Fifty years of drug discovery from fungi

Fungal Diversity

Volumn 50, Issue , 2011, Pages 3-19

  Aly, Amal H ^a   Debbab, Abdessamad ^a   Proksch, Peter ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bioactive metabolites; Drug discovery; Fungi

Indexed keywords

FUNGI;

EID: 80755126113     PISSN: 15602745     EISSN: 18789129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0116-y     Document Type: Review

References (211)

1. Abraham E (1990) Selective reminiscences of beta-lactam antibiotics: early research on penicillin and cephalosporins. Bioessays 12:601-606 (Pubitemid 120034347)
2. Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings MA, Florey HW (1941) Further observations on penicillin. Lancet 238:177-189
3. Ago H, Oda M, Takahashi M, Tsuge H, Ochi S, Katunuma N, Miyano M, Sakurai J (2006) Structural basis of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity in neutral sphingomyelinase from Bacillus cereus. J Biol Chem 281:16157-16167 (Pubitemid 43848511)
4. Ahmed F, Williams RA, Smith KE (1996) Microbial transformations of steroids-X. Cytochromes P-450 11 alpha-hydroxylase and C17-C20 lyase and a 1-ene dehydrogenase transform steroids in Nectria haematococca. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 58:337-349 (Pubitemid 26301127)
5. Alanis AJ (2005) Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era? Arch Med Res 36:697-705 (Pubitemid 41436239)
6. Alberts AW (1988) Discovery, biochemistry and biology of lovastatin. Am J Cardiol 62:10J-15J (Pubitemid 18263851)
7. Alberts AW, Chen J, Kuron G, Hunt V, Huff J, Hoffman C, Rothrock J, Lopez M, Joshua H, Harris E, Patchett A, Monaghan R, Currie S, Stapley E, Albers-Schonberg G, Hensens O, Hirshfield J, Hoogsteen K, Liesch J, Springer J (1980) Mevinolin: a high potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:3957-3961 (Pubitemid 10015499)
8. Aly AH, Debbab A, Kjer J, Proksch P (2010) Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. Fungal Divers 41:1-16
9. Ammermann E, Lorenz G, Schelberger K, Wenderoth B, Sauter H, Rentzea C (1992) Brighton Crop Prot Conf: pests and diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, p 403
10. Ammermann E, Lorenz G, Schelberger K, Mueller B, Kirstgen R, Sauter H (2000) BAS 500 F-the new broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. In: Proc Brighton Crop Protect Conf: Pests and Diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK, pp 541-548
11. Anderson JD (1980) Fusidic acid: new opportunities with an old antibiotic. Can Med Assoc J 122:765-769 (Pubitemid 10147425)
12. Anke T (1995) The antifungal strobilurins and their possible ecological role. Can J Bot 73:S940-S945
13. Anke T, Thines E (2007) Fungal metabolites as lead structures for agriculture. In: Robson GD, Van West P, Gadd GM (eds) Exploitation of fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 45-58
14. Anke T, Oberwinkler F, Steglich W, Schramm G (1977) The strobilurins-new antifungal antibiotics from the basidiomycete Strobilurus tenacellus. J Antibiot 30:806-810 (Pubitemid 8227806)
15. Anke T, Hecht HJ, Schramm G, Steglich W (1979) Antibiotics from basidiornycetes. IX. Oudemansin, an antifungal antibiotic from Oudemansiella mucida (Schrader ex Fr.) Hoehnel (Agaricales). J Antibiot 32:1112-1117 (Pubitemid 10076375)
16. Anke T, Besl H, Mocek U, Steglich W (1983) Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. XVIII. Strobilurin C and oudemansin B, two new antifungal metabolites from Xerula species (Agaricales). J Antibiot 36:661-666 (Pubitemid 13067624)
17. Appel J, Felsenstein FG (2000) Entwicklung der Strobilurinresistenz des Weizenmehltaus in Europa in den Jahren 1998 bis 2000. Mitt Biol Bundesanst 376:97
18. Barry AL, Jones RN (1987) In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against gram-positive cocci. Am J Med 82:27-32
19. Bartett DW, Clough JM, Godfrey CRA, Godwin JR, Hall AA, Heaney SP, Maund SJ (2001) Understanding the strobilurin fungicides. Pestic Outlook 12:143-148 (Pubitemid 32913855)
20. Beautement K, Clough JM (1987) Stereocontrolled syntheses of strobilurin A and its (9E)-isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 28:475-478
21. Becker WF, von Jagow G, Anke T, Steglich W (1981) Oudemansin, strobilurin A, strobilurin B and myxothiazol: new inhibitors of the bc1 segment of the respiratory chain with an E-beta-methoxyacrylate system as common structural element. FEBS Lett 132:329-333 (Pubitemid 12174676)
22. Bergstralh DT, Ting JP (2006) Microtubule stabilizing agents: their molecular signaling consequences and the potential for enhancement by drug combination. Cancer Treat Rev 32:166-179
