Gilmore, S. & Hill, K. D. 1997 Relationships of the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis) and a molecular phylogeny of the Araucariaceae. Telopea 7, 275-291.
53. Greenwood, D. R. 1994 Palaeobotanical evidence for Tertiary climates. In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 44-59. Cambridge University Press.
54. Greenwood, D. R. 1996 Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia? Aust. Syst. Bot. 9, 95-112.
55. Guerin, G. & Hill, R. S. 2003 Gymnostoma tasmanianum sp nov., a fossil Casuarinaceae from the Early Oligocene of Little Rapid River, Tasmania, Australia. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164, 629-634.
56. Gustaffson, M. H. G., Backlund, A. & Bremer, B. 1996 Phylogeny of the Asterales sensu lato based on rbcL sequences with particular reference to the Goodeniaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 199, 217-242.
57. Harrington, M. G. & Gadek, P. A. 2004 Molecular systematics of the Acmena alliance (Myrtaceae): phylogenetic analyses and evolutionary implications with reference to Australian taxa. Aust. Syst. Bot. 17, 63-72.
58. Hewson, H. J. 1982 Brassicaceae. In Flora of Australia, vol. 8. Lecythidales to Batales (ed. A. S. George), pp. 231-357. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
59. Hill, K. D., Chase, M. W., Stevenson, D. W., Hills, H. G. & Schutzman, B. 2003 The families and genera of cycads: a molecular phylogenetic analysis of cycadophyta based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164, 933-948.
60. Hill, R. S. 1994a The history of selected Australian taxa. In History of Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 390-419. Cambridge University Press.
61. Hill, R. S. 1994b In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. Cambridge University Press.
62. Hill, R. S. 2001 Biogeography, evolution and palaeoecology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae): the contribution of the fossil record. Aust. J. Bot. 49, 321-332.
63. Hill, R. S. 2004 Origins of the southeastern Australian vegetation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 1537-1549. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1526)
64. Hill, R. S. & Brodribb, T. J. 1999 Southern conifers in time and space. Aust. J. Bot. 47, 639-696.
65. Hill, R. S., Scriven, L. J. & Jordan, G. J. 1995 The fossil record of Australian Proteaceae. In Flora of Australia, vol. 16. Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 (ed. P. McCarthy), pp. 21-30. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Australia.
66. Hill, R. S., Truswell, E. M., McLoughlin, S. & Dettman, M. E. 1999 The evolution of the Australian flora: fossil evidence. In Flora of Australia, vol. 1. Introduction (ed. A. E. Orchard), pp. 251-320. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
67. Hoot, S. B. & Douglas, A. W. 1998 Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region sequences. Aust. Syst. Bot. 11, 301-320.
68. Hopper, S. D. & Gioa, P. 2004 The southwest Australian floristic region: evolution and conservation of a global hotspot of biodiversity. A. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35. (In the press.)
69. Hopper, S. D., Fay, M. F. & Chase, M. W. 1999 A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the bloodroot and kangaroo paw family, Haemodoraceae: taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation implications. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 131, 285-299.
70. Howarth, D. G., Gustafsson, M. H. G., Baum, D. A. & Motley, T. J. 2003 Phylogenetics of the genus Scaevola (Goodeniaceae): implication for dispersal patterns across the Pacific Basin and colonization of the Hawaiian Islands. Am. J. Bot. 90, 915-923.
71. Hsiao, C., Jacobs, S. W. L., Barker, N. P. & Chatterton, N. J. 1998 A molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Arundinoideae (Poaceae) based on sequences of rDNA. Aust. Syst. Bot. 11, 41-52.
72. Jordan, G. J. 1997 Evidence of Pleistocene plant extinction and diversity from Regatta Point, western Tasmania, Australia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 123, 45-71.
73. Jordan, G. J. & Hill, R. S. 1999 The phylogenetic affinities of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) leaf fossils based on combined molecular and morphological data. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 160, 1177-1188.
