메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 949-966

Cannabis in sport: Anti-doping perspective

Author keywords

Marijuana, abuse; Sports; Sports medicine

Indexed keywords

CANNABINOID; CANNABIS;

EID: 80053938066     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 11792035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11591430-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (71)

References (135)
  • 2
    • 6044252857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Montreal (QC): WADA
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The 2004 prohibited list. Montreal (QC): WADA, 2004
    • (2004) The 2004 Prohibited List
  • 3
    • 3543014876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Montreal (QC): WADA
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). World anti-doping code. Montreal (QC): WADA, 2009: 29
    • (2009) World Anti-doping Code , pp. 29
  • 4
    • 3543014876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Montreal (QC): WADA
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). World anti-doping code. Montreal (QC): WADA, 2003: 14
    • (2003) World Anti-doping Code , pp. 14
  • 5
    • 0019308268 scopus 로고
    • Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents
    • DOI 10.1021/np50008a001
    • Turner CE, Elsohly MA, Boeren EG. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L: XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J Nat Prod 1980; 43: 169-234 (Pubitemid 10020139)
    • (1980) Journal of Natural Products , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-234
    • Turner, C.E.1    Elsohly, M.A.2    Boeren, E.G.3
  • 8
    • 33645821022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug
    • Zuardi AW, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC, et al. Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39: 421-9
    • (2006) Braz J Med Biol Res , vol.39 , pp. 421-429
    • Zuardi, A.W.1    Crippa, J.A.S.2    Hallak, J.E.C.3
  • 10
    • 4344582253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients
    • DOI 10.1191/1352458504ms1082oa
    • Wade DT, Makela P, Robson P, et al. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult Scler 2004; 10 (4): 434-41 (Pubitemid 39117341)
    • (2004) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 434-441
    • Wade, D.T.1    Makela, P.2    Robson, P.3    House, H.4    Bateman, C.5
  • 11
    • 33645782797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid function in learning, memory and plasticity
    • Pertwee RG, editor New York (NY): Springer
    • Riedel G, Davies SN. Cannabinoid function in learning, memory and plasticity. In: Pertwee RG, editor. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 168. New York (NY): Springer, 2005: 446-70
    • (2005) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology , vol.168 , pp. 446-470
    • Riedel, G.1    Davies, S.N.2
  • 12
    • 0347948532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use
    • DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.008
    • Ramaekers JG, Berghaus G, van Laar M, et al. Doserelated risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 73: 109-19 (Pubitemid 38068347)
    • (2004) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 109-119
    • Ramaekers, J.G.1    Berghaus, G.2    Van Laar, M.3    Drummer, O.H.4
  • 13
    • 34250653248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The differential relationship between cocaine use and marijuana use on decision-making performance over repeat testing with the Iowa Gambling Task
    • DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.004, PII S0376871607000701
    • Verdejo-Garcia A, Benbrook A, Funderburk F, et al. The differential relationship between cocaine use and marijuana use on decision-making performance over repeat testing with the Iowa Gambling Task. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 90 (1): 2-11 (Pubitemid 46935369)
    • (2007) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.90 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-11
    • Verdejo-Garcia, A.1    Benbrook, A.2    Funderburk, F.3    David, P.4    Cadet, J.-L.5    Bolla, K.I.6
  • 14
    • 67650680323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged exposure to WIN55,212-2 causes downregulation of the CB1 receptor and the development of tolerance to its anticonvulsant effects in the hippocampal neuronal culture model of acquired epilepsy
    • Blair RE, Deshpande LS, Sombati S, et al. Prolonged exposure to WIN55,212-2 causes downregulation of the CB1 receptor and the development of tolerance to its anticonvulsant effects in the hippocampal neuronal culture model of acquired epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57: 208-18
    • (2009) Neuropharmacology , vol.57 , pp. 208-218
    • Blair, R.E.1    Deshpande, L.S.2    Sombati, S.3
  • 15
    • 63049105150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging role of the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in immune regulation: Therapeutic prospects for neuroinflammation
    • Jan
    • Cabral GA, Griffin-Thomas L. Emerging role of the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in immune regulation: therapeutic prospects for neuroinflammation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009 Jan 20; 11: e3
    • (2009) Expert Rev Mol Med , vol.20 , Issue.11
    • Cabral, G.A.1    Griffin-Thomas, L.2
  • 16
    • 42249091503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological mechanisms of cannabinoid addiction
    • Fattore L, Fadda P, Spano MS, et al. Neurobiological mechanisms of cannabinoid addiction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286 (1-2 Suppl. 1): S97-107
    • (2008) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.286 , Issue.1-2 SUPPL. 1
    • Fattore, L.1    Fadda, P.2    Spano, M.S.3
  • 17
    • 28044457038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and interpretation of cannabinoid concentrations in biological fluids and tissues
    • ElSohly MA, editor Totowa (NJ): Humana Press
