Performance-enhancing drugs, fair competition, and Olympic sport

JAMA

Volumn 276, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 231-237

  Catlin, Don H ^a,c   Murray, Thomas H ^b  

^a UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANDROGEN; CANNABIS; DIURETIC AGENT; EPHEDRINE; GROWTH HORMONE; NARCOTIC AGENT; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; TERBUTALINE;

ARTICLE; DOPING; DRUG CONTROL; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG URINE LEVEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPORTS MEDICINE; TRAINING;

EID: 0030057107     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.276.3.231     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. IOC Medical Code. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Olympic Committee; 1996.
2. Beckett AH, Cowan DA. Misuse of drugs in sport. Br J Sports Med. 1979;12:185-194.
3. Beckett AH, Tucker GT, Moffat AC. Routine detection and identification in urine of stimulants and other drugs, some of which may be used to modify performance in sport. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1967;19:273-294.
4. Donike M. Erfahrungen mit dem Stickstoffdetektor (N-FID) bei der Dopingkontrolle. Meditsinskaia Tekhnika. 1972;92:153-157.
5. Laties VG, Weiss B. The amphetamine margin in sport. Fed Proc. 1981;40:2689-2692.
6. Catlin DH, Hatton CK. Use and abuse of anabolic and other drugs for athletic enhancement. Adv Intern Med. 1990:36:381-405.
7. Martin WR, Sloan JW, Sapira JD, Jasinski DR. Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1971;12:245-258.
8. Wade N. Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them, but athletes aren't listening. Science. 1972; 176:1399-1403.
9. de Mérode A. Doping tests at the Olympic Games in 1976. J Sports Med. 1979;19:91-96.
10. Bertrand M, Massé R, Dugal R. GC-MS approach for the detection and characterization of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids at major international sporting events. Farmaceutische Tijdschrift Belgie. 1978;3:85-101.
11. Catlin DH, Kammerer RC, Hatton CK, Sekera MH, Merdink JM. Analytical chemistry at the games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984. Clin Chem. 1987;33:319-327.
12. Donike M, Bärwald KR, Klosterman K, Schänzer W, Zimmermann J. The detection of exogenous testosterone. In: Heck H, Hollmann W, Liesen H, Rost R, eds. Sport: Leistung und Gesundheit: Kongressbd Deutsch Sportarztekongress, 1982. Cologne, Germany: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 1983:293-298.
13. Kicman AT, Oftebro H, Walker C, Norman N, Cowan DA. Potential use of ketoconazole in a dynamic endocrine test to differentiate between biological outliers and testosterone we by athletes. Clin Chem. 1993;39:1798-1803.
14. Namba O, Miyachi, Kawahara M, Kuroda I, Kuroda Y. Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone secretion in a doping positive subject. In: Laron Z, Rogol AD, eds. Hormones and Sport. Serono Symposia Publications; 1989:275-283.
15. Raynaud E, Audran M, Brun JF, Fedou C, Chantal JL, Orsetti A. False-positive cases in detection of testosterone doping. Lancet. 1992;340: 1468-1469.
16. Brooks RV, Jeremiah G, Webb WA, Wheeler M. Detection of anabolic steroid administration to athletes. J Steroid Biochem. 1979;11:913-917.
17. Catlin DH, Cowan DA. Detecting testosterone administration. Clin Chem. 1992;38:1685-1686.
18. Carlstrom K, Palonek E, Garle M, Oftebro H, Stanghelle J, Bjorkhem I. Detection of testosterone administration by increased ratio between serum concentrations of testosterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Clin Chem. 1992;38:1779-1784.
19. Aguilera R, Becchi M, Casablanca H, et al. Improved method of detection of testosterone abuse by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids. J Mass Spectrom. 1996;31:169-176.
20. Spann C, Winter ME. Effect of clenbuterol on athletic performance. Ann Pharmacother. 1995;29: 75-77.
21. Salleras L, Dominguez A, Mata E, Taberner JL, Moro I, Salva P. Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. Public Health Rep. 1995;110:338-342.
22. Croyle PH, Place RA, Hilgenberg AD. Massive pulmonary embolism in a high school wrestler. JAMA. 1979;241:827-828.
23. Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Keane A, Kicman AT. Tryptic mapping of human chorionic gonadotropin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 1996;9:1021-1026.
24. Gareau R, Audran M, Baynes RD, et al. Erythropoietin abuse in athletes. Nature. 1996;380:113.
25. Simon TL. Induced erythrocythemia and athletic performance. Semin Hematol. 1994;31:128-133.
26. de Pencier JC. Blood analysis and doping control: legal, social and organizational issues. In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control. Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994:3-16.
27. Donike M, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, et al. Blood analysis in doping control: advantages and disad-vantages. In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control. Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994:75-92.
28. Fagerol M, Heier HE. Detection of transfused allogenic blood. In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control. Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994: 161-162.
29. De la Torre X, Segura J, Polettini A, Montagna M. Detection of testosterone esters in human plasma. J Mass Spect. 1995;30:1393-1404.
30. Ryu JC, Kwon OS, Song YS, Yang JS, Park J. The effects of probenecid on the excretion kinetics of stanozolol, an anabolic steroid, in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 1992;12:385-391.
31. Dehennin L. Detection of simultaneous selfadministration of testosterone and epitestosterone in healthy men. Clin Chem. 1994;40:106-109.
32. Kruse P, Ladefoged J, Nielsen U, Paulev PE, Sorensen P. β-Blockade used in precision sports: effect on pistol shooting performance. J Appl Physiol. 1986;417-420.
33. Adapted from data published in The NCAA News. Overland Park, Kan: NCAA Publishing; September 2, 1992; June 9, 1993; September 27, 1993; June 8, 1994; June 14, 1995.
34. Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Geyer H, Machnik M, Horning S. Longterm detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography/high resolution mas spectrometry (GC/HRMS). J Chromatogr. In press.
35. Fost N. Banning drugs in sports: a skeptical view. Hastings Cent Rep. 1986;16:5-10.
36. Murray TH. The coercive power of drugs in sports. Hastings Cent Rep. 1983;13:24-30.