23. Black WA, McNellis DA (1971) Comparative in-vitro sensitivity of Nocardia species to fusidic acid and sulphonamides. J Med Microbiol 4:293-295
24. Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR (2011) Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep. doi:10.1039/C005001F
25. Borel JF, Kis ZL (1991) The discovery and development of cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 23:1867-1874
26. Borges KB, Borges WDS, Pupo MT, Bonato PS (2007) Endophytic fungi as models for the stereoselective biotransformation of thioridazine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77:669-674 (Pubitemid 350125495)
27. Bortolini O, Medici A, Poli S (1997) Biotransformations of the steroid nucleus of bile acids. Steroids 62:564-577 (Pubitemid 27381668)
28. Brian PW (1949) Studies on the biological activity of griseofulvin. Ann Bot 13:59-77
29. Buckland B, Gbewonyo K, Hallada T, Kaplan L, Masurekar P (1989) Production of lovastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol accumulation in humans. In: Demain AL, Somkuti GA, Hunter-Cevera JC, Rossmore HW (eds) Novel microbial product for medicine and agriculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 161-169
30. Bush K, Jacoby G (1997) Nomenclature of TEM β-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 39:1-3
31. Butler MS (2004) The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. J Nat Prod 67:2141-2153 (Pubitemid 40092578)
32. Chadwick AJ, Jackson B (1969) Intraocular penetration of the antibiotic fucidin. Br J Ophthalmol 53:26-29
33. Chen SCA, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC (2011) Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections: a comparison. Drugs 71:11-41
34. Clough JM (2000) The strobilurin fungicides-from mushroom to molecule to market. In: Wrigley SK, Hayes MA, Thomas R, Chrystal EJT, Nicholson N (eds) Biodiversity: new leads for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 277-282
35. Conder GA, Johnson SS, Nowakowski DS, Blake TE, Dutton FE, Nelson SJ, Thomas EM, Davis JP, Thompson DP (1995) Anthelmintic profile of the cyclodepsipeptide PF1022A in in vitro and in vivo models. J Antibiot 48:820-823
36. 2+, calcineurin, and NF-AT Cell 96:611-614
37. Crosbie RB (1963) Treatment of staphylococcal infections with "fucidin". Br Med J 1:788-794
38. Cundliffe E (1972) The mode of action of fusidic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 46:1794-1801
39. Czarny M, Schnitzer JE (2004) Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor scyphostatin prevents and ceramide mimics mechanotransduction in vascular endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H1344-H1352 (Pubitemid 39096685)
40. Dayan FE, Cantrell CL, Duke SO (2009) Natural products in crop protection. Bioorg Med Chem 17:4022-4034
41. Demain AL (2000) Small bugs, big business: the economic power of the microbe. Biotechnol Adv 18:499-514
42. Demain AL, Elander RP (1999) The β-lactam antibiotics: past, present, and future. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 75:5-19
43. Denning DW (1997) Echinocandins and pneumocandins-a new antifungal class with a novel mode of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 40:611-614 (Pubitemid 27503990)
44. Dewick PM (2006) Medicinal natural products. A biosynthetic approach. Wiley, Baffins Lane
45. Dornetshuber R, Kamyar MR, Rawnduzi P, Baburin I, Kouri K, Pilz E, Hornbogen T, Zocher R, Berger W, Lemmens-Gruber R (2009) Effects of the anthelmintic drug PF1022A on mammalian tissue and cells. Biochem Pharmacol 77:1437-1444
46. Dowson CG, Hutchison A, Brannigan JA, George RC, Hansman D, Liñares J, Tomasz A, Smith JM, Spratt BG (1989) Horizontal transfer of penicillin-binding protein genes in penicillin-resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8842-8846 (Pubitemid 20010321)
47. Elander RP (2003) Industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61:385-392
48. El-Mekkawy S, Meselhy MR, Nakamura N, Tezuka Y, Hattori M, Kakiuchi N, Shimotohno K, Kawahata T, Otake T (1998) Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 49:1651-1657 (Pubitemid 28559555)
49. Elrod J, Wong R, Mishra S, Vagnozzi RJ, Sakthievel B, Goonasekera SA, Karch J, Gabel S, Farber J, Force T, Brown JH, Murphy E, Molkentin JD (2010) Cyclophilin D controls mitochondrial pore-dependent Ca2+ exchange, metabolic flexibility, and propensity for heart failure in mice. J Clin Invest 120:3680-3687
50. Endo A, Kuroda M, Tsujita Y (1976) ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium. J Antibiot 29:1346-1348 (Pubitemid 8018023)
51. Faber M, Rosdahl VT (1990) Susceptibility to fusidic acid among Danish Staphylococcus aureus strains and fusidic acid consumption. J Antimicrob Chemother 25:7-14 (Pubitemid 20087261)
