Quantum dots in biomedical applications: Advances and challenges

Journal of Nanophotonics

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Cinteza, Ludmila O ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST   (Romania)

^b CHEMAV   (Romania)

Author keywords

nanoscience; quantum dot toxicity; quantum dots; surface functionalization

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; NANOCRYSTALS; NANOSCIENCE; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; TOXICITY;

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS; HIGH-RESOLUTION CELLULAR IMAGING; INTRACELLULAR PROCESS; MOLECULAR LEVELS; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; SURFACE FUNCTIONALITIES; SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION; WATER DISPERSIBILITY;

SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS;

EID: 80054065929     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19342608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/1.3500388     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. P. V. Kamat and D. Meisel, "Nanoparticles in advanced oxidation processes," Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 7(5-6), 282-287 (2002) [doi:10.1016/S1359-0294(02)00069-9]. (Pubitemid 36007976)
2. C. Balocco, A. M. Song, and M. Missous, "Room-temperature operations of memory devices based on self-assembled InAs quantum dot structures," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(24), 5910-5913 (2004) [doi: 10.1063/1.1831558]
3. Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, M. C. Roco and W. S. Bainbridge Eds., Springer, New York. (2001) ISBN 0-7923-7178-X.
4. F. Salamanca-Buentello, D. L. Persad, E. B. Court, D. K. Martin, A. S. Daar, and P. A. Singer "Nanotechnology and the developing world," PLoS Med. 2(5), 100-103 (2005) [doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020097].
5. R. Sparrow, "The social impacts of nanotechnology: an ethical and political analysis," J. Bioeth. Inq. 6, 13-23 (2009) [doi:10.1007/s11673- 009-9139-4].
6. A. P. Alivisatos, "Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots," Science 271, 933-937 (1996) [doi:10.1126/science.271.5251.933]. (Pubitemid 126554899)
7. A. P. Alivisatos, "Perspectives on the physical chemistry of semiconductor nanocrystals," J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13226-13239 (1996) [doi: 10.1021/jp9535506]. (Pubitemid 126821057)
8. I. L Medintz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R Goldman, and H. Mattoussi, "Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing," Nat. Mater. 4, 435-446 (2005) [doi:10.1038/nmat1390]. (Pubitemid 40774047)
9. X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Sundaresan, A. M. Wu, S. S. Gambhir, and S. Weiss, "Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics.," Science 307, 538-544 (2005) [doi: 10.1126/science. 1104274]. (Pubitemid 40941876)
10. J. M. Klostranec and W. C. W. Chan, "Quantum dots in biological and biomedical research: recent progress and present challenges," Adv. Mater. 18, 1953-1964 (2006) [doi: 10.1002/adma.200500786]. (Pubitemid 44259247)
11. B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez Viejo, F. V. Mikulec, J. R. Heine, H. Mattoussi, R. Ober, K. F. Jensen, and M. G. Bawendi, "(CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites," J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 9463-9475 (1997) [doi: 10.1021/jp971091y]. (Pubitemid 127581259)
12. D. V. Talapin, A. L. Rogach, A. Kornowski, M. Haase, and H. Weller, "Highly luminescent monodisperse CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals synthesized in a hexadecylamine-trioctylphosphine oxide-trioctylphospine mixture," Nano Lett. 1, 207-211 (2001) [doi:10.1021/nl0155126]. (Pubitemid 33672719)
13. P. M. Allen and M. G. Bawendi, "Ternary I-III-VI quantum dots luminescent in the red to near-infrared," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (29), 9240-9241 (2008) [doi:10.1126/science.1083780]. (Pubitemid 352031128)
14. W. C. Chan, D. J. Maxwell, X. Gao, R. E. Bailey, M. Han, and S. Nie, "Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging," Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13(1), 40-46 (2002) [doi:10.1016/S0958- 1669(02)00282-3]. (Pubitemid 34146546)
15. K. F. Domke and B. Pettinger, "Comment on scanning-probe Raman spectroscopy with single-molecule sensitivity," Phys. Rev. B 75, 236401 (2007) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.236401].
16. C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, and M. G. Bawendi, "Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor crystals," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706-8715 (1993) [doi:10.1021/ja00072a025].
17. F. Pinaud, X. Michalet, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose, J. J. Li, G. Iyer, and S. Weiss, "Advances in fluorescence imaging with quantum dot bio-probes," Biomat. 27, 1679-1687 (2006) [doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005. 11.018]. (Pubitemid 41759461)
18. M. Stroh, J. P. Zimmer, D. G. Duda, T. S. Levchenko, K. S. Cohen, E. B. Brown, D. T. Scadden, V. P. Torchilin, M. G. Bawendi, D. Fukumura, and R. K. Jain, "Quantum dots spectrally distinguish multiple species within the tumor milieu in vivo," Nat. Med. 11, 678-682 (2005) [doi:10.1038/nm1247]. (Pubitemid 40868310)
19. M. Kuno, J. K. Lee, B. O. Dabbousi, F. V. Mikulec, and M. G. Bawendi, "The band edge luminescence of surface modified CdSe nanocrystallites: probing the luminescing state," J. Chem. Phys. 106 (23), 9869-9882 (1997) [doi:10.1063/1.473875]. (Pubitemid 127626951)
20. M. Bruchez Jr., M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, and A. P Alivisatos, "Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels," Science 281, 2013-2016 (1998) [doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.2013]. (Pubitemid 28475485)
21. F. Chen and D. Gerion, "Fluorescent CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal-peptide conjugates for long-term, nontoxic imaging and nuclear targeting in living cells," Nano Lett. 4, 1827-1832 (2004) [doi:10.1021/nl049170q].
22. V. K. Komarala, A. L. Bradley, Y. P. Rakovich, S. J. Byrne, Y. K. Gunko, and A. L. Rogach, "Surface plasmon enhanced Förster resonance energy transfer between the CdTe quantum dots," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 123102 (2008) [doi:10.1063/1.2981209].
