PLP-dependent enzymes as potential drug targets for protozoan diseases

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics

Volumn 1814, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1567-1576

  Kappes, Barbara ^a,d   Tews, Ivo ^b   Binter, Alexandra ^c   MacHeroux, Peter ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c GRAZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antiprotozoan therapy; Aspartate transaminase; Cysteine desulfurase; Cysteine synthase; Ornithine decarboxylase; Serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Indexed keywords

5 AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHASE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALANINE GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALANINE RACEMASE; AROMATIC LEVO AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE; CYSTATHIONINE BETA SYNTHASE; CYSTATHIONINE GAMMA LYASE; CYSTEINE CONJUGATE; CYSTEINE SYNTHASE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; GLYCINE DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE; KYNURENINASE; KYNURENINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE; METHIONINE GAMMA LYASE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; ORNITHINE OXOACID AMINOTRANSFERASE; PHOSPHORYLASE; PYRIDOXINE; SERINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE; TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHASE; TRYPTOPHANASE; TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; TYROSINE DECARBOXYLASE;

BABESIA BIGEMINA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; DRUG TARGETING; EIMERIA TENELLA; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; ENZYME MECHANISM; GIARDIA LAMBLIA; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; NONHUMAN; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; REVIEW; THEILERIA ANNULATA; THEILERIA PARVA; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI;

ANIMALS; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES; CARBON-SULFUR LYASES; CYSTEINE SYNTHASE; ENZYMES; GLYCINE HYDROXYMETHYLTRANSFERASE; HUMANS; HYDROLASES; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI;

PROTOZOA;

EID: 80054680193     PISSN: 15709639     EISSN: 18781454     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.018     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. T. Mukherjee, J.W. Hanes, I. Tews, S.E. Ealick, and T.P. Begley Pyridoxal phosphate: biosynthesis and catabolism Biochim Biophys Acta 1814 2011 1586 1597
2. I.B. Muller, J.E. Hyde, and C. Wrenger Vitamin B metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum as a source of drug targets Trends Parasitol. 26 2010 35 43
3. S. Muller, and B. Kappes Vitamin and cofactor biosynthesis pathways in Plasmodium and other apicomplexan parasites Trends Parasitol. 23 2007 112 121 (Pubitemid 46274506)
4. R. Percudani, and A. Peracchi The B6 database: a tool for the description and classification of vitamin B6-dependent enzymatic activities and of the corresponding protein families BMC Bioinformatics 10 2009 273
5. A. Amadasi, M. Bertoldi, R. Contestabile, S. Bettati, B. Cellini, M.L. di Salvo, C. Borri-Voltattorni, F. Bossa, and A. Mozzarelli Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enzymes as targets for therapeutic agents Curr. Med. Chem. 14 2007 1291 1324 (Pubitemid 46746362)
6. N.V. Grishin, M.A. Phillips, and E.J. Goldsmith Modeling of the spatial structure of eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylases Protein Sci. 4 1995 1291 1304
7. P. Christen, and P.K. Mehta From cofactor to enzymes. The molecular evolution of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes Chem. Rec. 1 2001 436 447 (Pubitemid 33771590)
8. R. Percudani, and A. Peracchi A genomic overview of pyridoxal-phosphate- dependent enzymes EMBO Rep. 4 2003 850 854 (Pubitemid 37304400)
9. Parasitology in Focus, Facts and Trends 1988 Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo
10. K. Matthews, B. Kappes, D. Chakrabarti, and C. Doerig Cell cycle in parasitic protozoans L. Meijer, A. Jezequal, B. Ducommun, Progress in Cell Cycle Research vol. 4th 2000 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York 163 183
11. A.S. Young, and S.P. Morzaria Biology of babesia Parasitol. Today (Personal ed.) 2 1986 211 219