    • Huestis MA, Smith ML. Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and interpretation of cannabinoid concentrations in biological fluids and tissues. In: ElSohly MA, editor. Marijuana and the cannabinoids. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press, 2006: 205-36
    • (2006) Marijuana and the Cannabinoids , pp. 205-236
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Smith, M.L.2
  • 18
    • 64549135696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Monograph, series 8 Lisbon: EMCDDA
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences. Monograph, series 8, Volume 2. Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2008
    • (2008) A Cannabis Reader: Global Issues and Local Experiences , vol.2
  • 19
    • 80054007041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National drug strategy cannabis in australia: Use, supply and responses
    • Canberra (ACT): Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing
    • National Drug Strategy. Cannabis in Australia: use, supply and responses. Monograph Series no. 57. Canberra (ACT): Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing, 2006
    • (2006) Monograph Series No. 57
  • 20
    • 67651085928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis and mental health: Put into context
    • National Drug Strategy Canberra (ACT): Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing
    • National Drug Strategy. Cannabis and mental health: put into context. Monograph Series no. 68. Canberra (ACT): Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing, 2008
    • (2008) Monograph Series No. 68
  • 21
    • 43949084075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocannabinoid system: Emotion, learning and addiction
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00104.x
    • Moreira FA, Lutz B. The endocannabinoid system: emotion, learning and addiction. Addict Biol 2008; 13: 196-212 (Pubitemid 351698889)
    • (2008) Addiction Biology , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-212
    • Moreira, F.A.1    Lutz, B.2
  • 22
    • 0026701051 scopus 로고
    • Blood cannabinoids: I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OHTHC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana
    • Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ. Blood cannabinoids: I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OHTHC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. J Anal Toxicol 1992; 16: 276-82
    • (1992) J Anal Toxicol , vol.16 , pp. 276-282
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Henningfield, J.E.2    Cone, E.J.3
  • 23
    • 0026708683 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking
    • Huestis MA, Sampson A, Holicky B, et al. Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 31-41
    • (1992) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.52 , pp. 31-41
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Sampson, A.2    Holicky, B.3
  • 24
    • 33344467124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant attenuates the hypotensive effect of smoked marijuana in male smokers
    • Gorelick DA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, et al. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant attenuates the hypotensive effect of smoked marijuana in male smokers. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 754.e1-5
    • (2006) Am Heart J , vol.151 , Issue.754
    • Gorelick, D.A.1    Heishman, S.J.2    Preston, K.L.3
  • 25
    • 68449083154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies DAWN Series D-30. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services DHHS publication no.: (SMA) 08-4339
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Drug abuse warning network, 2006: national estimates of drug-related emergency department visits. DAWN Series D-30. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. DHHS publication no.: (SMA) 08-4339
    • (2008) Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2006: National Estimates of Drug-related Emergency Department Visits
  • 26
    • 33746620488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coma due to cannabis toxicity in an infant
    • DOI 10.1097/01.mej.0000194405.38206.f2, PII 0006311020060600000012
    • Appelboam A, Oades PJ. Coma due to cannabis toxicity in an infant. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13: 177-9 (Pubitemid 44153108)
    • (2006) European Journal of Emergency Medicine , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 177-179
    • Appelboam, A.1    Oades, P.J.2
  • 27
    • 18944397812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond resinable doubt?
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jcfm.2004.10.014, PII S135311310400149X
    • Robinson K. Beyond resinable doubt? J Clin Forensic Med 2005; 12: 164-6 (Pubitemid 40704379)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 164-166
    • Robinson, K.1
  • 28
    • 60449118294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving under the influence of cannabis: Links with dangerous driving, psychological predictors, and accident involvement
    • Richer I, Bergeron J.Driving under the influence of cannabis: links with dangerous driving, psychological predictors, and accident involvement. Accid Anal Prev 2009; 41: 299-307
    • (2009) Accid Anal Prev , vol.41 , pp. 299-307
    • Richer, I.1    Bergeron, J.2
  • 29
    • 0019292856 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance and disposition of tetrahydrocannabinol in man
    • Hunt CA, Jones RT. Tolerance and disposition of tetrahydrocannabinol in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 215: 35-44
    • (1980) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.215 , pp. 35-44
    • Hunt, C.A.1    Jones, R.T.2
  • 30
    • 0037069251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use
    • Bolla KI, Brown K, Eldreth D, et al. Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 2002; 59: 1337-43 (Pubitemid 35285983)
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.9 , pp. 1337-1343
    • Bolla, K.I.1    Brown, K.2    Eldreth, D.3    Tate, K.4    Cadet, J.L.5
  • 32
    • 70449393586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations indicate recent use in chronic cannabis users?