23. Y. P. Chang, F. Pinaud, J. Antelman, and S. Weiss, "Tracking bio-molecules in live cells using quantum dots," J. Biophoton. 1(4), 287-298 (2008) [doi: 10.1002/jbio.200810029].
24. X. Gao, W. C. W. Chan, and S. Nie, "Quantum-dot nanocrystals for ultrasensitive biological labeling and multicolor optical encoding," J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 532-537 (2002) [doi:10.1117/1.1506706]. (Pubitemid 35459933)
25. C. Y. Zhang and L. W. Johnson, "Quantifying RNA-peptide interaction by single-quantum dot-based nanosensor: an approach for drug screening," Anal. Chem. 79, 7775-7781 (2007) [doi: 10.1021/ja060537y]. (Pubitemid 47622407)
26. M. A. Walling, J. A. Novak, and J. R. E. Shepard, "Quantum dots for live cell and in vivo imaging," Inlt. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 441-491 (2009) [doi:10.3390/ijms10020441].
27. F. Patolsky, R. Gill, Y. Weizmann, T. Mokari, U. Banin, and I. Willner, "Lighting-up the dynamics of telomerization and DNA replication by CdSe-ZnS quantum dots," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 13918-13919 (2003) [doi: 10.1021/ja035848c]. (Pubitemid 37420871)
28. M. T. Fernandez-Arguelles, A. Yakovlev, R. A. Sperling, C. Luccardini, S. Gaillard, A. Sanz Medel, J. M. Mallet, J. C. Brochon, A. Feltz, M. Oheim, and W. J. Parak, "Synthesis and characterization of polymer-coated quantum dots with integrated acceptor dyes as FRET-based nanoprobes," NanoLett. 7(9), 2613-2617, (2007) [doi: 10.1021/nl070971d]. (Pubitemid 47522409)
29. M. Dennis and G. Bao, "Quantum dot-fluorescent protein pairs as novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes," Nano Lett, 8(5), 1439-1445 (2008) [doi:10.1021/nl080358+].
30. A. R. Clapp, I. L. Medintz, B. R. Fisher, G. P. Anderson, and H. Mattoussi, "Can luminescent quantum dots be efficient energy acceptors with organic dye donors?," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 1242-1250, (2005) [doi: 10.1021/ja045676z]. (Pubitemid 40228694)
31. S. F. Lee and M. Osborne, "Photodynamics of a single quantum dot: fluorescence activation, enhancement, intermittency, and decay," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 8936-8937 (2007) [doi: 10.1021/ja071876+]. (Pubitemid 47171822)
32. D. Zhou, L. Ying, X. Hong, E. A. Hall, C. Abell, and D. Klenerman, "A compact functional quantum dot-DNA conjugate: preparation, hybridization, and specific label-free DNA detection," Langmuir 24, 1659-1664 (2008) [doi: 10.1021/la703583u]. (Pubitemid 351500913)
33. T. Pons, I. L. Medintz, X. Wang, D. S. English, and H. Mattoussi, "Solution-phase single quantum dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (47), 15324-15331 (2006) [doi: 10.1021/ja0657253]. (Pubitemid 44853543)
34. W. R. Algar and U. J. Krull, "Quantum dots as donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer for the bioanalysis of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biological molecules," Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 391, 1609-1618 (2008) [doi: 10.1007/s00216-007-1703-3].
35. M. Nirmal, B. O. Dabbousi, M. G. Bawendi, J. J. Macklin, J. K. Trautman, T. D. Harris, and L. E. Brus, "Fluorescence intermittency in single cadmium selenide nanocrystals," Nature 383, 802-804 (1996) [doi:10.1038/383802a0]. (Pubitemid 26372658)
36. A. L. Efros and M. Rosen, "Random telegraph signal in the photoluminescence intensity of a single quantum dot," Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1110-1113 (1997) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1110]. (Pubitemid 127648112)
37. U. Banin, M. Bruchez, A. P. Alivisatos, T. Ha, S. Weiss, and D. S. Chemla, "Evidence for a thermal contribution to emission intermittency in single CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals," J. Chem. Phys. 110, 1195-1201 (1999) [doi:10.1063/1.478161].
38. K. T. Shimizu, R. G. Neuhauser, C. A. Leatherdale, S. A. Empedocles, W. K. Woo, and M. G. Bawendi, "Photoionization of individual CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals on silicon with 2-nm oxide depends on surface band bending," Phys. Rev. B 6320, 205316 (2001) [doi:10.1021/nl0340529].
39. M. Kuno, D.P. Fromm, H.F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, "Nonexponential 'blinking' kinetics of single CdSe quantum dots: a universal power law behavior," J. Chem. Phys. 112, 3117-3120 (2000) [doi:10.1063/1.480896].
40. M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, H. F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, D. J. Nesbitt, ""On"/"off" fluorescence intermittency of single semiconductor quantum dots," J. Chem. Phys. 115, 1028-1040 (2001) [doi:10.1063/1.1377883] (Pubitemid 32680644)
41. M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, S. T. Johnson, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, "Modeling distributed kinetics in isolated semiconductor quantum dots," Phys. Rev. B 67, 125304 (2003) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.67.125304].
42. P. A. Frantsuzov and R. A. Marcus, "Explanation of quantum dot blinking without the long-lived trap hypothesis," Phys. Rev. B 72, 155321 (2005) [doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.155321].
43. M. Pelton, G. Smith, N. F. Scherer, and R. A. Marcus, "Evidence for a diffusion-controlled mechanism for fluorescence blinking of colloidal quantum dots," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 14249-14254 (2007) [doi:10.1073/pnas.0706164104]. (Pubitemid 350003248)
44. J. Tang and R. A. Marcus, "Diffusion-controlled electron transfer processes and power-law statistics of fluorescence intermittency of nanoparticles," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 107401 (2005) [doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.95.107401].