74. Jordan, G. J. & Macphail, M. K. 2003 A Middle-Late Eocene inflorescence of Caryophyllaceae from Tasmania, Australia. Am. J. Bot. 90, 761-768.
75. Jousselin, E., Rasplus, J. Y. & Kjellberg, F. 2003 Convergence and coevolution in a mutualism: evidence from a molecular phylogeny of Ficus. Evolution 57, 1255-1269.
76. Kadereit, G., Borsch, T., Weising, K. & Freitag, H. 2003 Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C-4 photosynthesis. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 164, 959-986.
77. Karehed, J., Lundberg, J., Bremer, B. & Bremer, K. 1999 Evolution of the Australasian families Alseuosmiaceae, Argophyllaceae and Phellinaceae. Syst. Bot. 24, 660-682.
78. Karol, K. G., Suh, Y. B., Schatz, G. E. & Zimmer, E. A. 2000 Molecular evidence for the phylogenetic position of Takhtajania in the Winteraceae: inference from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast gene spacer sequences. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 87, 414-432.
79. Kefu, Z., Hai, F., San, Z. & Jie, S. 2003 Study on the salt and drought tolerance of Suaeda salsa and Kalanchoe claigremontiana under iso-osmotic salt and water stress. Pl. Sci. 165, 837-844.
80. Kelch, D. G. 1998 Phylogeny of Podocarpaceae: comparison of evidence from morphology and 18S rDNA. Am. J. Bot. 85, 986-996.
81. Kelch, D. G. 2002 Phylogenetic assessment of the monotypic genera Sundacarpus and Manoao (Coniferales: Podocarpaceae) utilising evidence from 18S rDNA sequences. Aust. Syst. Bot. 15, 29-35.
82. Kenrick, P. & Crane, P. 1997 Smithsonian series in comparative evolutionary biology. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
83. Kershaw, A. P., Martin, H. A. & McEwen Mason, J. R. C. 1994 The Neogene: a period of transition. In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 299-327. Cambridge University Press.
84. Korall, P. & Kenrick, P. 2002 Phylogenetic relationships in Selaginellaceae based on rbcL sequences. Am. J. Bot. 89, 506-517.
85. Korall, P., Kenrick, P. & Therrien, J. P. 1999 Phylogeny of Selaginellaceae: evaluation of generic subgeneric relationships based on rbcL gene sequences. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 160, 585-594.
86. Kores, P. J., Weston, P. H., Molvray, M. & Chase, M. W. 2000 Phylogenetic relationships within Diurideae: inferences from plastid matK DNA sequences. In Monocots: systematics and evolution (ed. K. L. Wilson & D. A. Morrison), pp. 449-456. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
87. Kores, P. J., Molvray, M., Weston, P. H., Hopper, S. D., Brown, A. P., Cameron, K. M. & Chase, M. W. 2001 A phylogenetic analysis of Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on plastid DNA sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 88, 1903-1914.
88. Kroenke, L. W. 1996 Plate tectonic development of the western and southwestern Pacific: Mesozoic to the present. In The origin and evolution of Pacific island biotas, New Guinea to eastern Polynesia: patterns and processes (ed. A. Keast & S. E. Miller), pp. 19-34. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing.
89. Ladiges, P. Y., Humphries, C. J. & Brooker, M. I. H. 1987 Cladistic and biogeographic analysis of Western Australian species of Eucalyptus L'Herit., informal subgenus Monocalyptus Pryor & Johnson. Aust. J. Bot. 35, 251-281.
90. Ladiges, P. Y., McFadden, G. I. & Udovicic, F. 1999 Phylogeny of Melaleuca, Callistemon, and related genera of the Beaufortia Suballiance (Myrtaceae). based on 5S and ITS-1 spacer regions of nrDNA. Cladistics 15, 151-172.