    • Karschner EL, Schwilke EW, Lowe RH, et al. Do delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations indicate recent use in chronic cannabis users? Addiction 2009; 104: 2041-8
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 2041-2048
    • Karschner, E.L.1    Schwilke, E.W.2    Lowe, R.H.3
  • 33
    • 70350489840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of plasma delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations in chronic cannabis smokers
    • Karschner EL, Schwilke EW, Lowe RH, et al. Implications of plasma delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations in chronic cannabis smokers. J Anal Toxicol 2009; 33: 469-77
    • (2009) J Anal Toxicol , vol.33 , pp. 469-477
    • Karschner, E.L.1    Schwilke, E.W.2    Lowe, R.H.3
  • 34
    • 70049110345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended urinary delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol excretion in chronic cannabis users precludes use as a biomarker of new drug exposure
    • Lowe RH, Abraham TT, Darwin WD, et al. Extended urinary delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol excretion in chronic cannabis users precludes use as a biomarker of new drug exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 105: 24-32
    • (2009) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.105 , pp. 24-32
    • Lowe, R.H.1    Abraham, T.T.2    Darwin, W.D.3
  • 35
    • 70349859637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse health effects of nonmedical cannabis use
    • Hall W, Degenhardt L. Adverse health effects of nonmedical cannabis use. Lancet 2009; 374: 1383-91
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 1383-1391
    • Hall, W.1    Degenhardt, L.2
  • 36
    • 67449092215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of cannabis cigarette smoke by the determination of acetaldehyde derived N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts
    • Singh R, Sandhu J, Kaur B, et al. Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of cannabis cigarette smoke by the determination of acetaldehyde derived N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22: 1181-8
    • (2009) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.22 , pp. 1181-1188
    • Singh, R.1    Sandhu, J.2    Kaur, B.3
  • 37
    • 41649106487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions
    • Moir D, Rickert WS, Levasseur G, et al. A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21: 494-502
    • (2008) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.21 , pp. 494-502
    • Moir, D.1    Rickert, W.S.2    Levasseur, G.3
  • 38
    • 0023491964 scopus 로고
    • 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey
    • DOI 10.1016/0041-008X(87)90338-3
    • Bailey JR, Cunny HC, Paule MG, et al. Fetal disposition of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 90: 315-21 (Pubitemid 18009154)
    • (1987) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , vol.90 , Issue.2 , pp. 315-321
    • Bailey, J.R.1    Cunny, H.C.2    Paule, M.G.3    Slikker Jr., W.4
  • 40
    • 67650074647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental exposure to cannabinoids causes subtle and enduring neurofunctional alterations
    • Campolongo P, Trezza V, Palmery M, et al. Developmental exposure to cannabinoids causes subtle and enduring neurofunctional alterations. Int Rev Neurobiol 2009; 85: 117-33
    • (2009) Int Rev Neurobiol , vol.85 , pp. 117-133
    • Campolongo, P.1    Trezza, V.2    Palmery, M.3
  • 41
    • 14144256568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of prenatal cigarette and marijuana exposure on drug use among offspring
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ntt.2004.12.003
    • Porath AJ, Fried PA. Effects of prenatal cigarette and marijuana exposure on drug use among offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27: 267-77 (Pubitemid 40282590)
    • (2005) Neurotoxicology and Teratology , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-277
    • Porath, A.J.1    Fried, P.A.2
  • 42
    • 33747365020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs of abuse, immune modulation, and AIDS
    • DOI 10.1007/s11481-006-9023-5
    • Cabral GA. Drugs of abuse, immune modulation, and AIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1: 280-95 (Pubitemid 44244133)
    • (2006) Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology , vol.1 , Issue.3 , pp. 280-295
    • Cabral, G.A.1
  • 43
    • 23044486763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids and the immune system: Potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases?
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.023, PII S0165572805001608
    • Croxford JL, Yamamura T. Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? J Neuroimmunol 2005; 166: 3-18 (Pubitemid 41074652)
    • (2005) Journal of Neuroimmunology , vol.166 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 3-18
    • Croxford, J.L.1    Yamamura, T.2
  • 44
    • 0034953340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HU 210: A potent tool for investigations of the cannabinoid system
    • Ottani A, Giuliani D. HU-210: a potent tool for investigations of the cannabinoid system. CNS Drug Rev 2001; 7: 131-45 (Pubitemid 32656298)
    • (2001) CNS Drug Reviews , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-145
    • Ottani, A.1    Giuliani, D.2
  • 45
    • 65449146377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines
    • Pertwee RG. Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156: 397-411
    • (2009) Br J Pharmacol , vol.156 , pp. 397-411
    • Pertwee, R.G.1
  • 46
    • 0031047273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: A detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain
    • DOI 10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00428-9, PII S0306452296004289
    • Glass M, Dragunow M, Faull RL. Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience 1997; 77 (2): 299-318 (Pubitemid 27079604)
    • (1997) Neuroscience , vol.77 , Issue.2 , pp. 299-318
    • Glass, M.1    Dragunow, M.2    Faull, R.L.M.3
  • 49
    • 0022359693 scopus 로고
    • Carry-over effects of marijuana intoxication on aircraft pilot performance: A preliminary report
    • Yesavage JA, Leirer VO, Denari M, et al. Carry-over effects of marijuana intoxication on aircraft pilot performance: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1325-9 (Pubitemid 16216571)
    • (1985) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.142 , Issue.11 , pp. 1325-1329
    • Yesavage, J.A.1    Leirer, O.2    Denari, M.3    Hollister, L.E.4
  • 50
    • 80053987721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) [online] [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Synthetic cannabinoids and 'Spice'. 2009 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.emcdda. europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cannabino ids [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • (2009) Synthetic Cannabinoids and 'Spice'
  • 51
    • 78650035327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis use and non-clinical dimensions of psychosis in university students presenting to primary care
    • Skinner R, Conlon L, Gibbons D, et al. Cannabis use and non-clinical dimensions of psychosis in university students presenting to primary care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 123: 21-7
    • (2011) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.123 , pp. 21-7
    • Skinner, R.1    Conlon, L.2    Gibbons, D.3
  • 52
    • 71349083175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations to pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) in chronic cannabis users are secondary to sustained attention deficits
    • Scholes KE, Martin-Iverson MT. Alterations to pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) in chronic cannabis users are secondary to sustained attention deficits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 207: 469-84
    • (2009) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.207 , pp. 469-484
    • Scholes, K.E.1    Martin-Iverson, M.T.2
  • 53
    • 67349137070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and psychomotor effects in males after smoking a combination of tobacco and cannabis containing up to 69 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
    • Hunault CC, Mensinga TT, Bö cker KB, et al. Cognitive and psychomotor effects in males after smoking a combination of tobacco and cannabis containing up to 69 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204: 85-94
    • (2009) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.204 , pp. 85-94
    • Hunault, C.C.1    Mensinga, T.T.2    Bö Cker, K.B.3
  • 54
    • 0029017888 scopus 로고
    • Do cognitive impairments recover following cessation of cannabis use?