45. S. Hohng and T. Ha, "Near-complete suppression of quantum dot blinking in ambient conditions," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 1324-1325 (2004) [doi:10.1021/ja039686w]. (Pubitemid 38202287)
46. K. T. Early, K. D. McCarthy, N. I. Hammer, M. Y. Odoi, R. Tangirala, T. Emrick, and M. D. Barnes, "Blinking suppression and intensity recurrences in single CdSe-oligo(phenylene vinylene) nanostructures: experiment and kinetic model," Nanotechno. 18, 424027 (2007) [doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/42/424027].
47. D. E. Gomez, J. van Embden, J. Jasieniak, T. A. Smith, and P. Mulvaney, "Blinking and surface chemistry of single CdSe nanocrystals," Small 2, 204-208 (2006) [doi:10.1002/smll.200500204]. (Pubitemid 43204263)
48. J. C. Ren, "Single nonblinking CdTe quantum dots synthesized in aqueous thiopropionic acid," Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 45, 7588-7591 (2006) [doi:10.1002/ange.200602758].
49. A. Mandal, J. Nakayama, N. Tamai, V. Biju, and M. Ishikawa, "Optical and dynamic properties of water-soluble highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots," J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 12765-12771 (2007) [doi:10.1021/jp074603+]. (Pubitemid 350136464)
50. V. Biju, Y. Makita, T. Nagase, Y. Yamaoka, H. Yokoyama, Y. Baba, and M. Ishikawa, "Subsecond luminescence intensity fluctuations of single CdSe quantum dots," J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 14350-14355 (2005) [doi:10.1021/jp0526187]. (Pubitemid 41156800)
51. B. Cui, C. Wu, L. Chen, A. Ramirez, E. L. Bearer, W. P. Li, W. C. Mobley, and S. Chu, "One at a time, live tracking of NGF axonal transport using quantum dots," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 13666-13671 (2007) [doi:10.1073/pnas.0706192104]. (Pubitemid 350003378)
52. Y. Chen, J. Vela, H. Htoon, J. L. Casson, D. J. Werder, D. A. Bussian, V. I. Klimov, and J. A. Hollingsworth, "Giant multishell CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots with suppressed blinking" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 5026-5027 (2008) [doi:10.1021/ja711379k]. (Pubitemid 351537049)
53. P. Frantsuzov, M. Kuno, B. Janko, and R. A. Marcus, "Universal emission intermittency in quantum dots, nanorods and nanowires," Nat. Phys. 4 (5), 519-522 (2008) [doi:10.1038/nphys1001].
54. M. E. Akerman, W. C. W. Chan, P. Laakkonen, S. N. Bhatia, and E. Ruoslahti, "Nanocrystal targeting in vivo," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12617-12621 (2002) [doi:10.1073/pnas.152463399].
55. H. A. Gussin, I. D. Tomlinson, D. M. Little, M. R. Warnement, H. Qian, S. J. Rosenthal, and D. R. Pepperberg, "Binding of muscimol-conjugated quantum dots to GABAC receptors," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 15701-15713 (2006) [doi:10.1021/ja064324k]. (Pubitemid 44894111)
56. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. K. Chung, and S. Nie, "In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots," Nature Biotech., 22(4), 969-976 (2004) [doi:10.1038/nbt994]. (Pubitemid 39014473)
57. A. Smith, G. Ruan, M. Rhyner, and S. Nie, "Engineering luminescent quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging," Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34, 3-14 (2006) [doi:10.1007/s10439-005-9000-9].
58. K. C. Kang, W. B. Tan, and Y. Zhang, "Solubilization of quantum dots for biological applications," J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2 (3-4), 165-168 (2006) [doi:10.1166/jbn.2006.039].
59. C. Wang, Q. Ma, W. Dou, S. Kanwal, G. Wang, P. Yuan, and X. Su, "Synthesis of aqueous CdTe quantum dots embedded silica nanoparticles and their applications as fluorescence probes," Talanta 77, 1358-1364 (2009) [doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.09.018].
60. E. Peoselt, S. Fischer, S. Foerster, and W. Horst, "Highly stable biocompatible inorganic nanoparticles by self-assembly of triblock-copolymer ligands," Langmuir 25 (24), 13906-13913 (2009) [doi:10.1021/la901876b].
61. M. A. Schreuder, J. R. McBride, A. D. Dukes III, J. A. Sammons, and S. J. Rosenthal, "Control of surface state emission via phosphonic acid modulation in ultrasmall CdSe nanocrystals: the role of ligand electronegativity," J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 8169-8176 (2009) [doi:10.1021/jp900300t].
62. S. Jaffar, K. T. Nam, A. Khademhosseini, J. Xing, R.S. Langer, and A.M. Belcher, "Layer-by-layer surface modification and patterned electrostatic deposition of quantum dots," Nano Lett. 4(8), 1421-1425 (2004) [doi:10.1021/nl0493287]. (Pubitemid 39186325)
63. S.-C Hsieh, F.-F Wang, C.-S Lin, Y.-J Chen, S.-C Hung, and Y.-J.Wang, "The inhibition of osteogenesis with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by CdSe/ZnS quantum dot labels," Biomat. 27(8), 1656-1664 (2006) [doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.09.004]. (Pubitemid 41739591)
64. J. E. B. Katari, V. L. Colvin, and A. P. Alivisatos, "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of CdSe nanocrystals with applications to studies of the nanocrystal surface," J. Phys. Chem. 98, 4109-4117 (1994) [doi:10.1021/j100066a034].
65. T. Vossmeyer, L. Katsikas, M. Giersig, I. G. Popovic, K. Diesner, A. Chemseddine, A. Eychmuller, and H. Weller, "CdS nanoclusters: synthesis, characterization, size dependent oscillator strength, temperature shift of the excitonic transition energy, and reversible absorbance shift," J. Phys. Chem. 98, 7665-7673 (1994) [doi: 10.1021/j100082a044].