52. Falagas ME, Grammatikos AP, Michalopoulos A (2008) Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6:593-600
53. Fernandes P, Cruz A, Angelova B, Pinheiro HM, Cabral JMS (2003) Microbial conversion of steroid compounds: recent developments. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:688-705 (Pubitemid 36513765)
54. Fleming A (1980) Classics in infectious diseases: on the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae by Alexander Fleming, Reprinted from the British Journal of Experimental Pathology 10:226-236
55. 1929. Rev Infect Dis 2:129-139
56. Fredenhagen A, Kuhn A, Peter HH, Cuomo V, Giuliano U (1990) Strobilurins F, G and H, three new antifungal metabolites from Bolinea lutea. I. Fermentation, isolation and biological activity. J Antibiot 43:655-660 (Pubitemid 20203677)
57. Furberg CD (1999) Natural statins and stroke risk. Circulation 99:185-188 (Pubitemid 29056354)
58. Ganong WF (2005) Review of medical physiology, 22nd edn. Lange Medical Books, pp 530
59. Godtfredsen W, Roholt K, Tybring L (1962a) Fucidin. A new orally active antibiotic. Lancet 279:928-931
60. Godtfredsen WO, Jahnsen S, Lorck H, Roholt K, Tybring L (1962b) Fusidic acid; a new antibiotic. Nature 193:987
61. Godtfredsen WO, Von Daehne W, Tybring L, Vangedal S (1966) Fusidic acid derivatives. I. Relationship between structure and antibacterial activity. J Med Chem 9:15-22
62. Godwin JR, Anthony VM, Clough JM, Godfrey CRA (1992) Brighton Crop Prot Conf: pests and diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, p 435
63. Godwin JR, Bartlett DW, Clough JM, Godfrey CRA, Harrison EG, Maund S (2000) Picoxystrobin: a new strobilurin fungicide for use on cereals. In: Proc Brighton Crop Protect Conf: Pests and Diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK, pp 533-540
64. Griffiths HJ (1978) A handbook of veterinary parasitology: domestic animals of North America. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp 46-47
65. Grove JF, MacMillan J, Mulholland TPC, Rogers MAT (1952) Griseofulvin. Part IV. Structure. J Chem Soc 3977-3987
66. Guenthner SH, Wenzel RP (1984) In vitro activities of teichomycin, fusidic acid, flucloxacillin, fosfomycin, and vancomycin against methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26:268-269 (Pubitemid 14050242)
67. Gull K, Trinci APJ (1973) Griseofulvin inhibits fungal mitosis. Nature 244:292-294
68. Gunatilaka AAL (2006) Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms: distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and implication of their occurence. J Nat Prod 69:509-526
69. Hagel I, Giusti T (2010) Ascaris lumbricoides: an overview of therapeutic targets. Infect Disord Drug Targets 10:349-367
70. Hannun YA, Obeid LM (2002) The ceramide-centric universe of lipidmediated cell regulation: stress encounters of the lipid kind. J Biol Chem 277:25847-25850 (Pubitemid 34967060)
71. Harder A, Schmitt-Wrede HP, Krücken J, Marinovski P, Wunderlich F, Willson J, Amliwala K, Holden-Dye L, Walker R (2003) Cyclooctadepsipeptides-an anthelmintically active class of compounds exhibiting a novel mode of action. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:318-331 (Pubitemid 37103217)
72. Hawksworth DL, Rossman AY (1997) Where are all the undescribed fungi? Phytopathology 87:888-891 (Pubitemid 27372571)
73. Hayase Y, Kataoka T, Masuko M, Niikawa M, Ichinari M, Takenaka H, Takahashi T, Hayashi Y, Takeda R (1995) Phenoxyphenyl alkoxyiminoacetamides. New broad-spectrum fungicides. In: Baker DR, Fenyes JG, Basarab GS (eds) Synthesis and chemistry of agrochemicals IV. ACS Symposium Series 584. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp 343-353
74. Hensens OD, Ondeyka JG, Dombrowski AW, Ostlind DA, Zink DL (1999) Isolation and structure of nodulisporic acid A1 and A2, novel insecticides from a Nodulisporium sp. Tetrahedron Lett 40:5455-5458 (Pubitemid 29325182)
75. Ho YS, Duh JS, Jeng JH, Wang YJ, Liang YC, Lin CH, Tseng CJ, Yu CF, Chen RJ, Lin JK (2001) Griseofulvin potentiates antitumorigenesis effects of nocodazole through induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 91:393-401
76. Holliday J, Cleaver M (2008) Medicinal value of the caterpillar fungi species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes): a review. Int J Med Mushr 10:219-234 (Pubitemid 352031881)
77. Holten KB, Onusko EM (2000) Appropriate prescribing of oral betalactam antibiotics. Am Fam Physician 62:611-620 (Pubitemid 30643480)
78. Hosokawa T, Inui S, Murahashi SI (1983) Ganoderic acid T and Z: cytotoxic triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Tetrahedron Lett 24:1081-1084