    • Solowij N. Do cognitive impairments recover following cessation of cannabis use? Life Sci 1995; 56: 2119-26
    • (1995) Life Sci , vol.56 , pp. 2119-2126
    • Solowij, N.1
  • 56
    • 48249150322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive function deficits in shortterm abstinent cannabis users
    • McHale S, Hunt N. Executive function deficits in shortterm abstinent cannabis users. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008; 23: 409-15
    • (2008) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.23 , pp. 409-415
    • McHale, S.1    Hunt, N.2
  • 57
    • 0033663635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review
    • LynskeyM, Hall W. The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review. Addiction 2000; 95: 1621-30
    • (2000) Addiction , vol.95 , pp. 1621-1630
    • Lynskey, M.1    Hall, W.2
  • 59
    • 67651146922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic toxicology of cannabis
    • Reece AS. Chronic toxicology of cannabis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47: 517-24
    • (2009) Clin Toxicol (Phila) , vol.47 , pp. 517-524
    • Reece, A.S.1
  • 60
    • 77950681221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of cannabinoids in the development of fatty liver (steatosis)
    • Purohit V, Rapaka R, Shurtleff D. Role of cannabinoids in the development of fatty liver (steatosis). AAPS J 2010; 12: 233-7
    • (2010) AAPS J , vol.12 , pp. 233-237
    • Purohit, V.1    Rapaka, R.2    Shurtleff, D.3
  • 61
    • 32944465828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana, on human sperm function in vitro
    • DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.027, PII S0015028205039427
    • Whan LB, West MC, McClure N, et al. Effects of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana, on human sperm function in vitro. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 653-60 (Pubitemid 43261558)
    • (2006) Fertility and Sterility , vol.85 , Issue.3 , pp. 653-660
    • Whan, L.B.1    West, M.C.L.2    McClure, N.3    Lewis, S.E.M.4
  • 62
    • 77955058223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of substance use on brain structure in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia
    • Epub Mar 11
    • Welch KA, McIntosh AM, Job DE, et al. The impact of substance use on brain structure in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. Epub 2010 Mar 11
    • (2010) Schizophr Bull
    • Welch, K.A.1    McIntosh, A.M.2    Job, D.E.3
  • 63
    • 80052558043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illicit substance use and its correlates in first episode psychosis
    • Epub Oct 13
    • Mazzoncini R, Donoghue K, Hart J, et al. Illicit substance use and its correlates in first episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. Epub 2009 Oct 13
    • (2009) Acta Psychiatr Scand
    • Mazzoncini, R.1    Donoghue, K.2    Hart, J.3
  • 64
    • 67649400461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: How close are we?
    • Vandrey R, Haney M. Pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: how close are we? CNS Drugs 2009; 23 (7): 543-53
    • (2009) CNS Drugs , vol.23 , Issue.7 , pp. 543-553
    • Vandrey, R.1    Haney, M.2
  • 65
    • 33748194119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cannabis withdrawal syndrome
    • DOI 10.1097/01.yco.0000218592.00689.e5, PII 0000150420060500000002
    • Budney AJ, Hughes JR. The cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19: 233-8 (Pubitemid 44309479)
    • (2006) Current Opinion in Psychiatry , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-238
    • Budney, A.J.1    Hughes, J.R.2
  • 66
    • 17444426742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers
    • DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.001
    • Vandrey R, Budney AJ, Kamon JL, et al. Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 78: 205-10 (Pubitemid 40544608)
    • (2005) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.78 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-210
    • Vandrey, R.1    Budney, A.J.2    Kamon, J.L.3    Stanger, C.4
  • 68
    • 52649170907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis withdrawal in theUnited States: Results from NESARC
    • Hasin DS, Keyes KM, Alderson D, et al. Cannabis withdrawal in theUnited States: results from NESARC. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 1354-63
    • (2008) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 1354-1363
    • Hasin, D.S.1    Keyes, K.M.2    Alderson, D.3
  • 69
    • 50549085011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis withdrawal is common among treatment-seeking adolescents with cannabis dependence and major depression, and is associated with rapid relapse to dependence
    • Cornelius JR, Chung T, Martin C, et al. Cannabis withdrawal is common among treatment-seeking adolescents with cannabis dependence and major depression, and is associated with rapid relapse to dependence. Addict Behav 2008; 33: 1500-5
    • (2008) Addict Behav , vol.33 , pp. 1500-1505
    • Cornelius, J.R.1    Chung, T.2    Martin, C.3
  • 70
    • 4744351585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705931
    • Lupica CR, Riegel AC, Hoffman AF. Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143: 227-34 (Pubitemid 39315142)
    • (2004) British Journal of Pharmacology , vol.143 , Issue.2 , pp. 227-234
    • Lupica, C.R.1    Riegel, A.C.2    Hoffman, A.F.3
  • 71
    • 20444398090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocannabinoid signaling system and brain reward: Emphasis on dopamine
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.032, PII S0091305705001309
    • Gardner EL. Endocannabinoid signaling system and brain reward: emphasis on dopamine. Pharmacol BiochemBehav 2005; 81: 263-84 (Pubitemid 40807127)
    • (2005) Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , vol.81 , Issue.2 SPEC. ISS. , pp. 263-284
    • Gardner, E.L.1
  • 73
    • 35649000439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocannabinoid system involvement in brain reward processes related to drug abuse
    • DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.09.005, PII S1043661807001648, The endocannabinoid system and psychopathology
    • Solinas M, Yasar S, Goldberg SR. Endocannabinoid system involvement in brain reward processes related to drug abuse. Pharmacol Res 2007; 56: 393-405 (Pubitemid 350030891)