66. Z. A. Peng and X. G. Peng "Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 183-184 (2001) [doi:10.1021/ja003633m]. (Pubitemid 32052980)
67. L. H. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. G. Peng, "Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals," Nano Lett. 1, 333-337 (2001) [doi:10.1021/nl0155532]. (Pubitemid 33672983)
68. Z. A. Peng and X. G. Peng "Nearly monodisperse and shape-controlled CdSe nanocrystals via alternative routes," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 3343-3353 (2002) [doi:10.1021/ja0173167]. (Pubitemid 34270375)
69. I. Mekis, D. V. Talapin, A. Kornowski, M. Haase, and H. Weller, "One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals via organometallic and 'Greener' chemical approaches," J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 7454-7462 (2003) [doi: 10.1021/jp0278364].
70. L. H. Qu and X. G. Peng, "Control of photoluminescence properties of CdSe nanocrystals in growth" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 2049-2055 (2002) [doi:10.1021/ja017002j].
71. M. A. Hines and P. Guyot-Sionnest, "Synthesis and characterization of strongly luminescing ZnS-capped CdSe nanocrystals," J. Phys. Chem. 100, 468-471 (1996) [doi:10.1021/jp9530562]. (Pubitemid 126803820)
72. V. Biju, T. Itoh, A. Anas, A. Sujith, and M. Ishikawa, "Semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles: syntheses, optical properties, and biological applications," Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 391, 2469-2495 (2008) [doi: 10.1007/s00216-008-2185-7].
73. X. Peng, M. C. Schlamp, A. V. Kadavanich, and A. P. Alivisatos, "Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 7019-7029 (1997) [doi:10.1021/ja970754m]. (Pubitemid 27357292)
74. G. N. Karanikolos, P. Alexandridis, G. Itskos, A. Petrou, and T. J. Mountziaris, "Synthesis and size control of luminescent ZnSe nanocrystals by a microemulsion-gas contacting technique," Langmuir 20(3), 550-553 (2004) [doi: 10.1021/la035397+].
75. F. Fleischhaker, R. Zentel, "Photonic crystals from core-shell colloids with incorporated highly fluorescent quantum dots," Chem. Mater. 17(6), 1346-1351 (2005) [doi: 10.1021/cm0481022]. (Pubitemid 40395702)
76. B. A. Simmons, S Li, V.T. John, G.L. McPherson, A. Bose, W. Zhou, and J. He, "Morphology of CdS nanocrystals synthesized in a mixed surfactant system," Nano Lett. 2(4), 263-268 (2002) [doi:10.1021/nl010080]. (Pubitemid 135706304)
77. S. Besson, T. Gacoin, C. Ricolleau, C. Jacquiod, and J. P. Boilot, "3D quantum dot lattice inside mesoporous silica films," Nano Lett. 2(4), 409-414 (2002) [doi:10.1021/nl015685v]. (Pubitemid 135706334)
78. V. Bekiari and P. Lianos, "High-yield luminescence from CdS nanoclusters supported in a poly(ethylene glycol) oligomer," Langmuir 16(7), 3561-3563 (2000) [doi:10.1021/la991267i]. (Pubitemid 30581076)
79. S. Wu, H. Zeng, and Z. A. Schelly, "Growth of uncapped, subnanometer size gold clusters prepared via electroporation of vesicles," Langmuir 21(2), 686-691 (2005) [doi:10.1021/jp0543476].
80. 1-xSe alloy nanowires," J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (24), 11691-11696 (2006) [doi: 10.1021/jp056892c]. (Pubitemid 44024780)
81. K. Rajeshwar, N. R de Tacconi, and C. R. Chenthamarakshan, "Semiconductor-based composite materials: preparation, properties, and performance," Chem. Mater. 13(9), 2765-2782 (2001) [doi: 10.1021/cm010254z]. (Pubitemid 33123168)
82. H. S. Kim, M. H. Lee, N. C. Jeong, S. M. Lee, B. K. Rhee, and K.B. Yoon, "Very high third-order nonlinear optical activities of intrazeolite PbS quantum dots," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(47), 15070-15071 (2006) [doi: 10.1021/ja0661966].
83. N. H. Heo, J. S. Park, Y. J Kim, W. T. Lim, S. W. Jung, and K. Seff, "Spatially ordered quantum dot array of indium nanoclusters in fully indium-exchanged zeolite X," J. Phys. Chem. B 107(5), 1120-1128 (2003) [doi: 10.1021/jp0219348].
84. M. Darbandi, R. Thomann, and T. Nann, "Single quantum dots in silica spheres by microemulsion synthesis," Chem. Mater. 17(23), 5720-5725 (2005) [doi:10.1021/cm051467h]. (Pubitemid 41693776)
85. W. W. Yu, E. Chang, J. C. Falkner, J. Zhang, A. M. Al-Somali, C. M. Sayes, J. Johns, R. Drezek, and V.L. Colvin "Forming biocompatible and nonaggregated nanocrystals in water using amphiphilic polymers," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 2871-879 (2007) [doi:10.1021/ja067184n]. (Pubitemid 46417963)
86. L. F. Xi and Y. M. Lam, "Synthesis and characterization of CdSe nanorods using a novel microemulsion method at moderate temperature," J. Colloid Interface Sci. 316, 771-778 (2007) [doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.07.067]. (Pubitemid 350030126)
87. T. Charinpanitkul, A. Chanagul, J. Dutta, U. Rungsardthong, and W. Tanthapanichakoon, "Effects of cosurfactant on ZnS nanoparticle synthesis in microemulsion," Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 6, 266-271 (2005) [doi:10.1016/j.stam.2005.02.005].
88. K. T. Yong, Y. Sahoo, K.R. Choudhury, M.T. Swihart, J.R. Minter, and P.N. Prasad, "Shape control of PbSe nanocrystals using noble metal seed particles" Nano Lett. 6(4), 709-714, (2006) [doi:10.1021/nl052472n].