79. Houchins J, Hind G (1983) Flash spectroscopic characterization of photosynthetic electron transport in isolated heterocysts. Arch Biochem Biophys 224:272-282
80. Hoye TR, Tennakoon MA (2000) Synthesis (and alternative proof of configuration) of the scyphostatin C (1')-C (20') trienoyl fragment. Org Lett 2:1481-1483
81. Huber FM, Gottlieb D (1968) The mechanism of action of griseofulvin. Can J Microbiol 14:111-118
82. Hyde KD, Bahkali AH, Moslem MA (2010) Fungi-an unusual source for cosmetics. Fungal Divers 43:1-9
83. IMS Health (2005) Annual Report on prescription drug trends. www.imshealth.com
84. IMS Health (2008) Annual Report on prescription drug trends. www.imshealth.com
85. Irrgang S, Schlosser D, Fritsche W (1997) Involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the 15alpha-hydroxylation of 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3, 17-dione by Penicillium raistrickii. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 60:339-346 (Pubitemid 27278067)
86. Ishii H, Fraaije BA, Sugiyama T, Noguchi K, Nishimura K, Takeda T, Amano T, Hollomon DW (2001) Occurrence and molecular characterization of strobilurin resistance in cucumber powdery mildew and downy mildew. Phytopathology 91:1166-1171 (Pubitemid 34004200)
87. Izuhara T, Katoh T (2001) Studies toward the total synthesis of scyphostatin: first entry to the highly functionalized cyclohexenone segment. Org Lett 3:1653-1656 (Pubitemid 33631657)
88. Jeschke P, Harder A, Etzel W, Gau W, Thielking G, Bonse G, Iinuma K (2001) Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of thioamide analogues of cyclic octadepsipeptides such as PF1022A. Pest Manag Sci 57:1000-1006
89. Jiang MY, Feng T, Liu JK (2011) N-containing compounds of macromycetes. Nat Prod Rep 28:783-808
90. Kanski JJ (1974) Treatment of late endophthalmitis associated with filtering blebs. Arch Ophthalmol 91:339-343
91. Keller-Juslen C, Kuhn M, Loosli H-R, Pechter TJ, von Weber HP, Wartburg A (1976) Structure des cyclopeptideantibiotikum SL 7810 (Echinocandin B). Tetrahedron Lett 17:4147-4150
92. Khan MA, Tania M, Zhang DZ, Chen HC (2010) Cordyceps mushroom: a potent anticancer nutraceutical. Open Nutraceuticals J 3:179-183
93. Kharwar RN, Mishra A, Gond SK, Stierle A, Stierle D (2011) Anticancer compounds derived from fungal endophytes: their importance and future challenges. Nat Prod Rep. doi:10.1039/C1NP00008J
94. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Dumyati G, Townes JM, Craig AS, Zell ER, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Fridkin SK (2007) Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 298:1763-1771 (Pubitemid 47598444)
95. Koehn FE (2009) Drug discovery from natural products. Nature 8:678
96. Koester DH (1937) United States Patent 2, 236, 574
97. Kolesnick R, Golde DW (1994) The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell 77:325-328 (Pubitemid 24145193)
98. Kubota T, Asaka Y, Miura I, Mori H (1982) Structures of ganoderic acid A and B, two new lanostane type bitter triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Helv Chim Acta 65:611-619
99. Larsen TO, Smedsgaard J, Nielsen KF, Hansen ME, Frisvad JC (2005) Phenotypic taxonomy and metabolite profiling in microbial drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 22:672-695 (Pubitemid 43000329)
100. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR (2003) Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J 326:1423-1429
101. Lee BH, Dutton FE, Thompson DP, Thomas EM (2002) Generation of a small library of cyclodepsipeptide PF1022A analogues using a cyclization-cleavage method with oxime resin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12:353-356 (Pubitemid 34113901)
102. Leigh DA (1974) Clinical importance of infections due to Bacteroides fragilis and role of antibiotic therapy. Br Med J 3:225-228
103. Lesemann SS, Schimpke S, Dunemann F, Deising HB (2006) Mitochondrial heteroplasmy for the cytochrome b gene controls the level of strobilurin resistance in the apple powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) E. S. Salmon. J Plant Dis Protect 113:259-266 (Pubitemid 46034969)
104. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R (2007) Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a metaanalysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55, 000 vascular deaths. Lancet 370:1829-1839
105. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, Gelernt I, Bauer J, Galler G, Michelassi F, Hanauer S (1994) Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 330:1841-1845 (Pubitemid 24188135)
106. Lindequist U, Rausch R, Füssel A, Hanssen HP (2010) Higher fungi in traditional and modern medicine. Med Monatsschr Pharm 33:40-48