    • (2007) Pharmacological Research , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 393-405
    • Solinas, M.1    Yasar, S.2    Goldberg, S.R.3
  • 74
    • 0032578001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar activity and disturbed time sense after THC
    • DOI 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00375-8, PII S0006899398003758
    • Matthew RJ,Wilson WH, Turkington TG, et al. Cerebellar activity and disturbed time sense after THC. Brain Res 1998; 797: 183-9 (Pubitemid 28332730)
    • (1998) Brain Research , vol.797 , Issue.2 , pp. 183-189
    • Mathew, R.J.1    Wilson, W.H.2    G. Turkington, T.3    Coleman, R.E.4
  • 75
    • 0035138027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review
    • DOI 10.1192/bjp.178.2.101
    • Ashton CH. Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 101-6 (Pubitemid 32158071)
    • (2001) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.178 , pp. 101-106
    • Ashton, C.H.1
  • 76
    • 0035987114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the subjective effects of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans
    • Wachtel SR, ElSohly MA, Ross SA, et al. Comparison of the subjective effects of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 161: 331-9
    • (2002) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.161 , pp. 331-339
    • Wachtel, S.R.1    Elsohly, M.A.2    Ross, S.A.3
  • 77
    • 34548498839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition
    • Grotenhermen F. The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4: 1744-69
    • (2007) Chem Biodivers , vol.4 , pp. 1744-1769
    • Grotenhermen, F.1
  • 78
    • 0016729088 scopus 로고
    • The effects of smokingmarihuana on physical performance
    • Steadward RD, SinghM. The effects of smokingmarihuana on physical performance. Med Sci Sports 1975; 7: 309-11
    • (1975) Med Sci Sports , vol.7 , pp. 309-311
    • Steadward, R.D.1    Singh, M.2
  • 79
  • 80
    • 0036373043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    • DOI 10.1007/s00213-002-1144-9
    • Berrendero F, Maldonado R. Involvement of the opioid system in the anxiolytic-like effects induced by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 163: 111-7 (Pubitemid 34985320)
    • (2002) Psychopharmacology , vol.163 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-117
    • Berrendero, F.1    Maldonado, R.2
  • 83
    • 34247605930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in murine models of emotionality
    • DOI 10.1007/s00213-006-0689-4
    • Naidu PS, Varel SA, Ahn K, et al. Evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in murine models of emotionality. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 192: 61-70 (Pubitemid 46673891)
    • (2007) Psychopharmacology , vol.192 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-70
    • Naidu, P.S.1    Varvel, S.A.2    Ahn, K.3    Cravatt, B.F.4    Martin, B.R.5    Lichtman, A.H.6
  • 85
    • 1842633508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context-dependent effects of CB1 cannabinoid gene disruption on anxiety-like and social behaviour in mice
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03293.x
    • Haller J, Varga B, Ledent C, et al. Context-dependent effects of CB1 cannabinoid gene disruption on anxiety-like and social behaviour in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19: 1906-12 (Pubitemid 38482578)
    • (2004) European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.19 , Issue.7 , pp. 1906-1912
    • Haller, J.1    Varga, B.2    Ledent, C.3    Barna, I.4    Freund, T.F.5
  • 86
    • 0041420999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.npp.1300176
    • McDonald J, Schleifer L, Richards JB, et al. Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1356-65 (Pubitemid 41070907)
    • (2003) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.28 , Issue.7 , pp. 1356-1365
    • McDonald, J.1    Schleifer, L.2    Richards, J.B.3    De Wit, H.4
  • 88
    • 80053949624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le dopage au cannabis releve surtout de la question des droits et des devoirs du sportif
    • Jan 31 [online] [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • Martinez D. Le dopage au cannabis releve surtout de la question des droits et des devoirs du sportif. 20 Minutes France, 2007 Jan 31 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.20minutes.fr/article/136277/Sport-Le-dopage-au- can nabis-releve-surtout-de-la-question-des-droits-et-des-devoirsdu-sportif.php [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • (2007) 20 Minutes France
    • Martinez, D.1
  • 90
    • 13944267958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing cannabinoid neurotransmission augments the extinction of conditioned fear
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.npp.1300655
    • Chhatwal JP, Davies M, Maguschak KA, et al. Enhancing cannabinoid neurotransmission augments the extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 516-24 (Pubitemid 40271154)
    • (2005) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 516-524
    • Chhatwal, J.P.1    Davis, M.2    Maguschak, K.A.3    Ressler, K.J.4
  • 91
    • 38449115285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocannabinoid system and extinction learning
    • DOI 10.1007/s12035-007-8004-x
    • Lutz B. The endocannabinoid system and extinction learning. Mol Neurobiol 2007; 36: 92-101 (Pubitemid 351360355)
    • (2007) Molecular Neurobiology , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 92-101
    • Lutz, B.1
  • 92
    • 0024852959 scopus 로고
    • Abuse of drugs used to enhance athletic performance
    • Wagner JC. Abuse of drugs used to enhance athletic performance. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989; 46: 2059-67 (Pubitemid 20013964)
    • (1989) American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy , vol.46 , Issue.10 , pp. 2059-2067
    • Wagner, J.C.1
  • 93
    • 35548980029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex
    • DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007
    • Bambico FR, Katz N, Debonnel G, et al. Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 11700-11 (Pubitemid 350006914)