89. B. A. Korgel and H.G. Monbouquette, "Controlled synthesis of mixed core and layered (Zn,Cd)S and (Hg,Cd)S nanocrystals within phosphatidylcholine vesicles," Langmuir 16, 3588-3594 (2000) [doi:10.1021/la990139r].
90. D. J. Elliot, K. Grieve, D. N. Furlong, and F. Grieser, "Preparation of Q-state particles in Langmuir-Blodgett films," Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 91(1), 113-151, (2001) [doi:10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00038-X].
91. P. Mandal, R. S. Srinivasa, S. S. Talwar, and S. S. Major, "CdS/ZnS core-shell nanoparticles in arachidic acid LB films," Appl. Surface Sci. 254, 5028-5033, (2008) [doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.01.152].
92. A. L. Rogach, D. Nagesha, J. W. Ostrander, M. Giersig, and N. A. Kotov "Raisin bun'-type composite spheres of silica and semiconductor nanocrystals," Chem. Matter. 12, 2676-2685 (2000) [doi: 10.1021/cm000244i].
93. T. Trindade, P. Obrien, and X. M. Zhang, "Synthesis of CdS and CdSe nanocrystallites using a novel single-molecule precursors approach," Chem. Mat. 9, 523-530 (1997) [doi: 10.1021/cm960363r]. (Pubitemid 127473226)
94. 2-xSe nanoparticles," J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 7344-7347 (2000) [doi: 10.1021/jp001488t].
95. S. Pathak, S. K. Choi, N. Arnheim, and M. E. Thompson, "Hydroxylated quantum dots as luminescent probes for in situ hybridization," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 4103-4104 (2001) [doi: 10.1021/ja0058334]. (Pubitemid 32899504)
96. H. Han, Z. Sheng, and J. Liang, "A novel method for the preparation of water-soluble and small-size CdSe quantum dots," Mater. Lett. 60, 3782-3785, (2006) [doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2006.03.113]. (Pubitemid 44635824)
97. S. O. Oluwafemi, N. Revaprasadu, and A. J. Ramirez, "A novel one-pot route for the synthesis of water-soluble cadmium selenide nanoparticles," J. Cryst. Growth 310, 3230-3234 (2008) [doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.03.032].
98. Y. D. Wu, L. S. Wang, M. W. Xiao, and X.J. Huang, "A novel sonochemical synthesis and nanostructured assembly of polyvinylpyrrolidone- capped CdS colloidal nanoparticles," J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 2993-3000 (2008) [doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.12.005].
99. L. V. Trandafilovic, V. Djokovic, N. Bibic, M. K. Georges, and T. Radhakrishnan, "Preparation and optical properties of CdS nanoparticles dispersed in poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) co-polymers," Opt. Mater. 30, 1208-1212 (2008) [doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2007. 05.050]. (Pubitemid 351284526)
100. K. L. Dreher, "Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology: toxicological assessment of manufactured nanoparticles," Toxicol. Sci. 77(1), 3-5 (2004) [doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh041]. (Pubitemid 38128640)
101. M. M. Nordan and M. W. Holman, "A prudent approach to nanotechnology environmental, health, and safety risks," Ind. Biotechnol. 1(3), 146-149 (2005) [doi:10.1089/ind.2005.1.146].
102. G. Brumfiel, "A little knowledge," Nature 424, 247-248 (2003) [doi:10.1038/424246a].
103. E. Hood, "Nanotechnology: looking as we leap," Environ. Health Perspect. 112(13), A741-A749 (2004).
104. P. H. M. Hoet, A. Nemmar, and B. Nemery, "Health impact of nanomaterials?," Nat. Biotechnol. 22(1), 19 (2004) [doi:10.1038/nbt0104-19] .
105. G. Oberdörster, A. Maynard, K. Donaldson, V. Castranova, J. Fitzpatrick, K. Ausman, J. Carter, B. Karn, W. Kreyling, D. Lai, S. Olin, N. Monteiro-Riviere, D. Warheit, and H. Yang, "Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials," Part. Fib. Toxicol 2, 8 (2005) [doi:10.1186/1743-8977-2-8].
106. A. D. Maynard, R. J. Aitken, T. Butz, V. Colvin, K. Donaldson, G. Oberdörster, M. A. Philbert, J. Ryan, A. Seaton, V. Stone, S. S. Tinkle, L. Tran, N. J. Walker, and D. B. Warheit, "Safe handling of nanotechnology," Nature 444, 267-269 (2006) [doi:10.1038/444267a]. (Pubitemid 44764087)
107. A. K. Gupta and M. Gupta "Cytotoxicity suppression and cellular uptake enhancement of surface modified magnetic nanoparticles," Biomat. 26, 1565-1573 (2005) [doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.05.022]. (Pubitemid 39441388)
108. D. B. Warheit "Nanoparticles: health impacts?," Mater. Today 7, 32-35 (2004) [doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00081-1].
109. V. Olivier, J. L. Duval, M. Hindie, P. Pouletaut, and M. D. Nagel "Comparative particle-induced cytotoxicity toward macrophages and fibroblasts," Cell. Biol. Toxicol. 19(3), 145-159 (2003) [doi:10.1023/A:1024723326036]. (Pubitemid 36975595)
110. G. F. Paciotti, L. Meyer, D. Weinreich, D. Goia, N. Pavel, R. E. McLaughlin, and L.Tamarkin "Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery," Drug Deliv. 11, 169-183 (2004) [doi: 10.1080/10717540490433895]. (Pubitemid 38720414)
111. A. Radomski, P. Jurasz, D. Alonso-Escolano, M. Drews, M. Morandi, T. Malinski, and M.W. Radomski "Nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation and vascular thrombosis," Br. J. Pharmacol. 146(6), 882-893 (2005) [doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706386]. (Pubitemid 41622255)
112. A. Shiohara, A. Hoshino, K. I. Hanaki, K. Suzuki, and K. Yamamoto "On the cytotoxicity caused by quantum dots," Microbiol. Immunol. 48(9), 669-675 (2004).