12. J.E. Hyde Targeting purine and pyrimidine metabolism in human apicomplexan parasites Curr. Drug Targets 8 2007 31 47 (Pubitemid 46043897)
13. J.E. Hyde Exploring the folate pathway in Plasmodium falciparum Acta Trop. 94 2005 191 206 (Pubitemid 40720326)
14. C. Wrenger, I.B. Muller, A.J. Schifferdecker, R. Jain, R. Jordanova, and M.R. Groves Specific inhibition of the aspartate aminotransferase of Plasmodium falciparum J. Mol. Biol. 405 2011 956 971
15. L.C. Berger, J. Wilson, P. Wood, and B.J. Berger Methionine regeneration and aspartate aminotransferase in parasitic protozoa J. Bacteriol. 183 2001 4421 4434 (Pubitemid 32645991)
16. L.J. Marton, and A.E. Pegg Polyamines as targets for therapeutic intervention Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35 1995 55 91
17. J.R. Sufrin, S.R. Meshnick, A.J. Spiess, J. Garofalo-Hannan, X.Q. Pan, and C.J. Bacchi Methionine recycling pathways and antimalarial drug design Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39 1995 2511 2515
18. L.M. Ting, W. Shi, A. Lewandowicz, V. Singh, A. Mwakingwe, M.R. Birck, E.A. Ringia, G. Bench, D.C. Madrid, P.C. Tyler, G.B. Evans, R.H. Furneaux, V.L. Schramm, and K. Kim Targeting a novel Plasmodium falciparum purine recycling pathway with specific immucillins J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 9547 9554 (Pubitemid 40409650)
19. M.J. Gardner, N. Hall, E. Fung, O. White, M. Berriman, R.W. Hyman, J.M. Carlton, A. Pain, K.E. Nelson, S. Bowman, I.T. Paulsen, K. James, J.A. Eisen, K. Rutherford, S.L. Salzberg, A. Craig, S. Kyes, M.S. Chan, V. Nene, S.J. Shallom, B. Suh, J. Peterson, S. Angiuoli, M. Pertea, J. Allen, J. Selengut, D. Haft, M.W. Mather, A.B. Vaidya, D.M. Martin, A.H. Fairlamb, M.J. Fraunholz, D.S. Roos, S.A. Ralph, G.I. McFadden, L.M. Cummings, G.M. Subramanian, C. Mungall, J.C. Venter, D.J. Carucci, S.L. Hoffman, C. Newbold, R.W. Davis, C.M. Fraser, and B. Barrell Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum Nature 419 2002 498 511
20. C.R. Goward, and D.J. Nicholls Malate dehydrogenase: a model for structure, evolution, and catalysis Protein Sci. 3 1994 1883 1888 (Pubitemid 24356611)
21. P. Poliak, D. Van Hoewyk, M. Obornik, A. Zikova, K.D. Stuart, J. Tachezy, M. Pilon, and J. Lukes Functions and cellular localization of cysteine desulfurase and selenocysteine lyase in Trypanosoma brucei FEBS J. 277 2010 383 393
22. J. Gerber, U. Muhlenhoff, and R. Lill An interaction between frataxin and Isu1/Nfs1 that is crucial for Fe/S cluster synthesis on Isu1 EMBO Rep. 4 2003 906 911 (Pubitemid 37304409)
23. K.E. Ellis, B. Clough, J.W. Saldanha, and R.J. Wilson Nifs and Sufs in malaria Mol. Microbiol. 41 2001 973 981 (Pubitemid 36124696)
24. J.M. Wohlgamuth-Benedum, M.A. Rubio, Z. Paris, S. Long, P. Poliak, J. Lukes, and J.D. Alfonzo Thiolation controls cytoplasmic tRNA stability and acts as a negative determinant for tRNA editing in mitochondria J. Biol. Chem. 284 2009 23947 23953
25. T.A. Richards, and M. van der Giezen Evolution of the Isd11-IscS complex reveals a single alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiosis for all eukaryotes Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 2006 1341 1344 (Pubitemid 43992334)
26. R. Sutak, P. Dolezal, H.L. Fiumera, I. Hrdy, A. Dancis, M. Delgadillo-Correa, P.J. Johnson, M. Muller, and J. Tachezy Mitochondrial-type assembly of FeS centers in the hydrogenosomes of the amitochondriate eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 2004 10368 10373 (Pubitemid 38924932)
27. V. Ali, Y. Shigeta, U. Tokumoto, Y. Takahashi, and T. Nozaki An intestinal parasitic protist, Entamoeba histolytica, possesses a non-redundant nitrogen fixation-like system for iron-sulfur cluster assembly under anaerobic conditions J. Biol. Chem. 279 2004 16863 16874 (Pubitemid 38509389)
28. H.M. Wallace, A.V. Fraser, and A. Hughes A perspective of polyamine metabolism Biochem. J. 376 2003 1 14 (Pubitemid 37487199)
29. L. Persson Polyamine homoeostasis Essays Biochem. 46 2009 11 24
30. T. Cook, D. Roos, M. Morada, G. Zhu, J.S. Keithly, J.E. Feagin, G. Wu, and N. Yarlett Divergent polyamine metabolism in the Apicomplexa Microbiology 153 2007 1123 1130 (Pubitemid 46605810)
