The mechanics of embodiment: A dialog on embodiment and computational modeling

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 2, Issue JAN, 2011, Pages

  Pezzulo, Giovanni ^a,b   Barsalou, Lawrence W ^c   Cangelosi, Angelo ^d   Fischer, Martin H ^e   McRae, Ken ^f   Spivey, Michael J ^g  

^a INSTITUTE OF COGNITIVE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES   (Italy)

^b CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche   (Italy)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive robotics; Computational modeling; Embodied cognition; Embodiment; Grounded cognition; Simulation; Situated cognition

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054985384     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00005     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., and Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: evidence for continuous mapping models. J. Mem. Lang. 38, 419-439.
2. Altmann, G., and Kamide, Y. (1999). Incremental interpretation at verbs: restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition 73, 247-264.
3. Anderson, M. L. (2010). Neural reuse: a fundamental organizational principle of the brain. Behav. Brain Sci. 33, 245-266.
4. Anderson, S. E., Huette, S., Matlock, T., and Spivey, M. J. (2010). On the temporal dynamics of negated perceptual simulations. In F. Parrill, M. Turner and V. Tobin (Eds.), Meaning, Form, and Body. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
5. Arbib, M., Bonaiuto, J., Jacobs, S., and Frey, S. (2009). Tool use and the distalization of the end-effector. Psychol. Res. 73, 441-462.
6. Arbib, M. A., Billard, A., Iacoboni, M., and Oztop, E. (2000). Synthetic brain imaging: grasping, mirror neurons and imitation. Neural Netw. 13, 975-997.
7. Armstrong, D., Stokoe, W., and Wilcox, S. (1995). Gesture and the nature of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bar, M. (2009). The proactive brain: memory for predictions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 364, 1235-1243.
9. Barsalou, L. W. (1999) Perceptual symbol systems. Behav. Brain Sci. 22, 577-600.
10. Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 358, 1177-1187.
11. Barsalou, L. W. (2005). "Abstraction as dynamic interpretation in perceptual symbol systems," in Building Object Categories. Carnegie Symposium Series, eds L. Gershkoff-Stowe and D. Rakison (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 389-431.
12. Barsalou, L. W. (2008a). Grounded cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 617-645.
13. Barsalou, L. W. (2008b). "Grounding symbolic operations in the brain's modal systems," Embodied Grounding: Social, Cognitive, Affective, and Neuroscientific Approaches, eds G. R. Semin and E. R. Smith (New York: Cambridge University Press), 9-42.
14. Barsalou, L. W. (2009). Simulation, situated conceptualization, and prediction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 364, 1281-1289.
15. Barsalou, L. W., Breazeal, C., and Smith, L. B. (2007). Cognition as coordinated non-cognition. Cogn. Process. 8, 79-91.
16. Barsalou, L. W., Niedenthal, P. M., Barbey, A., and Ruppert, J. (2003). "Social embodiment," in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 43, ed. B. Ross (San Diego: Academic Press), 43-92.
17. Barsalou, L. W., and Wiemer-Hastings, K. (2005). "Situating abstract concepts," in Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thought, eds D. Pecher and R. Zwaan (New York: Cambridge University Press), 129-63.
18. Beer, R. D. (2003). The dynamics of active categorical perception in an evolved model agent. Adapt. Behav. 11, 209-243.
19. Bekkering, H., Neggers, S. F. W. (2002). Visual search is modulated by action intentions. Psychol. Sci. 13, 370-374.
20. Borghi, A. M., Glenberg, A., and Kaschak, M. (2004). Putting words in perspective. Mem. Cogn. 32, 863-873.
21. Boulenger, V., Roy, A. C., Paulignan, Y., Deprez, V., Jeannerod, M., and Nazir, T. A. (2006). Cross-talk between language processes and overt motor behavior in the first 200 ms of processing. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18, 1607-1615.
22. Braitenberg, V. (1984). Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Breazeal, C. (2003). Emotion and sociable humanoid robots. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 59, 119-155.