113. J. Y. Um, H. Chung, K. S. Kim, I. C. Kwon, and S. Y. Jeong "In vitro cellular interaction and absorption of dispersed cubic particles," Intl. J. Pharm. 253(1-2), 71-80 (2003) [doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00673-7]. (Pubitemid 36197832)
114. A. M. Derfus, W. C. W. Chan, and S. N. Bhatia, "Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots.," Nano Lett. 4, 11-18 (2004) [doi:10.1021/nl0347334]. (Pubitemid 38167855)
115. J. L. Pelley, A. S. Daar, and M. A. Saner, "State of academic knowledge on toxicity and biological fate of quantum dots," Toxicol. Sci. 112 (2), 276-296 (2009) [doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp188].
116. J. Lovric, H. S. Bazzi, Y. Cuie, G. R. A. Fortin, F. M. Winnik, and D. Maysinger, "Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots.," J. Mol. Med. 83, 377-385 (2005) [doi:10.1007/s00109-004-0629-x]. (Pubitemid 41201802)
117. J. P. Ryman-Rasmussen, J. E. Riviere, N. A. Monteiro-Riviere, and A. Nancy "Surface coatings determine cytotoxicity and irritation potential of quantum dot nanoparticles in epidermal keratinocytes," J. Inv. Dermatol. 127 (1), 143-153 (2007) [doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700508]. (Pubitemid 46005672)
118. B. Ballou, B. C. Lagerholm, L. A. Ernst, M. P. Bruchez, and A. S. Waggoner, "Nonivasive imaging of quantum dots in mice," Bioconjugate Chem. 15, 79-86 (2004) [doi:10.1021/bc034153y]. (Pubitemid 38165983)
119. S. Kim, Y. T. Lim, E. G. Soltesz, A. M. De Grand, J. Lee, A. Nakayama, J. A. Parker, T. Mihaljevic, R. G. Laurence, D. M. Dor, L. H Cohn, M. G. Bawendi, and J.V. Frangioni "Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping," Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 93-97 (2004) [doi:10.1038/nbt920]. (Pubitemid 38057962)
120. D. R. Larson, W. R. Zipfel, R. M. Williams, S. W. Clark, M. P. Bruchez, F. W. Wise, and W. W. Webb, "Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo," Science 300, 1434-1436 (2003) [doi:10.1126/science.1083780]. (Pubitemid 36638163)
121. K. G. Li, J. T. Chen, S. S. Bai, X. Wen, S. Y. Song, Q. Yua, J. Li, and Y.Q. Wang, "Intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots," Toxicol. in Vitro 23, 1007-1013, (2009) [doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.020].
122. C. Kirchner, T. Liedl, S. Kudera, T. Pellegrino, A. M. Javier, AH.E Gaub, S. Stizle, N. Fertig, and W.J. Parak, "Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles," Nano Lett. 5, 331-338 (2005) [doi: 10.1021/nl047996m]. (Pubitemid 40308295)
123. J. Lovric, S.J. Cho, F.M. Winnik, and D. Maysinger, "Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death," Chem. Biol. 12, 1227-1234 (2005) [doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.09.008]. (Pubitemid 41628258)
124. M. Tang, T. Xing, J. Zeng, H. Wang, C. Li, S. Yin, D. Yan, H. Deng, J. Liu, M.Wang, J. Chen, and D.Y. Ruan, "Unmodified CdSe quantum dots induce elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels and impairment of functional properties of sodium channels in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons," Env. Health. Persp. 116, 915-919 (2008) [doi: 10.1289/ehp.11225].
125. B. I. Ipe, M. Lehnig, and C. M. Niemeyer "On the generation of free radical species from quantum dots," Small 1, 706-709 (2005) [doi: 10.1002/smll.200500105]. (Pubitemid 43951727)
126. M. Green and E. Howman, "Semiconductor quantum dots and free radical induced DNA nicking," Chem. Commun. 7, 121-123 (2005) [doi: 10.1039/b413175d].
127. A. O. Choi, S.E. Brown, M. Sysf, and D. Maysinger, "Quantum dot-induced epigenetic and genotoxic changes in human breast cancer cells," J. Mol. Med. 86, 291-302 (2008) [doi:10.1007/s00109-007-0274-2]. (Pubitemid 351311423)
128. A. Hoshino, K, Fujioka, T. Oku, M. Suga, T. Sasaki, M. Ohta, K. Yasuhara, K. Suzuki, and K. Yamamoto, "Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modifications," Nano Lett. 4, 2163-2188 (2004) [doi:10.1021/nl048715d].
129. J. Geys, A. Nemmar, E. Verbeken, E. Smolders, M. Ratoi, M.F. Hoylaerts, B. Nemery, and P.H.M. Hoet, "Acute toxicity and prothrombotic effects of quantum dots: impact of surface charge," Environ. Health Persp. 116, 1607-1613 (2008) [doi:10.1289/ehp.11566].
130. R. Bakalova, H. Ohba, Z. Zhelev, T. Nagase, R. Jose, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Baba, "Role of free cadmium and selenium ions in the potential mechanism for the enhancement of photoluminescence of CdSe quantum dots under ultraviolet irradiation," J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 5(6), 887-894 (2004) [doi:10.1166/jnn.2005.117]. (Pubitemid 41647849)
131. Y. Zhang, J. He, P. N. Wang, J. Y. Chen, Z. J. Lu, D-R. Lu, J. Guo, C.C. Wang, and W. L. Yang, "Time-dependent photoluminescence blue shift of the quantum dots in living cells: effect of oxidation by singlet oxygen," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13396-13401 (2006) [doi:10.1021/ja061225y]. (Pubitemid 44583023)
132. J. R. Harbour and M. L. Hair, "Superoxide generation in the photolysis of aqueous CdS dispersions. Detection by spin trapping," J. Phys. Chem. 81, 1791-1793 (1977) [doi:10.1021/j100533a015].