91. Ladiges, P. Y., Udovicic, F. & Nelson, G. 2003 Australian biogeographical connections and the phylogeny of large genera in the plant family Myrtaceae. J. Biogeogr. 30, 989-998.
92. Lam, N., Wilson, P. G., Heslewood, M. M. & Quinn, C. J. 2002 A phylogenetic analysis of the Chamelaucium alliance (Myrtaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 15, 535-543.
93. Lawver, L. A. & Gahagan, L. M. 2003 Evolution of Cenozoic seaways in the circum-Antarctic region. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. 198, 11-37.
94. Linder, H. P. & Crisp, M. D. 1995 Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11, 5-32.
95. Linder, H. P. & Hardy, C. R. 2004 Evolution of the species-rich Cape flora. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 1623-1632. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1534)
96. Linder, H. P., Eldenas, P. K. & Briggs, B. G. 2003 Contrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Restionaceae. Evolution 57, 2688-2702.
97. Liu, Q., Brubaker, C. L., Green, A. G., Marshall, D. R., Sharp, P. J. & Singh, S. P. 2001 Evolution of the FAD2-1 fatty acid desaturase 5′ UTR intron and the molecular systematics of Gossypium (Malvaceae). Am. J. Bot. 88, 92-102.
98. Lockhart, P. J., McLenachan, P. A., Harell, D., Glenny, D., Huson, D. & Jensen, U. 2001 Phylogeny, radiation, and transoceanic dispersal of New Zealand alpine buttercups: molecular evidence under split decomposition. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 88, 458-477.
99. Lowrey, T. K., Quinn, C. J., Taylor, R. K., Chan, R., Kimball, R. T. & de Nardi, J. C. 2001 Molecular and morphological reassessment of relationships within the Vittadinia group of Astereae (Asteraceae). Am. J. Bot. 88, 1279-1289.
100. Lundberg, J. 2001 The asteralean affinity of the Mauritian Roussea (Rousseaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 137, 267-276.
101. McLoughlin, S. 2001 The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism. Aust. J. Bot. 49, 271-300.
102. Macphail, M. K., Alley, N. F., Truswell, E. M. & Sluiter, I. R. K. 1994 Early Tertiary vegetation: evidence from spores and pollen. In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 189-261. Cambridge University Press.
103. Manos, P. S. 1997 Systematics of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) based on rDNA spacer sequences (ITS): taxonomic congruence with morphology and plastid sequences. Am. J. Bot. 84, 1137-1155.
104. Manos, P. S. & Steele, K. P. 1997 Phylogenetic analyses of higher Hamamelididae based on plastid sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 84, 1407-1419.
105. Mant, J. G., Bayer, R. J., Crisp, M. D. & Trueman, J. W. H. 2000 A phylogeny of Triodieae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) based on the ITS region of nrDNA: testing conflict between anatomical and inflorescence characters. In Grasses: systematics and evolution (ed. S. W. L. Jacobs & J. Everett), pp. 213-217. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
106. Martin, H. A. 1994 Australian Tertiary phytogeography: evidence from palynology. In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 104-142. Cambridge University Press.
107. Mast, A. R. 1998 Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography. Aust. Syst. Bot. 11, 321-342.
108. Mast, A. R. & Givnish, T. J. 2002 Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on their cpDNA phylogeny. Am. J. Bot. 89, 1311-1323.
109. Meerow, A. W., Lehmiller, D. J. & Clayton, J. R. 2003 Phylogeny and biogeography of Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from nuclear and limited plastid non-coding DNA sequences. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141, 349-363.
110. Miller, J. T., Andrew, R. & Bayer, R. J. 2003a Molecular phylogenetics of the Australian acacias of subg. Phyllodineae (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) based on the trnK intron. Aust. J. Bot. 51, 167-177.
