The Cambrian evolutionary 'explosion': Decoupling cladogenesis from morphological disparity

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 13-33

  Fortey, R A ^a   Briggs, D E G ^b   Wills, M A ^c  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^c SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive radiation; Basal Cambrian; Cladistics; Ghost ranges; Metazoan phylogeny; Vendozoa

Indexed keywords

EID: 4243344109     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01693.x     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Averof M, Akam M. 1993. HOM/Hox genes of Artemia: implications of insect and crustacean body plans. Current Biology 3: 73-78.
2. Ballard JWO, Olden GJ, Faith DP, Odgers WA, Rowell DM, Atkinson PW. 1992. Evidence from 12S Ribosomal RNA sequences that onychophorans are modified arthropods. Science 258: 1345-1348.
3. Bassett MG, Homer LE, Popov LE, Laurie J. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis and classification of the Brachiopoda - reply and comments. Lethaia 26: 385-386.
4. Bengtson S, ed. 1995. Early Life on Earth. Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 84, Columbia University Press.
5. Benton MJ, ed. 1993. The Fossil Record 2. London and New York: Chapman & Hall.
6. Bergström J. 1973 Organisation, life and systematics of trilobites. Fossils and Strata 1: 1-63.
7. Bergström J. 1989. The origin of animal phyla and the new phylum Procoelomata. Lethaia 22: 259-269.
8. Boaden PJS. 1975. Anaerobiosis, meiofauna and early metazoan evolution, Zoologica Scripta 4: 21-24.
9. Boaden PJS. 1989. Meiofauna and the origin of the Metazoa. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 96: 217-227.
10. Bowring SA, Grotzinger JP, Isachen CE, Knoll AH, Pelechaty SM, Kolosov P. 1993. Calibrating rates of early Cambrian evolution. Science 261: 1293-1298.
11. Briggs DEG, Fortey RA, 1989. The early radiation and relationships of the major Arthropod groups. Science 246: 241-243.
12. Briggs DEG, Fortey RA, Wills MA. 1992a. Morphological disparity in the Cambrian. Science 256: 1670-1673.
13. Briggs DEG, Fortey RA, Wills MA. 1992b. Cambrian and Recent morphological disparity. Reply to Foote Gould and Lee. Science 258: 1816-1818.
14. Briggs DEG, Fortey RA, Wills MA. 1993. How big was the Cambrian evolutionary explosion? A taxonomic and morphological comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. In: Lees, DR, Edwards D, eds. Evolutionary patterns and processes. Linnean Society Symposium Series 14: 33-44.
15. Briggs DEG, Erwin DH, Collier FJ. 1994. The fossils of the Burgess Shale. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
16. Brusca RC, Brusca GJ. 1990. Invertebrates. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.
17. Budd GE. 1993. A Cambrian gilled lobopod from Greenland. Nature 364: 709-711.
18. Bulman OMB. 1970. Graptolithina. In: Teichert C, ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part V. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas.
19. Buss LW, Seilacher A. 1994. The Phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa. Paleobiology 20: 1-4.
20. Butterfield NJ. 1994. Burgess Shale-type fossils from a Lower Cambrian shallow-shelf sequence in northwestern Canada. Nature 369: 477-479.
21. Carlson SJ, 1994. Investigating brachiopod phylogeny and classification - response to Popov et al. 1993. Lethaia 26: 383-384.
22. Carrwright P, Dick M, Buss LW. 1993. HOM/Hox type homeoboxes in the chelicerate Limulus polyphemus.. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 2: 185-192.
23. Chen J-Y, Ramsköld L, Zhou G-Q. 1994. Evidence for monophyly and arthropod affinity of Cambrian giant predator. Science 264: 1304-1308.
24. Conway Morris S. 1993a. The fossil record and the early evolution of the Metazoa. Nature 361: 219-225
25. Conway Morris S. 1993b. Ediacaran-like fossils in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type faunas of North America. Palaeontology 36: 593-635.
26. Conway Morris S, Peel JS. 1990. Articulated halkeriids from the Lower Cambrian of north Greenland. Nature 345: 802-805.
27. Conway Morris S, Peel JS. 1995. Articulated halkeriids from the Lower Cambrian of north Greenland and their role in early protostome evolution. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society Series B 347: 305-358.
28. Crimes TP, 1992. Changes in the trace fossil biota across the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary, Journal of the Geological Society of London 149: 637-646.
29. Dewel RA, Nelson DR, Dewel WC. 1993. Tardigrada. Microscopic anatomy of Invertebrates, vol. 12: Onychophora, Chilopoda and lesser Protostomata, 143-183.