24. Breazeal, C. (2004). Designing Sociable robots. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
25. Brooks, R., and Stein, L. (1994). Building brains for bodies. Auton. Robots 1, 7-25.
26. Caligiore, D., Borghi, A. M.., Parisi, D., and Baldassarre, G. (2010). TRoPICALS: a computational embodied neuroscience model of experiments on compatibility effects. Psychol. Rev. 117, 1188-1228.
27. Calvert, G. A., Spence, C., and Stein, B. E. (2004). The Handbook of Multisensory Processes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28. Cangelosi, A. (2001). Evolution of communication and language using signals, symbols and words. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 5, 93-101.
29. Cangelosi, A. (2006). The grounding and sharing of symbols. Pragmatics Cogn. 14, 275-285.
30. Cangelosi, A. (2010). Grounding language in action and perception: from cognitive agents to humanoid robots. Phys. Life Rev. 7, 139-151.
31. Cangelosi, A., and Parisi, D. (eds). (2002). Simulating the Evolution of Language. London: Springer.
32. Cangelosi, A., and Parisi, D. (2004). The processing of verbs and nouns in neural networks: insights from synthetic brain imaging. Brain Lang. 89, 401-408.
33. Cangelosi, A., and Riga, T. (2006). An embodied model for sensorimotor grounding and grounding transfer: experiments with epigenetic robots. Cogn. Sci. 30, 673-689.
34. Carandini, M., Demb, J., Mante, V., Tolhurst, D., Dan, Y., Olshausen, B., Gallant, J., and Rust, N. (2005). Do we know what the early visual system does? J. Neurosci. 25, 10577-10597.
35. Chersi, F., Thill, S., Ziemke, T., and Borghi, A. M. (2010). Sentence processing: linking language to motor chains. Front. Neurorobot. 4:4. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2010.00004
36. Churchland, P. S., and Sejnowski, T. (1992). The Computational Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37. Cisek, P., and Kalaska, J. F. (2004). Neural correlates of mental rehearsal in dorsal premotor cortex. Nature 431, 993-996.
38. Cisek, P., and Kalaska, J. F. (2005). Neural correlates of reaching decisions in dorsal premotor cortex: specification of multiple direction choices and final selection of action. Neuron 45, 801-814.
39. Clark, A. (1998). Being There. Putting Brain, Body, and World Together. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Corballis, M. C. (2003). From hand to mouth: the origins of language. New York, NY: Princeton University Press.
41. Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 655-666.
42. Craighero, L., Nascimben, M., and Fadiga, L. (2004). Eye position affects orienting of visuospatial attention. Curr. Biol. 14, 331-333.
43. Damasio, A. R. (1989). Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systemslevel proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition 33, 25-62.
44. D'Ausilio, A., Pulvermüller, F., Salmas, P., Bufalari, I., Begliomini, C., and Fadiga, L. (2009). Motor somatotopy of speech perception. Curr. Biol. 19, 381-385.
45. Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., and Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. J Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 371-396.
46. Demiris, Y., and Khadhouri, B. (2005). Hierarchical attentive multiple models for execution and recognition (hammer). Robot. Auton. Syst. J. 54, 361-369.
47. Dijkstra, K., Kaschak, M. P., and Zwaan, R. A. (2008). Body posture facilitates retrieval of autobiographical memories. Cognition 102, 139-149.
48. Ellis, R., Tucker, M., Symes, E., and Vainio, L. (2007). Does selecting one visual object from several require inhibition of the actions associated with non-selected objects? J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 33, 670-691.
49. Elman, J. L., Bates, E. A., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., and Plunkett, K. (1996). Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
50. Eskenazi, T., Grosjean, M., Humphreys, G. W., and Knoblich, G. (2009). The role of motor simulation in action perception: a neuropsychological case study. Psychol. Res. 73, 477-485.
51. Fahlman, S. E., and Lebiere, C. (1990). "The cascade-correlation learning architecture," in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 2, ed. D. S. Touretzky (Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.), 524-532.
