QuEChERS Sample Preparation Approach for Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Foods

Methods in Molecular Biology

Volumn 747, Issue , 2011, Pages 65-91

  Lehotay, Steven J ^a  

^a EASTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Food; Gas chromatography; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; QuEChERS; Residue analysis; Sample preparation

Indexed keywords

PESTICIDE RESIDUE;

ARTICLE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METHODOLOGY; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

EID: 80053086064     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: 19406029     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-136-9_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (100)

1. Luke, M.A., Froberg, J.E., and Masumoto, H.T. (1975) Extraction and cleanup of organochlorine, organophosphate, organo-nitrogen, and hydrocarbon pesticides in produce for determination by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 58, 1020–1026.
2. Mills, P.A., Onley, J.H., and Guither, R.A. (1963) Rapid method for chlorinated pesticide residues in nonfatty foods. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 46, 186–191.
3. Food and Drug Administration (1999) Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume I: Multiresidue Methods, 3rd Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. http://www.cfsan.fda. gov/~frf/pami3.html
4. Sawyer, L.D. (1985) The Luke et al. method for determining multipesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 68, 64–71.
5. Eller, K.I., and Lehotay, S.J. (1997) Evaluation of hydromatrix and magnesium sulfate drying agents for supercritical fluid extraction of multiple pesticides in produce. Analyst 122, 429–435.
6. Anastassiades, M., and Schwack, W. (1998) Analysis of carbendazim, benomyl, thiophan-ate methyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in fruits and vegetables after supercritical fluid extraction. J. Chromatogr. A 825, 45–54.
7. Valverde-García, A., Fernández-Alba, A.R., Agüera, A., and Contreras, M. (1995) Extraction of methamidophos residues from vegetables with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. J. AOAC Int. 78, 867–73.
8. Lehotay, S.J. (1997) Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides in foods. J. Chromatogr. A 785, 289–312.
9. Lehotay, S.J. (2000) Determination of pesticide residues in nonfatty foods by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 83, 680–697.
10. Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S.J., Štajnbaher, D., and Schenck, F.J. (2003) Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. J. AOAC Int. 86, 412–431.
11. Lehotay, S.J., Hiemstra, M., van Bodegraven, P., and de Kok, A. (2005) Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. J. AOAC Int. 88, 595–614.
12. Anastassiades, M., Scherbaum, E., Taşdelen, B., and Štajnbaher, D. (2007) Recent developments in QuEChERS methodology for pesticide multiresidue analysis. In Pesticide Chemistry. Crop Protection, Public Health, Environmental Safety Ohkawa, H., Miyagawa, H., and Lee, P.W. (editors), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 439–458.
13. Payá, P., Anastassiades, M., Mack, D., Sigalova, I., Tasdelen, B., Oliva, J., and Barba, A. (2007) Analysis of pesticide residues using the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) pesticide multiresidue method in combination with gas and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389, 1697–1714.
14. Lehotay, S.J., Maštovská, K., and Lightfield, A.R. (2005) Use of buffering and other means to improve results of problematic pesticides in a fast and easy method for residue analysis of fruits and vegetables. J. AOAC Int. 88, 615–629 & 60A.
15. Lehotay, S.J., Maštovská, K., and Yun, S.J. (2005) Evaluation of two fast and easy methods for pesticide residue analysis in fatty food matrixes. J. AOAC Int. 88, 630–638.
16. Cunha, S.C., Lehotay, S.J., Mastovska, K., Fernandes, J.O., and Oliveira, B.M.P.P. (2007) Evaluation of the QuEChERS sample preparation approach for the analysis of pesticide residues in olives. J. Sep. Sci. 30, 620–632.
17. Lehotay, S.J. (2007) Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 90, 485–520.
18. http://www.quechers.com; http://www. cen.eu