31. J.S. Keithly, G. Zhu, S.J. Upton, K.M. Woods, M.P. Martinez, and N. Yarlett Polyamine biosynthesis in Cryptosporidium parvum and its implications for chemotherapy Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 88 1997 35 42 (Pubitemid 27346815)
32. S.D. Rider Jr., and G. Zhu Cryptosporidium: genomic and biochemical features Exp. Parasitol. 124 2010 2 9
33. M.R. Ariyanayagam, and A.H. Fairlamb Diamine auxotrophy may be a universal feature of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 84 1997 111 121 (Pubitemid 27090511)
34. C. Wrenger, K. Luersen, T. Krause, S. Muller, and R.D. Walter The Plasmodium falciparum bifunctional ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-l- methionine decarboxylase, enables a well balanced polyamine synthesis without domain-domain interaction J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 29651 29656
35. T. Nozaki, V. Ali, and M. Tokoro Sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism in parasitic protozoa Adv. Parasitol. 60 2005 1 99 (Pubitemid 41446921)
36. V. Ali, and T. Nozaki Current therapeutics, their problems, and sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism as a novel target against infections by "amitochondriate" protozoan parasites Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20 2007 164 187 (Pubitemid 46167772)
37. I.J. Anderson, and B.J. Loftus Entamoeba histolytica: observations on metabolism based on the genome sequence Exp. Parasitol. 110 2005 173 177 (Pubitemid 40813354)
38. A.E. McKie, T. Edlind, J. Walker, J.C. Mottram, and G.H. Coombs The primitive protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis contains two methionine gamma-lyase genes that encode members of the gamma-family of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate- dependent enzymes J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 5549 5556 (Pubitemid 28124021)
39. M. Tokoro, T. Asai, S. Kobayashi, T. Takeuchi, and T. Nozaki Identification and characterization of two isoenzymes of methionine gamma-lyase from Entamoeba histolytica: a key enzyme of sulfur-amino acid degradation in an anaerobic parasitic protist that lacks forward and reverse trans-sulfuration pathways J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 42717 42727 (Pubitemid 37310547)
40. H. Tanaka, N. Esaki, and K. Soda A versatile bacterial enzyme: l-methionine gammy-lyase Enzyme Microb. Technol. 7 1985 530 537
41. G.H. Coombs, and J.C. Mottram Trifluoromethionine, a prodrug designed against methionine gamma-lyase-containing pathogens, has efficacy in vitro and in vivo against Trichomonas vaginalis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 2001 1743 1745 (Pubitemid 32466343)
42. D. Sato, S. Kobayashi, H. Yasui, N. Shibata, T. Toru, M. Yamamoto, G. Tokoro, V. Ali, T. Soga, T. Takeuchi, M. Suematsu, and T. Nozaki Cytotoxic effect of amide derivatives of trifluoromethionine against the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 35 2010 56 61
43. D. Sato, W. Yamagata, S. Harada, and T. Nozaki Kinetic characterization of methionine gamma-lyases from the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica against physiological substrates and trifluoromethionine, a promising lead compound against amoebiasis FEBS J. 275 2008 548 560
44. T. Nozaki, T. Asai, L.B. Sanchez, S. Kobayashi, M. Nakazawa, and T. Takeuchi Characterization of the gene encoding serine acetyltransferase, a regulated enzyme of cysteine biosynthesis from the protist parasites Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar. Regulation and possible function of the cysteine biosynthetic pathway in Entamoeba J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 32445 32452
45. T. Nozaki, T. Asai, S. Kobayashi, F. Ikegami, M. Noji, K. Saito, and T. Takeuchi Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes encoding two isoforms of cysteine synthase in the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 97 1998 33 44 (Pubitemid 28558700)
46. G.D. Westrop, G. Goodall, J.C. Mottram, and G.H. Coombs Cysteine biosynthesis in Trichomonas vaginalis involves cysteine synthase utilizing O-phosphoserine J. Biol. Chem. 281 2006 25062 25075 (Pubitemid 44401894)
