Urinary elimination of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9- tetrahydrocannnabinol in cannabis users during continuously monitored abstinence

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 32, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 562-569

  Goodwin, Robert S ^a   Darwin, William D ^a   Chiang, C Nora ^b   Shih, Ming ^b   Li, Shou Hua ^b   Huestis, Marilyn A ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; CREATININE; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOLIC ACID;

ABSTINENCE; ADULT; ARTICLE; CANNABIS SMOKING; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION; MALE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; NORMAL HUMAN; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; URINALYSIS; URINARY EXCRETION;

CANNABIS;

EID: 56449091625     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 01464760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/32.8.562     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. W.A. Vega, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, L. Andrade, R. Bijl, G. Borges, J.J. Caraveo-Anduaga, D.J. DeWit, S.G. Heeringa, R.C. Kessler, B. Kolody, K.R. Merikangas, B.E. Molnar, E.E. Walters, L.A. Warner, and H.U. Wittchen. Prevalence and age of onset for drug use in seven international sites: results from the international consortium of psychiatric epidemiology. Drug Alcohol Depend. 68: 285-97 (2002).
2. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9- carboxylic acid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 25: 538-549 (2001).
3. M.E. Wall, D.R. Brine, and M. Perez-Reyes. Metabolism of cannabinoids in man. In The Pharmacology of Marihuana, M.C. Braude and S. Szara, Eds. Raven Press, New York, NY, 1976, pp 93-113.
4. J.S. Cridland, D. Rottanburg, and A.H. Robins. Apparent half-life of excretion of cannabinoids in man. Hum. Toxicol. 2: 641-644 (1983).
5. C.A. Dackis, A.I.C. Pottash, W. Annitto, and M.S. Gold. Persistence of urinary marijuana levels after supervised abstinence. Am. J. Psychiatry 139: 1196-1198 (1982).
6. P. Kelly and R.T. Jones. Metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol in frequent and infrequent marijuana users. J. Anal. Toxicol. 16: 228-235 (1992).
7. R. Swatek. Marijuana use: persistence and urinary elimination. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1: 265-270 (1984).
8. E. Johansson and M.M. Halldin. Urinary excretion half-life of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol-7-oic acid in heavy marijuana users after smoking. J. Anal. Toxicol. 13: 218-223 (1989).
9. G.M. Ellis, M.A. Mann, B.A. Judson, N.T. Schramm, and A. Tashchian. Excretion patterns of cannabinoid metabolites after last use in a group of chronic users. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 38: 572-578 (1985).
10. R.L. Hawks. Developments in cannabinoid analyses of body fluids: implications for forensic applications. In The Cannabinoids: Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Therapeutic Aspects. S. Agurell, W. Dewey, and R. Willette, Eds. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1983, pp 1-12.
11. J.E. Manno, K.E. Ferslew, and B.R. Manno. Urine excretion patterns of cannabinoids and the clinical application of the EMITd. a.u. cannabinoid urine assay for substance abuse treatment. In The Cannabinoids: Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Therapeutic Aspects, S. Agurell, W.L. Dewey, and R.E. Willette, Eds. Harcourt Brace Jonanovich, Orlando, FL, 1984, pp 281-290.
12. M.A. Huestis and E.J. Cone. Differentiating new marijuana use from residual drug excretion in occasional marijuana users. J. Anal. Toxicol. 22: 445-454 (1998).
13. B.D. Paul, L.D. Mell, Jr., J.M. Mitchell, R.M. McKinley, and J. Irving. Detection and quantitation of urinary 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9- carboxylic acid, a metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol by capillary gas chromatography and electron impact mass fragmentography. J. Anal. Toxicol. 11: 1-5 (1987).
14. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid from workplace urine drug-testing specimens with the cerex Poly-Crom-THC Column. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24: 245-249 (2000).
15. P.R. Stout, C.K. Horn, and K.L. Klette. Solid-phase extraction and GC-MS analysis of THC-COOH method optimized for a high-throughput forensic drug-testing laboratory. J. Anal. Toxicol. 25: 550-554 (2001).
16. J.D. Whiting and W.W. Manders. The confirmation of 9-carboxy-THC in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54: 1031-1033 (1983).
17. R.L. Foltz. Analysis of cannabinoids in physiological specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In Advances in Analytical Toxicology, R.C. Baselt, Ed. Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 1984, pp 125-157.
18. S. Narayanan and H.D. Appleton. Creatinine: a review. Clin. Chem. 26(8): 1119-1126 (1980).
19. C.A. Hunt and R.T. Jones. Tolerance and disposition of tetrahydrocannabinol in man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 215: 35-44 (1980).