19. Mastovska, K., Dorweiler, K., Fitzpatrick, G., Wegscheid, J., Szpylka, K., and Lehotay, S. (2008) Pesticide Multiresidue Analysis in Cereal Grains using Modified QuEChERS Method. 45th Florida Pesticide Residue Workshop, St. Pete Beach, FL http://www. flworkshop.com/2008/2008%20PDFs/04-Mastovska.pdf
20. Lehotay, S.J. (2006) Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach for determining pesticide residues. In Pesticide Protocols, Methods in Biotechnology Series #19, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA, pp. 239–261.
21. Cajka, T., Hajslova, J., Lacina, O., Mastovska, K., and Lehotay, S.J. (2008) Rapid analysis of multiple pesticide residues in fruit-based baby food using programmed temperature vaporiser injection-low-pressure gas chroma-tography-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1186, 281–294.
22. Aysal, P., Ambrus, A., Lehotay, S.J., and Cannavan, A. (2007) Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 42, 481–490.
23. Mastovska, K., and Lehotay, S.J. (2006) Rapid sample preparation method for LC-MS/MS or GC-MS analysis of acrylamide in various food matrices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 7001–7008.
24. Cajka, T., Mastovská, K., Lehotay, S.J., and Hajslová, J. (2005) Use of automated direct sample introduction with analyte protectants in the GC-MS analysis of pesticide residues. J. Sep. Sci. 28, 1048–1060.
25. Fagerquist, C.K., Lightfield, A.R., and Lehotay, S.J. (2005) Confirmatory and quantitative analysis of beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine kidney tissue by dispersive solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 77, 1473–1482.
26. Mastovska, K., and Lightfield, A.R. (2008) Streamlining methodology for the multiresidue analysis of beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine kidney using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1202, 118–123.
27. Kinsella, B., Lehotay, S.J., Mastovska, K., Lightfield, A.R., Furey, A., and Danaher, M. (2009) New method for the analysis of fluki-cide and other anthelmintic residues in bovine milk and liver using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim. Acta 637, 196–207.
28. Schenck, F.J., and Hobbs, J.E. (2004) Evaluation of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach to pesticide residue analysis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 73, 24–30.
29. Schenck, F.J., Brown, A.N., Podhorniak, L.V., Parker, A., Reliford, M., and Wong, J.W. (2008) A rapid multiresidue method for determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables by using acetonitrile extraction/ partitioning and solid-phase extraction column cleanup. J. AOAC Int. 91, 422–438.
30. Zhang, K., Wong, J.W., Hayward, D.G., Sheladia, P., Krynitsky, A.J., Schenck, F.J., Webster, M.G., Ammann, J.A., and Ebeler, S.E. (2009) Multiresidue pesticide analysis of wines by dispersive solid-phase extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 57, 4068–4078.
31. Kovalczuk, T., Lacina, O., Jech, M., Poustka, J., and Hajslová, J. (2008) Novel approach to fast determination of multiple pesticide residues using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 25, 444–457.
32. Dunovská, L., Cajka, T., Hajslová, J., and Holadová, K. (2006) Direct determination of acrylamide in food by gas chromatogra-phy-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 578, 234–240.
33. Cunha, S.C., Fernandes, J.O., Alves, A., and Oliveira, M.B. (2009) Fast low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of multiple pesticides in grapes, musts and wines. J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 119–126.
34. Koesukwiwat, U., Sanguankaew, K., and Leepipatpiboon, N. (2008) Rapid determination of phenoxy acid residues in rice by modified QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 626, 10–20.
35. Díez, C., Traag, W.A., Zommer, P., Marinero, P., and Atienza, J. (2006) Comparison of an acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dis-persive solid-phase extraction” method with classical multi-residue methods for the extraction of herbicide residues in barley samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1131, 11–23.
36. Mol, H.G., Rooseboom, A., van Dam, R., Roding, M., Arondeus, K., and Sunarto, S. (2007) Modification and re-validation of the ethyl acetate-based multi-residue method for pesticides in produce. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389, 1715–1754.