107. MacGowan AP, Greig MA, Andrews JM, Reeves DS, Wise R (1989) Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of a new film-coated tablet of sodium fusidate administered as a single oral dose to healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 23:409-415 (Pubitemid 19097948)
108. Mahato SB, Banerjee S (1985) Steroid transformation by microorganisms II. Phytochemistry 24:1403-1421
109. Mahato SB, Garai S (1997) Advances in microbial steroid biotransformation. Steroids 62:332-345 (Pubitemid 27142998)
110. Mahato SB, Mukherjee A (1984) Steroid transformations by microorganisms. Phytochemistry 23:2131-2154
111. Maksay G, Laube B, Betz H (2001) Subunit-specific modulation of glycine receptors by neurosteroids. Neuropharmacology 41:369-376 (Pubitemid 32772931)
112. Malaviya A, Gomes J (2008) Androstenedione production by biotransformation of phytosterols. Bioresour Technol 99:6725-6737
113. Mamoh L (1937) United States Patent 2, 186, 9006
114. Manosroia J, Saowakhonb S, Manosroia A (2007) A novel one-step biotransformation of cortexolone-21-acetate to hydrocortisone acetate using Cunninghamella blakesleeana ATCC 8688a. Enzyme Microb Technol 41:322-325
115. Margot P, Huggenberger F, Amrein J, Weiss B (1998) CGA 279202: a new broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide. In: Proc Brighton Crop Protect Conf: Pests and Diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK, pp 375-382
116. Markowski M, Ungeheuer M, Bitran D, Locurto C (2001) Memory enhancing effect of DHEAS in aged mice on a win-shaft water escape task. Physiol Behav 72:521-525 (Pubitemid 32244414)
117. Mehlhom H (1988) Parasitology in focus, facts and trends. Springer, New York
118. Meinke PT, Colletti SL, Fisher MH, Wyvratt MJ, Shih TL, Ayer MB, Li C, Lim J, Ok D, Salva S, Warmke LM, Zakson M, Michael BF, de Montigny P, Ostlind DA, Fink D, Drag M, Schmatz DM, Shoop WL (2009) Discovery of the development candidate N-tert-butyl nodulisporamide: a safe and efficacious once monthly oral agent for the control of fleas and ticks on companion animals. J Med Chem 52:3505-3515
119. Mellon SH, Griffin LD (2002) Neurosteroids: biochemistry and clinical significance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13:35-43 (Pubitemid 36734014)
120. Miles RS, Moyes A (1978) Comparison of susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis to sodium sulphadiazine and sodium fusidate in vitro. J Clin Pathol 31:355-358 (Pubitemid 8315985)
121. Moisan H, Pruneau M, Malouin F (2010) Binding of ceftaroline to penicillin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:713-716
122. Morris MI, Villmann M (2006a) Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, part 1. Am J Health Syst Pharm 63:1693-1703 (Pubitemid 44413505)
123. Morris MI, Villmann M (2006b) Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, Part 2. Am J Health Syst Pharm 63:1813-1820 (Pubitemid 44477452)
124. Mostafa ME, Zohri AA (2000) Progesterone side-chain degradation by some species of Aspergillus flavus group. Folia Microbiol 45:243-247
125. Mott JL, Zhang D, Freeman JC, Mikolajczak P, Chang SW, Zassenhaus HP (2004) Cardiac disease due to random mitochondrial DNA mutations is prevented by cyclosporin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319:1210-1215 (Pubitemid 38759539)
126. Murray HC, Peterson DH (1952) United States Patent 2602769
127. Nara F, Tanaka M, Hosoya T, Suzuki-Konagai K, Ogita T (1999a) Scyphostatin, a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor from a discomycete, Trichopeziza mollissima: taxonomy of the producing organism, fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical properties. J Antibiot 52:525-530 (Pubitemid 29353749)
128. Nara F, Tanaka M, Masuda-Inoue S, Yamasato Y, Doi-Yoshioka H, Suzuki-Konagai K, Kumakura S, Ogita T (1999b) Biological activities of scyphostatin, a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor from a discomycete, Trichopeziza mollissima. J Antibiot 52:531-535 (Pubitemid 29353750)
129. Negishi S, Cai-Huang Z, Hasumi K, Murakawa S, Endo A (1986) Productivity of molacolin K (mevilonin) in the genus Monascus. Hakko Kogaku Kaishi 64:509-512
130. Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2007) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod 70:461-477 (Pubitemid 46595760)
131. Newton GGF, Abraham EP (1955) Cephalosporin C, a new antibiotic containing sulphur and D-α-aminoadipic acid. Nature 175:548
132. Nishitoba T, Sato H, Shirasu S, Sakamura S (1987) Novel triterpenoids from the mycelial mat at the previous stage of fruiting of G. lucidum. Agric Biol Chem 51:619-622