30. Durman P, Sennikov NV. 1993. A new rhabdopleurid hemichordate from the Middle Cambrian of Siberia. Palaeontology 36: 283-302.
31. Dzik J, Krumbiegel G. 1989. The oldest onychophoran Xenusion: a link connecting phyla? Lethaia 22: 169-182.
32. Erwin DH. 1991. Metazoan phylogeny and the Cambrian radiation. Tree 6: 131-134.
33. Eernisse DJ, Albert JS, Anderson FE. 1992. Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: a phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology. Systematic Biology 41: 305-330.
34. Foote M, Gould SJ. 1992. Cambrian and Recent morphological disparity. Science 258: 1816.
35. Fortey RA, Owens RM. 1990. Evolutionary radiations in the Trilobita. In: Taylor PD, Larwood G, eds. Major Evolutionary Radiations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 139-164.
36. Fortey RA, Theron HA. 1995. A new Ordovician arthropod. Soomaspis, and the agnostid problem. Palaeontology 37: 841-861.
37. Gehling JG. 1987. Earliest known echinoderm - a new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia. Alcheringa 11: 337-345.
38. Gehling JG. 1991. The case for Ediacaran fossil roots to the Metazoan tree. In: Radhakrishna BP, ed. The world of Martin Glaessner. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India 20: 181-223.
39. Glaessner MF. 1984. The dawn of animal life: a biohistorical study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Gould SJ. 1989. Wonderful Life. The Burgess Shale and the nature of history. New York: Norton and Co.
41. Gould SJ. 1991. The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace. Paleobiology 17: 411-423.
42. Gould SJ. 1993. How to analyze Burgess Shale disparity - a reply to Ridley. Paleobiology 19: 522-523.
43. Harvey PH, Read AF. 1988. How and why do mammalian life histories vary? In: Boyce MS, ed. Evolution of Lift Histories: Pattern and Process from Mammals. New Haven: Yale University Press. 213-232.
44. Haszprunar G. 1992. The first molluscs - small animals. Bolletino di Zoologia 59: 1-16.
45. Hou X-G, Ramskeld L, Bergström J. 1991. Composition and preservation of the Chenjiang fauna - a Lower Cambrian soft-bodied biota, Zoologica Scripta 20: 395-411.
46. Jebram D. 1986. Arguments concerning the basal evolution of the Bryozoa. Zeitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung Frankfurt am Main 24: 266-290.
47. Jenkins RJF. 1992. Functional and ecological aspects of Ediacaran assemblages. In: Lipps JH, Signor PW, eds. Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa. New York: Plenum, 181-223.
48. Jenkins RJF. 1994. The problems and potential of using animal fossils and trace fossils in terminal Proterozoic biostratigraphy. Precambrian Research in press.
49. Landing E. 1994. Precambrian-Cambrian boundary global stratotype ratified and a new perspective of Cambrian time. Geology 22: 179-182.
50. Lake JA. 1987. A rate independent technique for the analysis of nucleic acid sequences: evolutionary parsimony. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4: 167-191.
51. Lake JA. 1990. Origin of the Metazoa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87: 763-766.
52. Lipps JH, Signor PW. 1992. Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa. New York and London: Plenum.
53. Marshall CR. 1990. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges. Paleobiology 16: 1-10.
54. Marshall CR. 1992. Estimation of taxonomic ranges from the fossil record. In: Gilinsky NL, Signor PW, eds. Analytical Paleobiology. Short courses in Paleontology, Number 4, 19-38.
55. Manton SM, Anderson DT. 1979. Polyphyly and the evolution of arthropods. In: House MR, ed. The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups. Systematics Association Special Volume 12. New York and London: Academic Press, 269-321.
56. McKinney ML, McNamara KJ. 1991. Heterochrony the Evolution of Ontogeny. New York: Plenum.
57. McMenamin MAS, McMenamin DLS. 1990. The Emergence of Animals: the Cambrian Breakthrough. New York: Columbia University Press.
58. McShea DW. 1993. Arguments, tests and the Burgess Shale - a commentary on the debate. Paleobiology 19: 399-402.
59. Nielsen C. 1994. Animal Evolution: Inter-relationships of the Living Phyla. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
60. Norell MA, Novacek MJ, 1992. The fossil record and evolution: comparing cladistic and paleontological evidence for vertebrate history. Science 255: 1690-1693.
61. Novacek MJ, Wheeler QD. 1992. Introduction: extinct taxa. In: Novacek MJ, Wheeler QD, eds. Extinction and Phylogeny: New York: Columbia University Press, 1-16.
62. Paliacos T, Vidal G. 1992. Lower Cambrian acritarchs from Northern Spain: the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary and its biostratigraphic implications, Geological Magazine 129: 421-436.