52. Fellous, J.-M., and Arbib, M. (eds). (2006). Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot, Vol. 24. New York: Oxford University Press, 271-272.
53. Fias, W., Brysbaert, M., Geypens, F., and d'Ydewalle, G. (1996). The importance of magnitude information in numerical processing: Evidence from the SNARC effect. Mathematical Cognition, 2, 95-110.
54. Fischer, M. H. (2008). Finger counting habits modulate spatial-numerical associations. Cortex, 44, 386-392.
55. Fischer, M. H., and Hoellen, N. (2004). Space-based and object-based attention depend on motor intention. J. Gen. Psychol. 131, 365-377.
56. Fischer, M. H., Mills, R. A., and Shaki, S. (2010). How to cook a SNARC: number placement in text rapidly changes spatial-numerical associations. Brain Cogn. 72, 333-336.
57. Fischer, M. H., Prinz, J., and Lotz, K. (2008). Obligatory attention to action goals. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 860-868.
58. Fischer, M. H., Shaki, S., and Cruise, A. (2009). It takes only one word to quash the SNARC. Exp. Psychol. 56, 361-366.
59. Fischer, M. H., and Shaki, S. (2011). Predilection or preconception? A reply to Treccani and Umilta. Brain Cogn. (in press).
60. Frischen, A., Bayliss, A. P., and Tipper, S. P. (2007). Gaze cueing of attention: visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences. Psychol. Bull. 133, 694-723.
61. Garagnani, M., Wennekers, T., and Pulvermuller, F. (2007). A neu ral model of the language cortex. Neurocomputing 70, 1914-1919.
62. Gibson, J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
63. Glenberg, A. (1997). What memory is for. Behav. Brain Sci. 20, 1-55.
64. Glenberg, A. M., and Kaschak, M. P. (2002). Grounding language in action. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9, 558-565.
65. Gold, J., and Shadlen, M. (2000). Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands. Nature 404, 390-394.
66. Grant, E. R., and Spivey, M. J. (2003). Eye movements and problem solving: guiding attention guides thought. Psychol. Sci. 14, 462-466.
67. Harnad, S. (1990). The symbol grounding problem. Physica D 42, 335-346.
68. Hietanen, J. K. (2002). Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychol. Res. 66, 174-179.
69. Hommel, B., Musseler, J., Aschersleben, G., and Prinz, W. (2001). The theory of event coding (TEC): a framework for perception and action planning. Behav. Brain Sci. 24, 849-878.
70. Horwitz, B., and Tagamets, M.-A. (1999). Predicting human functional maps with neural net modeling. Hum. Brain Mapp. 8, 137-142.
71. Howell, S., Jankowicz, D., and Becker, S. (2005). A model of grounded language acquisition: sensorimotor features improve lexical and grammatical learning. J. Mem. Lang. 53, 258-276.
72. Ito, Y., and Hatta, T. (2004). Spatial structure of quantitative representation of numbers: evidence from the SNARC effect. Mem. Cogn. 32, 662-673.
73. Jeannerod, M. (1995). Mental imagery in the motor context. Neuropsychologia 33, 1419-1432.
74. Joyce, D., Richards, L., Cangelosi, A., and Coventry, K. R. (2003). "On the foundations of perceptual symbol systems: specifying embodied representations via connectionism," in The Logic of Cognitive Systems. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, eds F. Detje, D. Dörner, and H. Schaub (Bamberg: Universitätsverlag), 147-152.
75. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992). Beyond Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
76. Knops, A., Thirion, B., Hubbards, E. M., Michel, V., and Dehaene, S. (2009). Recruitment of an area involved in eye movements during mental arithmetic. Science 324, 1583-1585.
77. Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-Organizing Maps. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
78. Körding, K. P., and Wolpert, D. M. (2004). Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning. Nature 427, 244-247.
79. Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Image and Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
80. Kveraga, K., Ghuman, A. S., and Bar, M. (2007). Top-down predictions in the cognitive brain. Brain Cogn. 65, 145-168.
81. Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh. New York: Basic Books.
82. Lindemann, O., Alipour, A., and Fischer, M. H. (in press). Finger counting habits in Middle-Eastern and Western individuals: an online survey. J. Cross Cult. Psychol.
83. Loetscher, T., Schwarz, U., Schubiger, M., and Brugger, P. (2008). Head turns bis the brain's random number generator. Curr. Biol. 18, R60-R62.
84. Macura, Z., Cangelosi, A., Ellis, R., Bugmann, D., Fischer, M. H., and Myachykov, A. (2009). "A cognitive robotic model of grasping," in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Epigenetic Robotics, Venice, November 12-14, 2009.
85. Madden, C. J., Hoen, M., and Dominey P. F. (2009). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on embodied language for human-robot cooperation. Brain Lang. 112, 180-188.
86. Mahon, B. Z., and Caramazza, A. (2008). A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content. J. Physiol. Paris 102, 59-70.
87. Mandler, J. (1992). How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives. Psychol. Rev. 99, 587-604.
88. Marocco, D., Cangelosi, A., and Nolfi, S. (2003). The emergence of communication in evolutionary robots. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361, 2397-2421.
89. Mayberry, M., Knoeferle, P., and Crocker, M. (2009). Learning to attend: a connectionist model of situated language comprehension. Cogn. Sci. 33, 449-496.
90. Meteyard, L., Bahrami, B., and Vigliocco, G. (2007). Motion detection and motion words: language affects lowlevel visual perception. Psychol. Sci. 18, 1007-1013.
91. Meteyard, L., Zokaei, N., Bahrami, B., and Vigliocco, G. (2008). Visual motion interferes with lexical decision on motion words. Curr. Biol. 18, R732-R733.
92. Metta, G., and Cangelosi, A. (in press). "Cognitive robotics," in Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, ed. N. M. Seel (Springer).
93. Metta, G., Sandini, G., Vernon, D., Natale, L., and Nori, F. (2008). "The iCub humanoid robot: an open platform for research in embodied cognition," in PerMIS: Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems Workshop, August 19-21, 2008, Washington, DC.
94. Moller, R., and Schenck, W. (2008). Bootstrapping cognition from behavior a computerized thought experiment. Cogn. Sci. 32, 504-542.
95. Mumford, D. (1992). On the computational architecture of the neocortex II. The role of cortico-cortical loops. Biol. Cybern. 66, 241-251.
96. Myachykov, A., Platenburg, W., and Fischer, M. H. (2009). Nonabstractness as mental simulation in the representation of number. Behav. Brain Sci. 32, 343-344.
97. Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
98. Nolfi, S. (2005). "Categories formation in self-organizing embodied agents," in Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science, eds H. Cohen and C. Lefebvre (Elsevier), 869-889.
99. Nolfi, S., and Floreano, D. (2000). Evolutionary Robotics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
100. Oztop, E., Kawato, M., and Arbib, M. (2006). Mirror neurons and imitation: a computationally guided review. Neural Netw. 19, 254-271.
101. Oztop, E., Wolpert, D., and Kawato, M. (2005). Mental state inference using visual control parameters. Cogn. Brain Res. 22, 129-151.
102. Patterson K., Nestor P. J., and Rogers T. T. (2007). Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 976-987.
103. Pezzulo, G. (2008). Coordinating with the future: the anticipatory nature of representation. Minds Mach. 18, 179-225.
104. Pezzulo, G., and Calvi, G. (in press). Computational explorations of perceptual symbol systems theory. N. Ideas Psychol. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.07.004
105. Pezzulo, G., and Castelfranchi, C. (2007). The symbol detachment problem. Cogn. Process. 8, 115-131.
106. Pezzulo, G., and Castelfranchi, C. (2009). Thinking as the control of imagination: a conceptual framework for goal-directed systems. Psychol. Res. 73, 559-577.