    • (2007) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.27 , Issue.43 , pp. 11700-11711
    • Bambico, F.R.1    Katz, N.2    Debonnel, G.3    Gobbi, G.4
  • 94
    • 34250786050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidepressant-like Activity of the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor URB597 in a Rat Model of Chronic Mild Stress
    • DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.001, PII S0006322306015526, Stress and Anxiety: Developmental and Therapeutic Perspectives
    • Bortolato M, Mangieri RA, Fu J, et al. Antidepressant-like activity of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 in a rat model of chronic mild stress. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 1103-10 (Pubitemid 350029716)
    • (2007) Biological Psychiatry , vol.62 , Issue.10 , pp. 1103-1110
    • Bortolato, M.1    Mangieri, R.A.2    Fu, J.3    Kim, J.H.4    Arguello, O.5    Duranti, A.6    Tontini, A.7    Mor, M.8    Tarzia, G.9    Piomelli, D.10
  • 95
    • 22444449773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relations between cannabis use and dependence, motives for cannabis use and anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology
    • DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.027
    • Chabrol H, Ducongé E, Casas C, et al. Relations between cannabis use and dependence, motives for cannabis use and anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology. Addict Behav 2005; 30: 829-40 (Pubitemid 40516847)
    • (2005) Addictive Behaviors , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 829-840
    • Chabrol, H.1    Duconge, E.2    Casas, C.3    Roura, C.4    Carey, K.B.5
  • 97
    • 33750733984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marijuana use motives: Concurrent relations to frequency of past 30-day use and anxiety sensitivity among young adult marijuana smokers
    • DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.018, PII S0306460306000888
    • Bonn-Miller MO, Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A. Marijuana use motives: concurrent relations to frequency of past 30-day use and anxiety sensitivity among young adult marijuana smokers. Addict Behav 2007; 32: 49-62 (Pubitemid 44708486)
    • (2007) Addictive Behaviors , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-62
    • Bonn-Miller, M.O.1    Zvolensky, M.J.2    Bernstein, A.3
  • 98
    • 0030057107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance-enhancing drugs, fair competition, and Olympic sport
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.276.3.231
    • Catlin DH, Murray TH. Performance-enhancing drugs, fair competition, and Olympic sport. JAMA 1996; 276: 231-7 (Pubitemid 26235069)
    • (1996) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.276 , Issue.3 , pp. 231-237
    • Catlin, D.H.1    Murray, T.H.2
  • 99
    • 0031899580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recreational drugs
    • DOI 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70079-X
    • Iven VG. Recreational drugs. Clin Sports Med 1998; 17 (2): 245-59 (Pubitemid 28193808)
    • (1998) Clinics in Sports Medicine , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-259
    • Iven, V.G.1
  • 100
    • 22144454291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis use to enhance sportive and non-sportive performances among French sport students
    • DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.019, PII S0306460305000304
    • Lorente FO, Peretti-Watel P, Grelot L. Cannabis use to enhance sportive and non-sportive performances among French sport students. Addict Behav 2005; 30: 1382-91 (Pubitemid 40973793)
    • (2005) Addictive Behaviors , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 1382-1391
    • Lorente, F.O.1    Peretti-Watel, P.2    Grelot, L.3
  • 101
    • 0035708688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sport practice and cannabis consumption in a representative sample of French high school adolescents [in French]
    • Pillard F, Cances-Lauwers V, Godeau E, et al. Sport practice and cannabis consumption in a representative sample of French high school adolescents [in French]. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2001; 152 Suppl. 7: 28-36
    • (2001) Ann Med Interne (Paris) , vol.152 , Issue.SUPPL. 7 , pp. 28-36
    • Pillard, F.1    Cances-Lauwers, V.2    Godeau, E.3
  • 102
    • 80053986889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reefer madness: Why more athletes are turning to marijuana
    • May 4 [online] [Accessed 2011 Sep 7]
    • Red C, Quinn TJ, O'Keeffe M. Reefer madness: why more athletes are turning to marijuana. New York Daily News 2003 May 4 [online]. Available from URL: http://articles. nydailynews.com/2003-05-04/sports/18221489-1-wadatesting- marijuana [Accessed 2011 Sep 7]
    • (2003) New York Daily News
    • Red, C.1    Quinn, T.J.2    O'Keeffe, M.3
  • 103
    • 80053932858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USA Swimming February 5 [online] [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • USA Swimming. Updated statement from USA Swimming regarding Michael Phelps. 2009 February 5 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.usaswimming. org/USASWeb/ViewNewsArticle.aspx?TabId=0&Alias=Rain bow&Lang= en&ItemId=2354&mid=2943 [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • (2009) Updated Statement from USA Swimming Regarding Michael Phelps
  • 104
    • 80053965535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michael Phelps suspended 3 months
    • Feb 6 [online] [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • Van Valkenburg K. Michael Phelps suspended 3 months. Baltimore Sun 2009 Feb 6 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/olympics/ bal-sp.ph elps06feb06,0,1898488.story [Accessed 2011 Aug 31]
    • (2009) Baltimore Sun
    • Van Valkenburg, K.1
  • 105
    • 80053979089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WADA technical document: Decision limits for the confirmatory quantification TD2011DL
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) International Standards for Laboratories [online] [Accessed 2011 Sep 5]
    • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). WADA technical document: Decision limits for the confirmatory quantification TD2011DL. The world anti-doping code. International Standards for Laboratories [online]. Available from URL: http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World-Anti-Doping-Program/WADP-IS- Laboratories/WADA-TD2 010DLv1.0-Decision%20Limits%20for%20the%20Conf irmatory%20Quantification%20of%20Threshold%20Sub stances-May%2008%202010-EN.doc. pdf [Accessed 2011 Sep 5]
    • The World Anti-doping Code
  • 106
    • 33746814904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human plasma after controlled oral administration of cannabinoids
    • DOI 10.1097/00007691-200608000-00010, PII 0000769120060800000010
    • Goodwin RS, Gustafson RA, Barnes A, et al. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta(9)- tetrahydrocannabinol in human plasma after controlled oral administration of cannabinoids. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28: 545-51 (Pubitemid 44181489)
    • (2006) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-551
    • Goodwin, R.S.1    Gustafson, R.A.2    Barnes, A.3    Nebro, W.4    Moolchan, E.T.5    Huestis, M.A.6
  • 107
    • 0029793333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9- tetrahydrocannabinol in humans after single smoked doses of marijuana
    • Huestis MA, Mitchell JM, Cone EJ. Urinary excretion profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans after single smoked doses of marijuana. J Anal Toxicol 1996; 20: 441-52 (Pubitemid 26327467)
    • (1996) Journal of Analytical Toxicology , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 441-452
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Mitchell, J.M.2    Cone, E.J.3
  • 108
    • 33645740221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids
    • McGilveray IJ. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Res Manag 2005; 10 Suppl. A: 15A-22A (Pubitemid 44796349)
    • (2005) Pain Research and Management , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • McGilveray, I.J.1
  • 109
    • 56349167500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) serum concentrations and pharmacological effects in males after smoking a combination of tobacco and cannabis containing up to 69mg THC
    • Hunault CC, Mensinga TT, de Vries I, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) serum concentrations and pharmacological effects in males after smoking a combination of tobacco and cannabis containing up to 69mg THC. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201: 171-81
    • (2008) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.201 , pp. 171-181
    • Hunault, C.C.1    Mensinga, T.T.2    De Vries, I.3
  • 110
    • 0031692812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary excretion half-life of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol in humans
    • DOI 10.1097/00007691-199810000-00021
    • Huestis MA, Cone EJ. Urinary excretion half-life of 11-Nor-9-carboxy- delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Ther Drug Monit 1998; 20: 570-6 (Pubitemid 28463451)
    • (1998) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 570-576
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Cone, E.J.2
  • 111
    • 0029121975 scopus 로고
    • Detection times of marijuana metabolites in urine by immunoassay and GCMS
    • Huestis MA, Mitchell JM, Cone EJ. Detection times of marijuana metabolites in urine by immunoassay and GCMS. J Anal Toxicol 1995; 19: 443-9
    • (1995) J Anal Toxicol , vol.19 , pp. 443-449
    • Huestis, M.A.1    Mitchell, J.M.2    Cone, E.J.3
  • 113
    • 56449091625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary elimination of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannnabinol in cannabis users during continuously monitored abstinence
    • Goodwin RS, Darwin WD, Chiang CN, et al. Urinary elimination of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannnabinol in cannabis users during continuously monitored abstinence. J Anal Toxicol 2008; 32: 562-9
    • (2008) J Anal Toxicol , vol.32 , pp. 562-569
    • Goodwin, R.S.1    Darwin, W.D.2    Chiang, C.N.3
  • 114
    • 66349086161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying new cannabis use with urine creatinine-normalized THCCOOH concentrations and time intervals between specimen collections
    • Smith ML, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA. Identifying new cannabis use with urine creatinine-normalized THCCOOH concentrations and time intervals between specimen collections. J Anal Toxicol 2009; 33: 185-9
    • (2009) J Anal Toxicol , vol.33 , pp. 185-189
    • Smith, M.L.1    Barnes, A.J.2    Huestis, M.A.3
  • 115
    • 79551649736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiating new cannabis use from residual urinary cannabinoid excretion in chronic, daily cannabis users
    • Schwilke EW, Gullberg RG, Darwin WD, et al. Differentiating new cannabis use from residual urinary cannabinoid excretion in chronic, daily cannabis users. Addiction 2011; 106: 499-506
    • (2011) Addiction , vol.106 , pp. 499-506
    • Schwilke, E.W.1    Gullberg, R.G.2    Darwin, W.D.3
  • 116
    • 0029150265 scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids in humans: II. The influence of three methods of hydrolysis on the concentration of THC and two metabolites in urine
    • Kemp PM, Abukhalaf IK, Manno JE, et al. Cannabinoids in humans: II. The influence of three methods of hydrolysis on the concentration of THC and two metabolites in urine. J Anal Toxicol 1995; 19: 292-8
    • (1995) J Anal Toxicol , vol.19 , pp. 292-298
    • Kemp, P.M.1    Abukhalaf, I.K.2    Manno, J.E.3
  • 118
    • 0034740799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin as a marker for the ingestion of marijuana versus Marinol®: Results of a clinical study
    • ElSohly MA, deWit H, Wachtel SR, et al. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin as a marker for the ingestion of marijuana versus Marinol: results of a clinical study. J Anal Toxicol 2001; 25: 565-71 (Pubitemid 32939059)
    • (2001) Journal of Analytical Toxicology , vol.25 , Issue.7 , pp. 565-571
    • Elsohly, M.A.1    DeWit, H.2    Wachtel, S.R.3    Feng, S.4    Murphy, T.P.5
  • 119
    • 72049120681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin testing may not have the sensitivity to detect marijuana use among individuals ingesting dronabinol
    • Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Brooks DJ, et al. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin testing may not have the sensitivity to detect marijuana use among individuals ingesting dronabinol. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 106: 65-8