63. Peterson K. 1994. The origin and evolution of the Craniata. In Major features of vertebrate evolution, Paleontological Society Short courses in Paleontology 7: 14-37.
64. Pocock KJ. 1970. The Emuellidae: a new family of trilobites from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia. Palaeontology 13: 522-562.
65. Popov LE, Bassett MG, Holmer LE, Laurie J. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of higher taxa of Brachiopoda. Lethaia 26: 1-5.
66. Qian Yi, Bengtson S. 1989. Palaeontology and biostratigraphy of the Early Cambrian Meishucunian Stage in Yunnan Province, South China. Fossils and Strata 24: 1-156.
67. Raff RA, Marshall CR, Turbeville JM. 1994. Using DNA sequences to unravel the Cambrian radiation of the animal phyla. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 351-375.
68. Ridley M. 1993. Analysis of the Burgess Shale. Paleobiology 19: 519-521.
69. Robison RA. 1990. A Cambrian Uniramian. Nature 360: 1196.
70. Runnegar B. 1983. Molluscan phylogeny revisited. Memoirs of the Australasian Paleontologists 1: 121-144.
71. Runnegar B. 1996. Early evolution of the Mollusca: the fossil record. In: Taylor JD, ed. Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, 77-87.
72. Salvini Plauen L. 1985. Early evolution and the primitive groups. In: Trueman ER, Clarke MR, eds. The Mollusca 10: Evolution. Orlando, 59-150.
73. Seilacher A. 1985. Discussion of Precambrian metazoans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 311: 47-48.
74. Seilacher A. 1989. Vendozoa: organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere. Letkaia 22: 229-239.
75. Seilacher A. 1992. Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution. Journal of the Geological Society of London 149: 607-613.
76. Shear WA, Bonamo PM, Grierson JD, Rolfe WDI, Smith EL, Norton RA. 1984. Early land animals in North America: evidence from Devonian age arthropods from Gilboa, New York. Science 224: 492-494.
77. Signor PW. 1991. Breakup of the proterozoic supercontinent: evidence from early Cambrian biogeography. Abstracts from the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America: A456.
78. Smith AB. 1994. Systematics and the Fossil Record. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
79. Strauss D, Sadler PM. 1989. Classical confidence intervals and Bayesian probability estimates for ends of local taxon ranges. Mathematical Geology 21: 411-427.
80. Taylor PD. 1990. Preservation of soft bodied and other organisms by bioimmuration: a review. Palaeontology 33: 1-17.
81. Turbeville JM, Pfeifer DM, Field KG, Raff RA. 1991. The phylogenetic status of arthropods as inferred from 18SrRNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8: 669-686.
82. Valentine JW. 1989. Bilaterians of the Precambrian-Cambrian transition and the annelid-arthropod relationship. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science 86: 2272-2275.
83. Valentine JW. 1992. Dickinsonia as a polyploid organism. Paleobiology 18: 378-382.
84. Valentine JW. 1994. Late Precambrian bilaterians: grades and clades. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 6751-6757.
85. Valentine JW, Erwin DA. 1987. Interpreting great developmental experiments: the fossil record. In: Raff RA, Raff EG, eds. Development as an Evolutionary Process. New York: Alan R. Liss, 71-107.
86. Valentine JW, Awramik SM, Signor PW, Sadler PM. 1991. The biological explosion at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Evolutionary Biology 25: 279-356.
87. Vidal G, Moczydlowska M. 1992. Patterns of phytoplankton radiation across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Journal of the Geological Society of London 149: 647-654.
88. Wada H, Satoh H. 1994. Details of the evolutionary history from invertebrates to vertebrates, as deduced from the sequences of 18S rRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 1801-1804.
89. Wang GX. et al. 1984. Research on the Upper Precambrian of Northern Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces. People's Republic of China, Anhui Scientific and Technical Press.
90. Whalley PES, Jarzembowski EA. 1981. A new assessment of Rhyniella, the earliest known insect, from the Devonian of Rhynie, Scotland. Nature 291: 317.
91. Wheeler WC, Cartwright P, Hayashi CY. 1993. Arthropod phylogeny: a combined approach. Cladistics 9: 1-39.
92. Whittington HB. 1979 Fossil arthropods, their appendages and relationships. In: House MR, ed. The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups. Systematics Association Special Volume 12. New York and London: Academic Press, 253-268.
93. Whittington HB. 1981. Cambrian animals: their ancestors and descendants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 105: 79-87.
94. Whittington HB. 1985. The Burgess Shale. Yale University Press.
95. Willmer P. 1990. Invertebrate Relationships: Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Wills MA, Briggs DEG, Fortey RA. 1994. Disparity as an evolutionary index: a comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20: 93-130.