37. van der Lee, M.K., van der Weg, G., Traag, W.A., and Mol, H.G. (2008) Qualitative screening and quantitative determination of pesticides and contaminants in animal feed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1186, 325–339.
38. Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D.P., Dasgupta, S., Patil, S.B., Patil, S.H., Savant, R., and Adsule, P.G. (2007) Validation and uncertainty analysis of a multi-residue method for pesticides in grapes using ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1173, 98–109.
39. Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D.P., Patil, S.B., Jadhav, M.R., Dasgupta, S., Patil, S.H., Bal, S., and Adsule, P.G. (2009) Multiresidue Determination and uncertainty analysis of 87 pesticides in mango by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 4068–4078.
40. Patil, S.H., Banerjee, K., Dasgupta, S., Oulkar, D.P., Patil, S.B., Jadhav, M.R., Savant, R.H., Adsule, P.G., and Deshmukh, M.B. (2009) Multiresidue analysis of 83 pesticides and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in wine by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 2307–2319.
41. Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D.P., Patil, S.B., Patil, S.H., Dasgupta, S., Savant, R., and Adsule, P.G. (2008) Single-laboratory validation and uncertainty analysis of 82 pesticides determined in pomegranate, apple, and orange by ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 91, 1435–1445.
42. Stepan, R., Cuhra, P., and Barsova, S. (2008) Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection for the determination of anabolic steroids and related compounds in nutritional supplements. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 25, 557–565.
43. Leandro, C.C., Hancock, P., Fussell, R.J., and Keely, B.J. (2007) Quantification and screening of pesticide residues in food by gas chromatography-exact mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1166, 152–162.
44. Leandro, C.C., Hancock, P., Fussell, R.J., and Keely, B.J. (2007) Ultra-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pesticide residues in foods by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with polarity switching. J. Chromatogr. A 1144, 161–169.
45. Leandro, C.C., Fussell, R.J., and Keely, B.J. (2005) Determination of priority pesticides in baby foods by gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1085, 207–212.
46. Leandro, C.C., Hancock, P., Fussell, R.J., and Keely, B.J. (2006) Comparison of ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of priority pesticides in baby foods by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1103, 94–101.
47. Walorczyk, S. (2007) Development of a multi-residue screening method for the determination of pesticides in cereals and dry animal feed using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1165, 200–212.
48. Walorczyk, S. (2008) Development of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in cereals and dry animal feed using gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry II. Improvement and extension to new analytes. J. Chromatogr. A 1208, 202–214.
49. Walorczyk, S. (2008) Application of gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry to the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in green leafy vegetables. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22, 3791–3801.
50. Nguyen, T.D., Lee, B.S., Lee, B.R., Lee, D.M., and Lee, G.H. (2007) A multiresidue method for the determination of 109 pesticides in rice using the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation method and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with temperature control and vacuum concentration. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21, 3115–3122.
51. Nguyen, T.D., Han, E.M., Seo, M.S., Kim, S.R., Yun, M.Y., Lee, D.M., and Lee, G.H. (2008) A multi-residue method for the determination of 203 pesticides in rice paddies using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 619, 67–74.
52. Ji, F., Zhao, L., Yan, W., Feng, Q., and Lin, J.M. (2008) Determination of triazine herbicides in fruits and vegetables using dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with LC-MS. J. Sep. Sci. 31, 961–968.