133. Nissen S, Nicholls S, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen J, Ballantyne C, Davignon J, Erbel R, Fruchart J, Tardif J, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Cain V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu E (2006) Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. J Am Med Assoc 295:1556-1565
134. Ondeyka JG, Helms GL, Hensens OD, Goetz MA, Zink DL, Tsipouras A, Shoop WL, Slayton L, Dombrowski AW, Polishook JD, Ostlind DA, Tsou NN, Ball RG, Singh SB (1997) Nodulisporic acid A, a novel and potent insecticide from a Nodulisporium sp. isolation, structure determination, and chemical transformations. J Am Chem Soc 119:8809-8816 (Pubitemid 27421366)
135. Osbourn AE, Lanzotti V (2009) Plant-derived natural products: synthesis, function, and application. Springer, New York
136. Otaka T, Kaji A (1973) Evidence that fusidic acid inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the donor as well as the acceptor site of the ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 38:46-53
137. Panda D, Rathinasamy K, Santra MK, Wilson L (2005) Kinetic suppression of microtubule dynamic instability by griseofulvin: implications for its possible use in the treatment of cancer. PNAS 102:9878-9883 (Pubitemid 40993661)
138. Paz Z, Komon-Zelazowska M, Druzhinina IS, Aveskamp MM, Shnaiderman A, Aluma Y, Carmeli S, Ilan M, Yarden O (2010) Diversity and potential antifungal properties of fungi associated with a Mediterranean sponge. Fungal Divers 42:17-26
139. Penman R (1962) Fusidic acid in bacterial endocarditis. Lancet 280:1277-1278
140. Petrič S, Hakki T, Bernhardt R, Zigon D, Crešnar B (2010) Discovery of a steroid 11α-hydroxylase from Rhizopus oryzae and its biotechnological application. J Biotechnol 150:428-437
141. Pimentel MR, Molina G, Dionísio AP, Maróstica Junior MR, Pastore GM (2011) The use of endophytes to obtain bioactive compounds and their application in biotransformation process. Biotechnol Res Int, Article ID: 576286, doi:10.4061/2011/576286
142. Pohold DJ, Saravolatz LD, Somerville MM (1987) In vitro susceptibility of gram-positive cocci to LY146032, teicoplanin, sodium fusidate, vancomycin, and rifampicin. J Antimicrob Chemother 20:197-202 (Pubitemid 17140398)
143. Poucheretpet P, Fons F, Rapior S (2006) Biological and pharmacological activity of higher fungi: 20-year retrospective analysis. Cryptogamie Mycol 27:311-333 (Pubitemid 46102638)
144. Pritchard DI (2005) Sourcing a chemical succession for cyclosporin from parasites and human pathogens. Drug Discov Today 10:688-691 (Pubitemid 40724550)
145. Rateb ME, Ebel R (2011) Secondary metabolites of fungi from marine habitats. Nat Prod Rep 28:290-344
146. Ravn HO (1967) Fucidin og novobiocin som kombinationsbehandling ved akut osteomyelitis og ostitis. Ugeskr Laeger 129:15
147. Rebacz B, Larsen TO, Clausen MH, Rønnest MH, Löffler H, Ho AD, Krämer A (2007) Identification of griseofulvin as an inhibitor of centrosomal clustering in a phenotype-based screen. Cancer Res 67:6342-6350 (Pubitemid 47037517)
148. Reeves DS (1987) The pharmacokinetics of fusidic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 20:467-476 (Pubitemid 17154585)
149. Richardson MD, Warnock DW (2003) Fungal infection: diagnosis and management, 3rd edn. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, pp 70-72
150. Robel P, Baulieu E-E (1995) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a neuroactive neurosteroid. Ann NY Acad Sci 774:82-110 (Pubitemid 26140362)
151. Runcie KA, Taylor RJK (2001) A short and efficient route to novel scyphostatin analogues. Org Lett 3:3237-3239 (Pubitemid 33625330)
152. Rupprecht R, Holsboer F (1999) Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological perspectives. Trends Neurosci 22:410-416 (Pubitemid 29453646)
153. Saito S, Tanaka N, Fujimoto K, Kogen H (2000) Absolute configuration of scyphostatin. Org Lett 2:505-506
154. Sallam LAR, El-Refai AM, El-Minofi HA (2005) Physiological and biochemical improvement of the enzyme side-chain degradation of cholesterol by Fusarium solani. Process Biochem 40:203-206 (Pubitemid 39197411)
155. Samanta TB, Ghosh DK (1987) Characterization of progesterone 11 alpha-hydroxylase of Aspergillus ochraceus TS: a cytochrome P-450 linked monooxygenase. J Steroid Biochem 28:327-332 (Pubitemid 17130382)
156. Sasaki T, Takagi M, Yaguchi T, Miyadoh S, Okada T, Koyama M (1992) A new anthelmintic cyclodepsipeptide, PF1022A. J Antibiot 45:692-697
157. Sauter H, Steglich W, Anke T (1999) Strobilurins: evolution of new class of active substances. Angew Chem Int Ed 38:1328-1349