    • (2010) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.106 , pp. 65-8
    • Levin, F.R.1    Mariani, J.J.2    Brooks, D.J.3
  • 120
    • 33947206630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A in human urine and blood serum by LC-MS/MS
    • DOI 10.1002/jms.1167
    • Jung J, Kempf J, Mahler H, et al. Detection of delta9- tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A in human urine and blood serum by LC-MS/MS. J Mass Spectrom 2007; 42: 354-60 (Pubitemid 46426679)
    • (2007) Journal of Mass Spectrometry , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 354-360
    • Jung, J.1    Kempf, J.2    Mahler, H.3    Weinmann, W.4
  • 121
    • 70349868313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies on the metabolism of the delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol precursor delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (delta9-THCA-A) in rat using LC-MS/MS, LC-QTOF MS and GC-MS techniques
    • Jung J, Meyer MR, Maurer HH, et al. Studies on the metabolism of the delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol precursor delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (delta9-THCA-A) in rat using LC-MS/MS, LC-QTOF MS and GC-MS techniques. J Mass Spectrom 2009; 44: 1423-33
    • (2009) J Mass Spectrom , vol.44 , pp. 1423-1433
    • Jung, J.1    Meyer, M.R.2    Maurer, H.H.3
  • 122
    • 77953441733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Anti-Doping Agency [online] [Accessed 2011 Sep 7]
    • World Anti-Doping Agency. International Standard for Laboratories. 2009 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Anti- Doping-Laboratories/International-Standard-for-Laboratories/[Accessed 2011 Sep 7]
    • (2009) International Standard for Laboratories
  • 123
    • 0023882672 scopus 로고
    • Active and realistic passive marijuana exposure tested by three imunoassays and GC/MS in urine
    • Mulé SJ, Lomax P, Gross SJ. Active and realistic passive marijuana exposure tested by three imunoassays and GC/MS in urine. J Anal Toxicol 1988; 12: 113-6
    • (1988) J Anal Toxicol , vol.12 , pp. 113-116
    • Mulé, S.J.1    Lomax, P.2    Gross, S.J.3
  • 124
    • 59249093822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passive inhalation of cannabis smoke: Is it detectable [in Norwegian]?
    • Westin AA, Slørdal L. Passive inhalation of cannabis smoke: is it detectable [in Norwegian]? Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2009; 129: 109-13
    • (2009) Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen , vol.129 , pp. 109-113
    • Westin, A.A.1    Slørdal, L.2
  • 125
    • 0025571464 scopus 로고
    • Marijuana effects and urinalysis after passive inhalation and oral ingestion
    • Cone EJ. Marijuana effects and urinalysis after passive inhalation and oral ingestion. NIDA Res Monogr 1990; 99: 88-96
    • (1990) NIDA Res Monogr , vol.99 , pp. 88-96
    • Cone, E.J.1
  • 126
    • 0022552453 scopus 로고
    • Contact highs and urinary cannabinoid excretion after passive exposure to marijuana smoke
    • Cone EJ, Johnson RE. Contact highs and urinary cannabinoid excretion after passive exposure to marijuana smoke. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40: 247-56 (Pubitemid 16017849)
    • (1986) Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-256
    • Cone, E.J.1    Johnson, R.E.2
  • 127
    • 0023197006 scopus 로고
    • Passive inhalation of marijuana smoke: Urinalysis and room air levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    • Cone EJ, Johnson RE, Darwin WD, et al. Passive inhalation of marijuana smoke: urinalysis and room air levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Anal Toxicol 1987; 11: 89-96 (Pubitemid 17077484)
    • (1987) Journal of Analytical Toxicology , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 89-96
    • Cone, E.J.1    Johnson, R.E.2    Darwin, W.D.3
  • 129
    • 0022206266 scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids in blood and urine after passive inhalation of Cannabis smoke
    • Morland J, Bugge A, Skuterud B, et al. Cannabinoids in blood and urine after passive inhalation of cannabis smoke. J Forensic Sci 1985; 30: 997-1002 (Pubitemid 16253465)
    • (1985) Journal of Forensic Sciences , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 997-1002
    • Morland, J.1    Bugge, A.2    Skuterud, B.3
  • 131
    • 0037898780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical challenges to positive drug tests for marijuana
    • El Sohly MA. Practical challenges to positive drug tests for marijuana. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 1037-8
    • (2003) Clin Chem , vol.49 , pp. 1037-1038
    • El Sohly, M.A.1
  • 132
    • 22144447474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong increase in total delta-THC in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops
    • DOI 10.1080/13556210500123217
    • Pijlman FT, Rigter SM, Hoek J, et al. Strong increase in total delta-THC in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops. Addict Biol 2005; 10: 171-80 (Pubitemid 40976387)
    • (2005) Addiction Biology , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-180
    • Pijlman, F.T.A.1    Rigter, S.M.2    Hoek, J.3    Goldschmidt, H.M.J.4    Niesink, R.J.M.5
  • 133
    • 80053972607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of National Drug Control Policy [online] [Accessed 2011 Sep 7]
    • Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) [online]. Available from URL: http://oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda/ 2k1nhsda/PDF/cover.pdf [Accessed 2011 Sep 7]
    • 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA)
  • 134
    • 37549065800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) [online] [Accessed 2011 Sep 5]
    • European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). Alcohol and drug use among European 17-18 year old students: data from the ESPAD Project. 2007 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.espad. org/documents/Espad/ESPAD-reports/ESPAD-17-18-Year-Old-2003.pdf [Accessed 2011 Sep 5]
    • (2007) Alcohol and Drug Use among European 17-18 Year Old Students: Data from the ESPAD Project


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.