107. Pfeifer, R., and Bongard, J. (2006). How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
108. Pfeifer, R., and Scheier, C. (1999). Understanding Intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
109. Pinhas, M., and Fischer, M. H. (2008). Mental movements without magnitude? A study of spatial biases in symbolic arithmetic. Cognition 109, 408-415.
110. Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 9, 129-154.
111. Pulvermüller, F. (1999). Words in the brain's language. Behav. Brain Sci. 22, 253-279.
112. Pulvermüller, F. (2005). Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 576-582.
113. Pulvermüller, F., Hauk, O., Ilmoniemi, R., and Nikulin, V. (2005). Functional links between motor and language systems. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 793-797.
114. Pylyshyn, Z. (1974). Minds, machines and phenomenology: some reflections on Dreyfus' "What computers can't do." Cognition 3, 57-77.
115. Radulescu, P. V., Adam, J. J., Fischer, M. H., and Pratt, J. (2010). Fitts's law violation and motor imagery: are imagined movements truthful or lawful? Exp. Brain Res., 201, 607-611
116. Rao, R., and Ballard, D. (1999). Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extraclassical receptive-field effects. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 79-87.
117. Richardson, D., and Dale, R. (2005). Looking to understand: the coupling between speakers' and listeners' eye movements and its relationship to discourse comprehension. Cogn. Sci. 9, 1045-1060.
118. Richardson, D., Spivey, M., Barsalou, L., and McRae, K. (2003). Spatial representations activated during real-time comprehension of verbs. Cogn. Sci. 27, 767-780.
119. Rizzolatti, G., and Arbib, M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends Neurosci. 21, 188-194.
120. Rizzolatti, G., and Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 169-192.
121. Robbins, P., and Aydede, M. (eds). (2008). Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
122. Rosenbaum, D. A., Carlson, R. A., and Gilmore, R. O. (2001). Acquisition of intellectual and perceptualmotor skills. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 453-470.
123. Ross, B. H., Wang, R. F., Kramer, A. F., Simons, D. J., and Crowell, J. A. (2007). Action information from classification learning. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14, 500-504.
124. Roy, D. (2005a). Semiotic schemas: a framework for grounding language in action and perception. Artif. Intell. 167, 170-205.
125. Roy, D. (2005b). Grounding words in perception and action: computa tional insights. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 389-386.
126. Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., and Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 657-661.
127. Scheutz, M., Eberhard, K., and Andronache, V. (2004). A real-time robotic model of human reference resolution using visual constraints. Connect. Sci. 16, 145-167.
128. Schöner, G. (2008). "Dynamical systems approaches to cognition," in Toward a Unified Theory of Development: Connec t ioni sm and Dynamic Systems Theory Re-Considered, eds J. P. Spencer, M. S. Thomas, and J. L. McClelland (New York: Oxford University Press).
129. Schwarz, W., and Keus, I. (2004). Moving the eyes along the mental number line: comparing SNARC effects with manual and saccadic responses. Percept. Psychophys. 66, 651-664.
130. Searle, J. (1980). Minds, brains and programs. Behav. Brain Sci. 3, 417-457.
131. Sereno, S. C., and Rayner, K. (2003). Measuring word recognition in reading: eye movements and eventrelated potentials. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 489-493.
132. Sereno, S. C., Rayner, K., and Posner, M. I. (1998). Establishing a time-line of word recognition: evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials. Neuroreport 9, 2195-2200.
133. Shockley, K., Santana, M., and Fowler, C. (2003). Mutual interpersonal postural constraints are involved in cooperative conversation. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 29, 326-332.
134. Shockley, K., and Turvey, M. T. (2005). Encoding and retrieval during bimanual rhythmic coordination. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 31, 980-990.
135. Simmons, W. K., and Barsalou, L. W. (2003). The similarity-in-topography principle: reconciling theories of conceptual deficits. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 20, 451-486.