111. Miller, J. T., Grimes, J. W., Murphy, D. J., Bayer, R. J. & Ladiges, P. Y. 2003b A phylogenetic analysis of the Acacieae and Ingeae (Mimosoideae: Fabaceae) based on trnK, matK, psbA-trnH, and trnL/trnF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 28, 558-566.
112. Muasya, A. M., Simpson, D. A., Chase, M. W. & Culham, A. 2001 A phylogeny of Isolepis (Cyperaceae) inferred using plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequence data. Syst. Bot. 26, 342-353.
113. Muasya, A. M., Simpson, D. A. & Chase, M. W. 2002 Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperus L. sensu lato (Cyperaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 138, 145-153.
114. Mummenhoff, K., Bruggemann, H. & Bowman, J. L. 2001 Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and biogeography of Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 88, 2051-2063.
115. Mummenhoff, K., Linder, P., Friesen, N., Bowman, J. L., Lee, J. Y. & Franzke, A. 2004 Molecular evidence for bicontinental hybridogenous genomic constitution in Lepidium sensu stricto (Brassicaceae) species from Australia and New Zealand. Am. J. Bot. 91, 254-261.
116. Murphy, D. J., Miller, J. T., Bayer, R. J. & Ladiges, P. Y. 2003 Molecular phylogeny of Acacia subgenus Phyllodineae (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Aust. Syst. Bot. 16, 19-26.
117. Nelson, E. C. 1974 Disjunct plant distributions on the southwestern Nullarbor Plain, Western Australia. J. R. Soc. Western Aust. 57, 105-116.
118. Nelson, G. & Ladiges, P. 2001 Gondwana, vicariance biogeography and the New York School revisited. Aust. J. Bot. 49, 389-409.
119. O'Brien, M. M., Quinn, C. J. & Wilson, P. G. 2000 Molecular systematics of the Leptospermum suballiance (Myrtaceae). Aust. J. Bot. 48, 621-628.
120. Perrie, L. R., Brownsey, P. J., Lockhart, P. J., Brown, E. A. & Large, M. F. 2003 Biogeography of temperate Australasian Polystichum ferns as inferred from chloroplast sequence and AFLP. J. Biogeogr. 30, 1729-1736.
121. Pfeil, B. E., Brubaker, C. L., Craven, L. A. & Crisp, M. D. 2002 Phylogeny of Hibiscus and the tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) using chloroplast DNA sequences of ndhF and the rpl16 intron. Syst. Bot. 27, 333-350.
122. Posada, D. & Crandall, K. A. 1998 MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817-818.
123. Potgieter, K. & Albert, V. A. 2001 Phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae sensu lato based on trnL intron and trnL-F spacer sequences and propagule characters. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 88, 523-549.
124. Pybus, O. G. & Harvey, P. H. 2000 Testing macro-evolutionary models using incomplete molecular phylogenies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 2267-2272. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1278)
125. Pye, M. G., Gadek, P. A. & Edwards, K. J. 2003 Divergence, diversity and species of the Australasian Callitris (Cupressaceae) and allied genera: evidence from ITS sequence data. Aust. Syst. Bot. 16, 505-514.
126. Quilty, P. G. 1994 The background: 144 million years of Australian palaeoclimate and palaeogeography. In History of the Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent (ed. R. S. Hill), pp. 14-43. Cambridge University Press.
127. Quinn, C. J., Crayn, D. M., Heslewood, M. M., Brown, E. A. & Gadek, P. A. 2003 A molecular estimate of the phylogeny of Styphelieae (Ericaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 16, 581-594.
128. Reeves, G., Chase, M. W., Goldblatt, P., Rudall, P., Fay, M. F., Cox, A. V., Lejeune, B. & Souza-Chies, T. 2001 Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. Am. J. Bot. 88, 2074-2087.
129. Richardson, J. E., Fay, M. F., Cronk, Q. C. B., Bowman, D. & Chase, M. W. 2000 A phylogenetic analysis of Rhamnaceae using rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 87, 1309-1324.