133. G. Guo, W. Liu, J. Liang, Z. He, H. Xu, and X. Yang, "Probing the cytotoxicity of CdSe quantum dots with surface modification," Mater. Lett. 61, 1641-1644 (2007) [doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.105]. (Pubitemid 46367247)
134. L. Hu, Z. Mao, and C. Gao, "Fabrication of fluorescent microparticles by doping water-soluble CdTe nanocrystals into calcium carbonate for monitoring intracellular uptake," Coll. Surf. A 336, 115-122 (2009) [doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.11.031].
135. B. Dubertret, P. Skourides, D.J. Norris, V. Noireaux, A.H. Brivaniou, and A. Libchaber, "In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles," Science 298, 1759-1762 (2002) [doi: 10.1126/science.1077194]. (Pubitemid 35404113)
136. J. K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, and S. M. Simon, "Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates," Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 47-51 (2003) [doi:10.1038/nbt767]. (Pubitemid 36055826)
137. E. B. Voura, J. K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, and S. M. Simon, "Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy," Nat. Med. 10, 993-998 (2004) [doi:10.1038/nm1096]. (Pubitemid 39273742)
138. V. I. Slaveykova and K. Startchev. "Effect of natural organic matter and green microalga on carboxyl-polyethylene glycol coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots stability and transformations under freshwater conditions," Environ. Pollut. 157, 3445-3450, (2009. [doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.017].
139. F. Gagne, J. Auclair, P. Turcotte, M. Fournier, C. Gagnon, S. Sauve, and C. Blaise, "Ecotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots to freshwater mussels: Impacts on immune system, oxidative stress and genotoxicity," Aquat. Toxicol. 86. 333-340, (2008) [doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.013].
140. T. C. King-Heiden, P. N. Wiecinski, A. N. Mangham, K. M Metz, D. Nesbit, J. A. Pedersen, R. J. Hamers, W. Heideman, and R. E. Peterson, "Quantum dot nanotoxicity assessment using the zebrafish embryo," Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 1605-1611, (2009) [doi: 10.1021/es801925c].
141. W. C. W. Chan and S. M. Nie, "Quantum dot bioconjugates for
142. X. Y. Wu, H. J. Liu, J.Q. Liu, K. N. Haley, and J. A. Treadway, "Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots," Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 41-46 (2003) [doi:10.1038/nbt0403-452b]. (Pubitemid 36055825)
143. Z. Kaul, T. Yaguchi, H. X. Chiura, S. C. Kaul, and R.Wadhwa, "Quantum dot-based mortalin staining as a visual assay for detection of induced senescence in cancer cells," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1100, 368-372 (2007) [doi: 10.1196/annals.1395.040]. (Pubitemid 47092674)
144. Y. P. Ho, M.C. Kung, S. Yang, and T. H. Wang, "Multiplexed hybridization detection with multicolor colocalization of quantum dot nanoprobes," Nano Lett. 5(9), 1693-1697 (2005) [doi:10.1021/nl050888v]. (Pubitemid 41396148)
145. R. Edgar, M. McKinstry, J. Hwang, A. B. Oppenheim, R. A. Fekete, G. Giulian, C. Merril, K. Nagashima, and S. Adhya, "High-sensitivity bacterial detection using biotin-tagged phage and quantum-dot nanocomplexes," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4841-4845 (2006) [doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601211103].
146. M. A. Hahn, J. S. Tabb, and T. D. Krauss, "Detection of single bacterial pathogens with semiconductor quantum dots," Anal. Chem. 77, 4861-4869 (2005) [doi:10.1021/ac050641i]. (Pubitemid 41076677)
147. M. K. So, C. Xu, A.M. Loening, S.S. Gambhir, and J. Rao, "Self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging," Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 339-343 (2006) [doi:10.1038/nbt1188]. (Pubitemid 43372158)
148. W. R. Algar and U. J. Krul, "Multiplexed interfacial transduction of nucleic acid hybridization using a single color of immobilized quantum dot donor and two acceptors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer," Anal. Chem. 82, 400-405 (2010) [doi:10.1021/ac902221d].
149. E. R. Goldman, I. L Medintz, J. L.Whitley A. Hayhurst, A. R. Clapp, H. T. Uyeda, J. R. Deschamps, M. E. Lassman, and H. Mattoussi, "A hybrid quantum dot-antibody fragment fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based TNT sensor," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 6744-6751 (2005) [doi: 10.1021/ja043677l]. (Pubitemid 40664182)
150. M. Levy, S. F. Cater, and A. D. Ellington, "Quantum-dot aptamer beacons for the detection of proteins," Chem. Bio.Chem. 6, 2163-2166 (2005) [doi:10.1002/cbic.200500218].
151. J. H. Kim, S. Chaudhary, and M. Ozkan, "Multicolour hybrid nanoprobes of molecular beacon conjugated quantum dots: FRET and gel electrophoresis assisted target DNA detection," Nanotechnol 18, 195105 (2007) [doi:10.1088/0957-4484/18/19/195105].
152. I. L. Medintz, J. H. Konnert, A. R. Clapp, I. Stanish, M. E. Twigg, H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, and J. R. Deschamps, "A fluorescence resonance energy transfer-derived structure of a quantum dot-protein bioconjugate nanoassembly," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(26), 9612-9617 (2004) [doi:10.1073-pnas.0403343101]. (Pubitemid 38869284)
153. B. Tang, L. Cao, K. Xu, L. Zhuo, J. Ge, Q. Li, and L. Yu, "A new nanobiosensor for glucose with high sensitivity and selectivity in serum based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CdTe quantum dots and Au nanoparticles," Chem. Eur. J. 14, 3637-3644, (2008) [doi:10.1002/chem. 200701871].