136. Smith, L. B. (2005). Action alters shape categories. Cogn. Sci. 29, 665-679.
137. Song, J., and Nakayama, K. (2009). Hidden cognitive states revealed in choice reaching tasks. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13, 360-366.
138. Spivey, M. J. (2007). The Continuity of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
139. Spivey, M. J., Grosjean, M., and Knoblich, G. (2005). Continuous attraction toward phonological competitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 10393-10398.
140. Steels, L., and Kaplan, F. (2000). AIBO's first words, the social learning of language and meaning. Evol. Commun. 4, 3-32.
141. Steels, L., and Kaplan, F. (2002). "Bootstrapping grounded word semantics," in Linguistic Evolution Through Language Acquisition: Formal and Computational Models, ed. T. Briscoe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 53-73.
142. Symes, E., Tucker, M., Ellis, R., Vainio, L., and Ottoboni, G. (2008). Grasp preparation improves change detection for congruent objects. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 43, 854-871.
143. Tanenhaus, M., Spivey-Knowlton, M., Eberhard, K., and Sedivy, J. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information during spoken language comprehension. Science 268, 1632-1634.
144. Tani, J., Ito, M., and Sugita, Y. (2004). Self-organization of distributedly represented multiple behavior schemata in a mirror system: reviews of robot experiments using RNNPB. Neural Netw. 17, 1273-1289.
145. Taylor, L. J., and Zwaan, R. A. (2008). Motor resonance and linguistic focus. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 61, 869-904.
146. Thelen, E., Schöner, G., Scheier, C., and Smith, L. (2001). The dynamics of embodiment: a field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Brain Behav. Sci. 24, 1-33.
147. Thelen, E., and Smith, L. (1994). A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
148. Thomas, L., and Lleras, A. (2007). Moving eyes and moving thought: on the spatial compatibility between eye movements and cognition. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14, 663-668.
149. Tikhanoff, V., Cangelosi, A., Fitzpatrick, P., Metta, G., Natale, L., and Nori, F. (2008). "An open-source simulator for cognitive robotics research: the prototype of the iCub humanoid robot simulator," in Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems Workshop (PerMIS'08), eds R. Madhavan and E. R. Messina (Washington, DC: IEEE), 57-61.
150. Tipper, S., Howard, L., and Jackson, S. (1997). Selective reaching to grasp: evidence for distractor interference effects. Vis. Cogn. 4, 1-38.
151. Toskos, A., Hanania, R., and Hockema, S. (2004). "Eye scanpaths influence memory for spoken verbs," in Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, eds K. Forbus, D. Gentner, and T. Regier (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 1643.
152. Tucker, M., and Ellis, R. (2001). The potentiation of grasp types during visual object categorization. Vis. Cogn. 8, 769-800.
153. Verschure, P., and Coolen, A. (1991). Adaptive fields: distributed representations of classically conditioned associations. Network 2, 189-206.
154. von Hofsten, C. (2004). An action perspective on motor development. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 266-272.
155. Wallace, R. J. (1971). Stimulus-response compatibility and the idea of a response code. J. Exp. Psychol. 88, 354-360.
156. Weiller, D., Märtin, R., Dähne, S., Engel, A. K., and König, P. (2010). Involving motor capabilities in the formation of sensory space representations. PLoS ONE 5, e10377. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010377
157. Weng, J., McClelland, J., Pentland, A., Sporns, O., Stockman, I., Sur, M., and Thelen, E. (2001). Autonomous mental development by robots and animals. Science 291, 599-600.
158. Wood, G., Nuerk, H.-C., Willmes, K., and Fischer, M. H. (2008). On the cognitive link between space and number: A meta-analysis of the SNARC effect. Psychology Science Quarterly, 50, 489-525.
159. Ziemke, T. (2003). On the role of robot simulations in embodied cognitive science. AISB J. 1, 389-399.
160. Zwaan, R. A., and Taylor, L. J. (2006). Seeing, acting, understanding: motor resonance in language comprehension. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 135, 1-11.