158. Scherkenbeck J, Harder A, Plant A, Dyker H (1998) PF1022A-a novel anthelmintic cyclooctadepsipeptide. Modification and exchange of the N-methyl leucine residues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 8:1035-1040 (Pubitemid 28216279)
159. Schoeller W (1937) United States Patent 2, 184, 167
160. Schwartz RE, Giacobbe RA, Boand JA, Monaghan RL (1989) L-671, 329, a new antifungal agent. I. Fermentation and isolation. J Antibiot 42:163-167 (Pubitemid 19068311)
161. Sedlaczek L (1988) Biotransformations of steroids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 7:187-236
162. Shaw LM (1989) Advances in cyclosporine pharmacology, measurement, and therapeutic monitoring. Clin Chem 35:1299-1308 (Pubitemid 19187808)
163. Shida D, Takabe K, Kapitonov D, Milstien S, Spiegel S (2008) Targeting SphK1 as a new strategy against cancer. Curr Drug Targets 9:662-673
164. Shieh YH, Liu CF, Huang YK, Yang JY, Wu IL, Lin CH, Li SC (2001) Evaluation of the hepatic and renal-protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum in mice. Am J Clin Med 29:501-507
165. Shkumatov VM, Usova EV, Poljakov YS, Frolova NS, Radyuk VG, Mauersberger S, Chernogolov AA, Honeck H, Schunck WH (2002) Biotransformation of steroids by a recombinant yeast strain expressing bovine cytochrome P-45017α. Biochemistry 67:456-467 (Pubitemid 34600447)
166. Shoop WL, Gregory LM, Zakson-Aiken M, Michael BF, Haines HW, Ondeyka JG, Meinke PT, Schmatz DM (2001) Systemic efficacy of nodulisporic acid against fleas on dogs. J Parasitol 87:419-423 (Pubitemid 32303687)
167. Siev M, Weinberg R, Penman S (1969) The selective interruption of nucleolar RNA synthesis in HELA cells by cordycepin. J Cell Biol 41:510-520
168. Singh SB, Barrett JF (2006) Empirical antibacterial drug discovery-foundation in natural products. Biochem Pharmacol 71:1006-1015
169. Smith D, Ryan MJ (2009) Fungal sources for new drug discovery. AccessScience, © McGraw-Hill Companies, http://www.accessscience.com
170. Sonomoto K, Hoq MMD, Tanaka A, Fukui S (1981) Growth of Curvularia lunata spores into mycelial form with various gels, and steroid 11β-hydroxylation by the entrapped mycelia. J Ferment Technol 59:465-469
171. Spiteller P (2008) Chemical defence strategies of higher fungi. Chem Eur J 14:9100-9110
172. Staudinger H (1907) Zur Kenntniss der Ketene. Diphenylketen. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 356:51-123
173. Stirling J, Goodwin S (1977) Susceptibility Bacteroides fragilis to fusidic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 3:522-523
174. Strobel GA (2002) Rainforest endophytes and bioactive products. Crit Rev Biotechnol 22:315-333 (Pubitemid 35440927)
175. Strobel G, Daisy B (2003) Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67:491-502 (Pubitemid 37549769)
176. Sweetman SC (2009) Cardiovascular drugs. Martindale: the complete drug reference, 36th edn. Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp 1155-1434
177. Taburet AM, Guibert J, Kitzis MD, Sorensen H, Acar JF, Singlas E (1990) Pharmacokinetics of sodium fusidate after single and repeated infusions and oral administration of a new formulation. J Antimicrob Chemother 25:23-31 (Pubitemid 20087263)
178. Tanaka N, Kinoshita T, Masukawa H (1968) Mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition by fusidic acid and related antibiotics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 15:278-283
179. Tanaka M, Nara F, Suzuki-Konagai K, Hosoya T, Ogita T (1997) Structural elucidation of scyphostatin, an inhibitor of membranebound neutral sphingomyelinase. J Am Chem Soc 119:7871-7872 (Pubitemid 27376406)
180. Tang YJ, Zhong JJ (2004) Modeling the kinetics of cell growth and ganoderic acid production in liquid static cultures of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Biochem Eng J 21:259-264
181. Tang W, Gu T, Zhong JJ (2006) Separation of targeted ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum by reversed phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry detections. Biochem Eng J 32:205-210 (Pubitemid 44751583)
182. Taylor G, Bloor K (1962) Antistaphylococcal activity of fucidin. Lancet 279:935-937
183. Taylor F, Ward K, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, Casas JP, Ebrahim S (2011) Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004816
184. Tidwell TT (2008) Hugo (Ugo) Schiff, Schiff bases, and a century of β-lactam synthesis. Angew Chem Int Edit 47:1016-1020 (Pubitemid 351204394)
185. Verbist L (1990) The antimicrobial activity of fusidic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 25:1-5 (Pubitemid 20087260)
186. Verza M, Arakawa NS, Lopes NP, Kato MJ, Pupo MT, Said S, Carvalho I (2009) Biotransformation of a tetrahydrofuran lignan by the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. J Braz Chem Soc 20:195-200