47. J.E. Ellis, N. Yarlett, D. Cole, M.J. Humphreys, and D. Lloyd Antioxidant defences in the microaerophilic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison of metronidazole-resistant and sensitive strains Microbiology 140 1994 2489 2494 (Pubitemid 24297057)
48. M. Abid, A.R. Bhat, F. Athar, and A. Azam Synthesis, spectral studies and antiamoebic activity of new 1-N-substituted thiocarbamoyl-3-phenyl-2- pyrazolines Eur. J. Biochem. 44 2009 417 425
49. R.A. Williams, G.D. Westrop, and G.H. Coombs Two pathways for cysteine biosynthesis in Leishmania major Biochem. J. 420 2009 451 462
50. C.K. Pang, J.H. Hunter, R. Gujjar, R. Podutoori, J. Bowman, D.G. Mudeppa, and P.K. Rathod Catalytic and ligand-binding characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum serine hydroxymethyltransferase Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 168 2009 74 83
51. F. Rossi, S. Garavaglia, G.B. Giovenzana, B. Arca, J. Li, and M. Rizzi Crystal structure of the Anopheles gambiae 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 2006 5711 5716
52. F. Rossi, F. Lombardo, A. Paglino, C. Cassani, G. Miglio, B. Arca, and M. Rizzi Identification and biochemical characterization of the Anopheles gambiae 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase FEBS J. 272 2005 5653 5662 (Pubitemid 41579423)
53. I.B. Muller, R. Das Gupta, K. Luersen, C. Wrenger, and R.D. Walter Assessing the polyamine metabolism of Plasmodium falciparum as chemotherapeutic target Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 160 2008 1 7 (Pubitemid 351694359)
54. M. Mukherjee, S.A. Sievers, M.T. Brown, and P.J. Johnson Identification and biochemical characterization of serine hydroxymethyl transferase in the hydrogenosome of Trichomonas vaginalis Eukaryot. Cell 5 2006 2072 2078 (Pubitemid 44956818)
55. Y. Yuthavong, S. Kamchonwongpaisan, U. Leartsakulpanich, and P. Chitnumsub Folate metabolism as a source of molecular targets for antimalarials Future Microbiol. 1 2006 113 125
56. A.C. Anderson Targeting DHFR in parasitic protozoa Drug Discov. Today 10 2005 121 128 (Pubitemid 40247810)
57. S. Agrawal, A. Kumar, V. Srivastava, and B.N. Mishra Cloning, expression, activity and folding studies of serine hydroxymethyltransferase: a target enzyme for cancer chemotherapy J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6 2003 67 75 (Pubitemid 38410691)
58. A.A. Figueiredo da Silva, L. de Carvalho Vieira, M.A. Krieger, S. Goldenberg, N.I. Zanchin, and B.G. Guimaraes Crystal structure of chagasin, the endogenous cysteine-protease inhibitor from Trypanosoma cruzi J. Struct. Biol. 157 2007 416 423 (Pubitemid 46109331)
59. G. Ecco, J. Vernal, G. Razzera, C. Tavares, V.I. Serpa, S. Arias, F.K. Marchini, M.A. Krieger, S. Goldenberg, and H. Terenzi Initial characterization of a recombinant kynureninase from Trypanosoma cruzi identified from an EST database Gene 448 2009 1 6
60. C. Burri, and R. Brun Eflornithine for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis Parasitol. Res. 90 Supp 1 2003 S49 S52
61. S. Muller, G.H. Coombs, and R.D. Walter Targeting polyamines of parasitic protozoa in chemotherapy Trends Parasitol. 17 2001 242 249 (Pubitemid 32422170)
62. R. Das Gupta, T. Krause-Ihle, B. Bergmann, I.B. Muller, A.R. Khomutov, S. Muller, R.D. Walter, and K. Luersen 3-Aminooxy-1-aminopropane and derivatives have an antiproliferative effect on cultured Plasmodium falciparum by decreasing intracellular polyamine concentrations Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 2005 2857 2864 (Pubitemid 40917603)
63. R.M. Khomutov, T. Hyvonen, E. Karvonen, L. Kauppinen, T. Paalanen, L. Paulin, T. Eloranta, R.L. Pajula, L.C. Andersson, and H. Poso 1-Aminooxy-3-aminopropane, a new and potent inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis that inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 130 1985 596 602 (Pubitemid 16239384)
64. P. Arteaga-Nieto, E. Lopez-Romero, Y. Teran-Figueroa, C. Cano-Canchola, J.P. Luna Arias, A. Flores-Carreon, and C. Calvo-Mendez Entamoeba histolytica: purification and characterization of ornithine decarboxylase Exp. Parasitol. 101 2002 215 222 (Pubitemid 36269053)