130. Rivadavia, F., Kondo, K., Kato, M. & Hasebe, M. 2003 Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 90, 123-130.
131. Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. 2003 MRBAYES, v. 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572-1574.
132. Rozefelds, A. C. 1996 Eucalyptus phylogeny and history: a brief summary. Tasforests 8, 15-26.
133. Sage, R. F. 2004 The evolution of C-4 photosynthesis. New Phytol. 161, 341-370.
134. Sanderson, M. J. 1997 A non-parametric approach to estimating divergence times in the absence of rate constancy. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 1218-1231.
135. Sanderson, M. J. 1998 Reappraising adaptive radiation. Am. J. Bot. 85, 1650-1655.
136. Sanderson, M. J. 2002 Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized likelihood approach. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 101-109.
137. Sanderson, M. J. 2003 r8s: inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock. Bioinformatics 19, 301-302.
138. Sanderson, M. J. & Donoghue, M. J. 1996 Reconstructing shifts in diversification rates on phylogenetic trees. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11, 15-20.
139. Sanmartín, I. & Ronquist, F. 2004 Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Syst. Biol. 53, 216-243.
140. Schluter, D. 2000 The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford University Press.
141. Schodde, R. 1989 Origins, radiations and sifting in the Australasian biota: changing concepts from new data and old. Aust. Syst. Bot. Soc. Newslett. 60, 2-11.
142. Schuettpelz, E. & Hoot, S. B. 2004 Phylogeny and biogeography of Caltha (Ranunculaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 91, 247-253.
143. Scotland, R. W. & Sanderson, M. J. 2004 The signifcance of few versus many in the tree of life. Science 303, 643.
144. Scott, K. D., McIntyre, C. L. & Playford, J. 2000 Molecular analyses suggest a need for a significant rearrangement of Rutaceae subfamilies and a minor reassessment of species relationships within Flindersia. Pl. Syst. Evol. 223, 15-27.
145. Scriven, L. J. & Hill, R. S. 1995 Macrofossil Casuarinaceae: their identification and the oldest macrofossil record, Gymnostoma antiquum sp. nov., from the late Paleocene of New South Wales, Australia. Aust. Syst. Bot. 8, 1035-1053.
146. Seelanan, T., Brubaker, C. L., Stewart, J. M., Craven, L. A. & Wendel, J. F. 1999 Molecular systematics of Australian Gossypium section Grandicalyx (Malvaceae). Syst. Bot. 24, 183-208.
147. Seelanan, T., Schnabel, A. & Wendel, J. F. 1997 Congruence and consensus in the cotton tribe (Malvaceae). Syst. Bot. 22, 259-290.
148. Setoguchi, H., Ono, M., Doi, Y., Koyama, H. & Tsuda, M. 1997 Molecular phylogeny of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) based on the atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer of the chloroplast DNA. J. Pl. Res. 110, 469-484.
149. Setoguchi, H., Osawa, T. A., Pintaud, J.-C., Jaffré, T. & Veillon, J.-M. 1998 Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences. Am. J. Bot. 85, 1507-1516.
150. Smissen, R. D., Garnock-Jones, P. J. & Chambers, G. K. 2003 Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences suggests a Pliocene origin for the bipolar distribution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 16, 301-315.
151. Soreng, R. J. 1990 Chloroplast-DNA phylogenetics and biogeography in a reticulating group: study in Poa (Poaceae). Am. J. Bot. 11, 1383-1400.
152. Steane, D. A., Nicolle, D., McKinnon, G. E., Vaillancourt, R. E. & Potts, B. M. 2002 Higher-level relationships among the eucalypts are resolved by ITS sequence data. Aust. Syst. Bot. 15, 49-62.
153. Steane, D. A., Wilson, K. L. & Hill, R. S. 2003 Using matK sequence data to unravel the phylogeny of Casuarinaceae. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 28, 47-59.