187. Viola F, Caputo O, Balliano G, Delprino L, Cattel L (1983) Side chain degradation and microbial reduction of different steroids by Aspergillus auroefulgens. J Steroid Biochem 19:1451-1458 (Pubitemid 14248013)
188. von Benz F, Knusel F, Nuesch J, Treichler H, Voser W, Nyfeler R, Keller-Schierlein W (1974) Echinocandin B, ein neuartiges polipeptide- antibiotikum aus Aspergillus nidulans var. echinatus: Isolierung und Bausteine. Helv Chim Acta 57:2459-2477
189. von Daehne W, Godtfredsen WO, Rasmussen PR (1979) Structureactivity relationships in fusidic acid-type antibiotics. Adv Appl Microbiol 25:95-146
190. Von Jagow G, Gribble GW, Trumpower BL (1986) Mucidin and strobilurin A are identical and inhibit electron transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at the same site as myxothiazol. Biochemistry 25:775-780 (Pubitemid 16028259)
191. von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Harder A, Sangster NC, Coles GC (2005) Efficacy of two cyclooctadepsipeptides, PF1022A and emodepside, against anthelmintic-resistant nematodes in sheep and cattle. Parasitology 130:343-347 (Pubitemid 40444953)
192. Waldmeier PC, Zimmermann K, Qian T, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Lemasters JJ (2003) Cyclophilin D as a drug target. Curr Med Chem 10:1485-1506 (Pubitemid 36896552)
193. Walsh C (2003) Antibiotics: actions, origins, resistance. ASM Press, Washington DC
194. Wasser SP (2002) Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulatory polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60:258-274
195. Wasser SP, Weis AL (1999) Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms: a modem perspective. Crit Rev Immunol 19:65-96 (Pubitemid 29062102)
196. Waxman DJ, Strominger JL (1983) Penicillin-binding proteins and the mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics. Annu Rev Biochem 52:825-869 (Pubitemid 13030694)
197. Weber W, Anke T, Steffan B, Steglich W (1990) Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. XXXII. Strobilurin E: a new cytostatic and antifungal (E)-beta-methoxyacrylate antibiotic from Crepidotus fulvotomentosus Peck. J Antibiot 43:207-212 (Pubitemid 20069970)
198. Welte T, Pletz MW (2010) Antimicrobial treatment of nosocomial meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia: current and future options. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36:391-400
199. Whelan RS, Kaplinskiy V, Kitsis RN (2010) Cell death in the pathogenesis of heart disease: mechanisms and significance. Annu Rev Physiol 72:19-44
200. Whitby M (1999) Fusidic acid in septicaemia and endocarditis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 12:S17-S22 (Pubitemid 29406138)
201. Williams DH, Stone MJ, Hauck PR, Rahman SK (1989) Why are secondary metabolites (natural products) biosynthesized? J Nat Prod 52:1189-1208 (Pubitemid 20101766)
202. Williamson J, Russell F, Doig WM, Paterson RW (1970) Estimation of sodium fusidate levels in human serum, aqueous humour, and vitreous body. Br J Ophthalmol 54:126-130
203. Wise R, Pippard M, Mitchard M (1977) The disposition of sodium fusidate in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4:615-619 (Pubitemid 8161103)
204. Xu J, Ebada SS, Proksch P (2010) Pestalotiopsis a highly creative genus: chemistry and bioactivity of secondary metabolites. Fungal Divers 44:15-31
205. Yamashita M, Katsumata M, Iwashima M, Kimura M, Shimizu C, Kamata T, Shin T, Seki N, Suzuki S, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T (2000) T cell receptor-induced calcineurin activation regulates T helper type 2 cell development by modifying the interleukin 4 receptor signaling complex. J Exp Med 191:1869-1879 (Pubitemid 30390350)
206. Yaskowiak ES, March PE (1995) Small clusters of divergent amino acids surrounding the effector domain mediate the varied phenotypes of EF-G and LepA expression. Mol Microbiol 15:943-953
207. Yoon SY, Eo SK, Kim YS, Lee CK, Han SS (1994) Antimicrobial activity of Ganoderma lucidum extract alone and in combination with some antibiotics. Arch Pharm Res 17:438-442
208. Zakharychev VV, Kovalenko LV (1998) Natural compounds of the strobilurin series and their synthetic analogues as cell respiration inhibitors. Russ Chem Rev 67:535-544
209. Zeelen FJ (1990) Medicinal chemistry of steroids. Elsevier, Amsterdam
210. Zhang HW, Song YC, Tan RX (2006) Biology and chemistry of endophytes. Nat Prod Rep 23:753-771 (Pubitemid 44455389)
211. Zinner SH, Lagast H, Klastersky J (1981) Antistaphylococcal activity of rifampin with other antibiotics. J Infect Dis 144:365-371 (Pubitemid 11017969)