154. S. Dwarakanath, J. G. Bruno, A. Shastry, T. Phillips, A. John, A. Kumar, and L. D. Stephenson, "Quantum dot-antibody and aptamer conjugates shift fluorescence upon binding bacteria," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 325, 739-743 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.099]. (Pubitemid 39487934)
155. M. Ikanovic, W. E. Rudzinski, J. G. Bruno, A. Allman, M. P. Carrillo, S. Dwarakanath, S. Bhahdigadi, P. Rao, J. L. Kiel, and C. J. Andrews, "Fluorescence assay based on aptamer-quantum dot binding to Bacillus thuringiensis spores," J. Fluoresc. 17, 193-199 (2007) [doi: 10.1007/s10895-007-0158-4]. (Pubitemid 46355027)
156. L. Shi, V. De Paoli, N. Rosenzweig, and Z. Rosenzweig, "Synthesis and application of quantum dots FRET-based protease sensors," J. Am.,Chem. Soc. 128, 10378-10379 (2006) [doi:10.1021/ja063509o]. (Pubitemid 44274808)
157. A. Jayagopal, P. K. Russ, and F. R. Haselton, "Surface engineering of quantum dots for in vivo vascular imaging," Bioconjugate Chem. 18, 1424-1433 (2007) [doi:10.1021/bc070020r]. (Pubitemid 47464049)
158. J. E. Schroeder, I. Shweky, H. Shmeeda, U. Banin, and A. Gabizon, "Folate-mediated tumor cell uptake of quantum dots entrapped in lipid nanoparticles," J. Control. Release 124, 28-34 (2007) [doi:10.1016/j. jconrel.2007.08.028]. (Pubitemid 350088213)
159. D. Maysinger, M. Behrendt, M. Lalancette-Hebert, and J. Kriz, "Real-time imaging of astrocyte response to quantum dots: in vivo screening model system for biocompatibility of nanoparticles," Nano Lett. 7, 2513-2520 (2007) [doi:10.1021/nl071611t]. (Pubitemid 47310154)
160. W. Jiang, A. Singhal, B. Y. S. Kim, J. Zheng, J. T. Rutka, C. Wang, and W. C. W. Chan, "Assessing near-infrared quantum dots for deep tissue, organ, and animal imaging applications," J. Assoc. Lab. Autom. 13, 6-12 (2008) [doi:10.1016/j.jala.2007.09.002].
161. J. D. Smith, G. W. Fisher, A. S. Waggoner, and P. G. Campbell, "The use of quantum dots for analysis of chick CAM vasculature," Microvasc. Res. 73, 75-83 (2007) [doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2006.09.003]. (Pubitemid 46241226)
162. W. Cai, D.W. Shin, K. Chen, O. Gheysens, Q. Cao, S. X. Wang, S. S. Gambhir, and X. Chen, "Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects.," Nano Lett. 6, 669-676 (2006) [doi:10.1021/nl052405t].
163. A. Sukhanova, J. Devy, L. Venteo, H. Kaplan, M. Artemyev, V. Oleinikov, D. Klinov, M. Pluot, J. H. M. Cohen, and I. Nabiev, "Biocompatible fluorescent nanocrystals for immunolabeling of membrane proteins and cells," Anal. Biochem. 324, 60-67 (2004) [doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.031]. (Pubitemid 37491124)
164. F. Pinaud, D. King, H.-P. Moore, and S. Weiss, "Bioactivation and cell targeting of semiconductor CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals with phytochelatin-related peptides," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 6115-6123 (2004) [doi:10.1021/ja031691c] . (Pubitemid 38637980)
165. S. Doose, J. M. Tsay, F. Pinaud, and S. Weiss, "Comparison of photophysical and colloidal properties of biocompatible semiconductor nanocrystals using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy," Anal Chem. 77(7), 2235-2242 (2005) [doi:10.1021/ac050035n]. (Pubitemid 40463841)
166. M. Dahan, S. Lévi, C. Luccardini, P. Rostaing, B. Riveau, and A. Triller, "Diffusion dynamics of glycine receptors revealed by single-quantum dot tracking," Science 302, 442-445 (2003) [doi:10.1126/science.1088525]. (Pubitemid 37296269)
167. L. Hao, S. Xuan, H. Zhang, X. Gong, W. Jiang, and Z. Chen, "Controllable fabrication and characterization of biocompatible core-shell particles and hollow capsules as drug carrier," Appl. Surf. Sci. 252, 8724-8733 (2006) [doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.12.084]. (Pubitemid 44442548)
168. L. Xiao, D. Zhao, W. Chan, M. M. F. Choi, and H. W. Li, "Inhibition of beta 1-40 amyloid fibrillation with N-acetyl-L-cysteine capped quantum dots," Biomater. 31, 91-98 (2010) [doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.014].
169. R. Bakalova, H. Ohba, Z. Zhelev, M. Ishikawa, and Y. Baba, "Quantum dots as photosensitizers?," Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1360-1361 (2004) [doi:10.1038/nbt1104-1360]. (Pubitemid 39482854)
170. A. C. Samia, S. Dayal, and C. Burda, "Quantum dot-based energy transfer: perspectives and potential for applications in photodynamic therapy," Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 617-625 (2006) [doi: 10.1562/2005-05-11-IR-525]. (Pubitemid 44042858)
171. B. Ballou, B. C. Lagerholm, L. A. Ernst, M. P. Bruchez, and A. S. Waggoner, "Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice," Bioconjug. Chem. 15(1), 79-86 (2004) [doi: 10.1021/bc034153y]. (Pubitemid 38165983)
172. M. E. Akerman, W. C. W. Chan, P. Laakkonen, S. N. Bhatia, and E. Ruoslahti. "Nanocrystal targeting in vivo," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(20), 12617-12621 (2002) [doi: 10.1073/pnas.152463399].
173. A. Hoshino, K. Hanaki, K. Suzuki, and K. Yamamoto, "Applications of T-lymphoma labeled with fluorescent quantum dots to cell tracing markers in mouse body" Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 314, 46-53 (2004) [doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.185]. (Pubitemid 38058367)