154. Swofford, D. L. 2002 PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
155. Takhtajan, A. 1986 Floristic regions of the world. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
156. Treutlein, J. & Wink, M. 2002 Molecular phylogeny of cycads inferred from rbcL sequences. Naturwissenschaften 89, 221-225.
157. Vijverberg, K., Mes, T. H. M. & Bachmann, K. 1999 Chloroplast DNA evidence for the evolution of Microseris (Asteraceae) in Australia and New Zealand after long-distance dispersal from western North America. Am. J. Bot. 86, 1448-1463.
158. von Hagen, K. B. & Kadereit, J. W. 2001 The phylogeny of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) and its colonization of the southern hemisphere as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Org. Divers. Evol. 1, 61-79.
159. Wagstaff, S. J., Heenan, P. B. & Sanderson, M. J. 1999 Classification, origins, and patterns of diversification in New Zealand Carmichaelinae (Fabaceae). Am. J. Bot. 86, 1346-1356.
160. Wanntorp, L. & Wanntorp, H.-E. 2003 The biogeography of Gunnera L.: vicariance and dispersal. J. Biogeogr. 30, 979-987.
161. Whitlock, B. A., Bayer, C. & Baum, D. A. 2001 Phylogenetic relationships and floral evolution of the Byttnerioideae ('Sterculiaceae' or Malvaceae sensu lato) based on sequences of the chloroplast gene, ndhF. Syst. Bot. 26, 420-437.
162. Wikstrom, N. 2001 Diversification and relationships of extant homosporous lycopods. Am. Fern J. 91, 150-165.
163. Wikstrom, N. & Kenrick, P. 2001 Evolution of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida): estimating divergence times from rbcL gene sequences by use of non-parametric rate smoothing. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 19, 177-186.
164. Wikstrom, N., Kenrick, P. & Vogel, J. C. 2002 Schizaeaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 119, 35-50.
165. Wilson, P. G. 1984 Chenopodiaceae. In Flora of Australia, vol. 4. Phytolaccaceae to Chenopodiaceae (ed. A. S. George), pp. 81-317. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
166. Wilson, P. G., O'Brien, M. M., Gadek, P. A. & Quinn, C. J. 2001 Myrtaceae revisited: a reassessment of infrafamilial groups. Am. J. Bot. 88, 2013-2025.
167. Wojciechowski, M. F. 2002 Reconstructing the phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae): an early 21st century perspective. In Advances in legume systematics, part 10. Higher level systematics (ed. B. B. Klitgaard & A. Bruneau), pp. 5-35. Kew, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens.
168. Wojciechowski, M. F., Sanderson, M. J., Steele, K. P. & Liston, A. 2000 Molecular phylogeny of the 'temperate herbaceous tribes' of papilionoid legumes: a supertree approach. In. Advances in legume systematics, part 9 (ed. P. S. Herendeen & A. Bruneau), pp. 277-298. Kew, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens.
169. Woodburne, M. O. & Case, J. A. 1996 Dispersal, vicariance, and the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary land mammal biogeography from South America to Australia. J. Mamm. Evol. 3, 121-161.
170. Woodward, F. I., Lomas, M. R. & Kelly, C. K. 2004 Global climate and the distribution of plant biomes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 1465-1476. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2004. 1525)
171. Yatabe, Y., Nishida, H. & Murakami, N. 1999 Phylogeny of Osmundaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences and comparison to the fossil evidences. J. Pl. Res. 112, 397-404.
172. Yukawa, T. & Uehara, K. 1996 Vegetative diversification and radiation in subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae): evidence from chloroplast DNA phylogeny and anatomical characters. Pl. Syst. Evol. 201, 1-14.
173. Yukawa, T., Ohba, H., Cameron, K. M. & Chase, M. W. 1996 Chloroplast DNA phylogeny of subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae): insights from a combined analysis based on rbcL sequences and restriction site variation. J. Pl. Res. 109, 169-176.