65. V.T. Dufe, D. Ingner, O. Heby, A.R. Khomutov, L. Persson, and S. Al-Karadaghi A structural insight into the inhibition of human and Leishmania donovani ornithine decarboxylases by 1-amino-oxy-3-aminopropane Biochem. J. 405 2007 261 268 (Pubitemid 47075161)
66. D.A. Scott, S.M. Hickerson, T.J. Vickers, and S.M. Beverley The role of the mitochondrial glycine cleavage complex in the metabolism and virulence of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major J. Biol. Chem. 283 2008 155 165
67. C. Nosei, and J.L. Avila Serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity in Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rangeli and American Leishmania spp Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81 1985 701 704
68. S. Alfadhli, and P.K. Rathod Gene organization of a Plasmodium falciparum serine hydroxymethyltransferase and its functional expression in Escherichia coli Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 110 2000 283 291
69. E. Salcedo, P.F. Sims, and J.E. Hyde A glycine-cleavage complex as part of the folate one-carbon metabolism of Plasmodium falciparum Trends Parasitol. 21 2005 406 411 (Pubitemid 41116715)
70. D.J. Linstead, R.A. Klein, and G.A. Cross Threonine catabolism in Trypanosoma brucei J. Gen. Microbiol. 101 1977 243 251 (Pubitemid 8161839)
71. S. Sato, B. Clough, L. Coates, and R.J. Wilson Enzymes for heme biosynthesis are found in both the mitochondrion and plastid of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum Protist 155 2004 117 125 (Pubitemid 38503630)
72. K. Zhang, J.M. Pompey, F.F. Hsu, P. Key, P. Bandhuvula, J.D. Saba, J. Turk, and S.M. Beverley Redirection of sphingolipid metabolism toward de novo synthesis of ethanolamine in Leishmania EMBO J. 26 2007 1094 1104
73. H. Cui, G.F. Ruda, J. Carrero-Lerida, L.M. Ruiz-Perez, I.H. Gilbert, and D. Gonzalez-Pacanowska Exploring new inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase Eur. J. Med. Chem. 45 2010 5140 5149
74. P.N. Lowe, and A.F. Rowe Aminotransferase activities in Trichomonas vaginalis Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 21 1986 65 74 (Pubitemid 16018150)
75. W. Blankenfeldt, C. Nowicki, M. Montemartini-Kalisz, H.M. Kalisz, and H.J. Hecht Crystal structure of Trypanosoma cruzi tyrosine aminotransferase: substrate specificity is influenced by cofactor binding mode Protein Sci. 8 1999 2406 2417 (Pubitemid 29536406)
76. J.V. Rego, S.M. Murta, P. Nirde, F.B. Nogueira, H.M. de Andrade, and A.J. Romanha Trypanosoma cruzi: characterisation of the gene encoding tyrosine aminotransferase in benznidazole-resistant and susceptible populations Exp. Parasitol. 118 2008 111 117 (Pubitemid 350299335)
77. C. Gafan, J. Wilson, L.C. Berger, and B.J. Berger Characterization of the ornithine aminotransferase from Plasmodium falciparum Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 118 2001 1 10 (Pubitemid 33043815)
78. M.W. Simon, E. Martin, and A.J. Mukkada Evidence for a functional glyoxylate cycle in the leishmaniae J. Bacteriol. 135 1978 895 899 (Pubitemid 9022270)
79. N.V. Grishin, A.L. Osterman, H.B. Brooks, M.A. Phillips, and E.J. Goldsmith X-ray structure of ornithine decarboxylase from Trypanosoma brucei: the native structure and the structure in complex with alpha- difluoromethylornithine Biochemistry 38 1999 15174 15184 (Pubitemid 129520348)
80. J.V. Becker, L. Mtwisha, B.G. Crampton, S. Stoychev, A.C. van Brummelen, S. Reeksting, A.I. Louw, L.M. Birkholtz, and D.T. Mancama Plasmodium falciparum spermidine synthase inhibition results in unique perturbation-specific effects observed on transcript, protein and metabolite levels BMC Genomics 11 2010 235
81. S.C. Alfieri, and E.P. Camargo Trypanosomatidae: isoleucine requirement and threonine deaminase in species with and without endosymbionts Exp. Parasitol. 53 1982 371 380
82. I.A. Moya, G.D. Westrop, G.H. Coombs, and J.F. Honek Mechanistic studies on the enzymatic processing of fluorinated methionine analogs by Trichomonas vaginalis methionine gamma-lyase Biochem. J. 438 2011 513 521
83. R. Panizzutti, M. de Souza Leite, C.M. Pinheiro, and J.R. Meyer-Fernandes The occurrence of free d-alanine and an alanine racemase activity in Leishmania amazonensis FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 256 2006 16 21