53. Li, L., Xu, Y., Pan, C., Zhou, Z., Jianc, S., and Liu, F. (2007) Simplified pesticide multiresidue analysis of soybean oil by low-temperature cleanup and dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 90, 1387–1394.
54. Li, L., Zhang, H., Pan, C., Zhou, Z., Jiang, S., and Liu, F. (2007) Multiresidue analytical method of pesticides in peanut oil using low-temperature cleanup and dispersive solid phase extraction by GC-MS. J. Sep. Sci. 30, 2097–2104.
55. Lee, J.M., Park, J.W., Jang, G.C., and Hwang, K.J. (2008) Comparative study of pesticide multi-residue extraction in tobacco for gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1187, 25–33.
56. Hu, J., Sheng, Y., Fang, Z., Jin, J., and He, K. (2007) [Determination of forchlorfenuron in Chinese gooseberry with dispersive solid phase extraction and HPLC] Se Pu 25, 441–442.
57. Tsai, W.H., Huang, T.C., Huang, J.J., Hsue, Y.H., and Chuang, H.Y. (2009) Dispersive solid-phase microextraction method for sample extraction in the analysis of four tetracyclines in water and milk samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 2263–2269.
58. Alcudia-León, M.C., Lucena, R., Cárdenas, S., and Valcárcel, M. (2009) Dispersive solid phase extraction for in-sorbent surface attenuated total reflection infrared detection. Anal. Chem. 81, 1184–1190.
59. Shen, W., Lin, H., Zhao, Z., Ding, T., Xu, J., and Shen, C. (2008) [Determination of tri-adimenol residue in foods with dispersive solid phase extraction cleanup by gas chro-matography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry] Se Pu 26, 515–518.
60. Hayama, T., and Takada, M. (2008) Simple and rapid method for the determination of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides in fruits and vegetables using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 392, 969–976.
61. Galera, M.M., García, M.D., and Valverde, R.S. (2008) Determination of photoirradi-ated high polar benzoylureas in tomato by HPLC with luminol chemiluminescence detection. Talanta 76, 815–823.
62. Dagnac, T., Garcia-Chao, M., Pulleiro, P., Garcia-Jares, C., and Llompart, M. (2009) Dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in raw bovine milk. J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 3702–3709.
63. Romero-González, R., Garrido Frenich, A., and Martínez Vidal, J.L. (2008) Multiresidue method for fast determination of pesticides in fruit juices by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 76, 211–225.
64. Aguilera-Luiz, M.M., Vidal, J.L., Romero-González, R., and Frenich, A.G. (2008) Multi-residue determination of veterinary drugs in milk by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1205, 10–16.
65. Garrido Frenich, A., Martínez Vidal, J.L., Pastor-Montoro, E., and Romero-González, R. (2008) High-throughput determination of pesticide residues in food commodities by use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390, 947–959.
66. Fernández Moreno, J.L., Garrido Frenich, A., Plaza Bolaños, P., and Martínez Vidal, J.L. (2008) Multiresidue method for the analysis of more than 140 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 43, 1235–1254.
67. Bolaños, P.P., Moreno, J.L., Shtereva, D.D., Frenich, A.G., and Vidal, J.L. (2007) Development and validation of a multiresidue method for the analysis of 151 pesticide residues in strawberry by gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass analyzer. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21, 2282–2294.
68. Gilbert-López, B., García-Reyes, J.F., Ortega-Barrales, P., Molina-Díaz, A., and Fernández-Alba, A.R. (2007) Analyses of pesticide residues in fruit-based baby food by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21, 2059–2071.
69. Mezcua, M., Ferrer, C., García-Reyes, J.F., Martínez-Bueno, M.J., Albarracín, M., Claret, M., and Fernández-Alba, A.R. (2008) Determination of selected non-authorized insecticides in peppers by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22, 1384–1392.
70. Kmellár, B., Fodor, P., Pareja, L., Ferrer, C., Martínez-Uroz, M.A., Valverde, A., and Fernandez-Alba, A.R. (2008) Validation and uncertainty study of a comprehensive list of 160 pesticide residues in multi-class vegetables by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1215, 37–50.
71. Kirchner, M., Húsková, R., Matisová, E., and Mocák, J. (2008) Fast gas chromatography for pesticide residues analysis using analyte protectants. J. Chromatogr. A 1186, 271–280.
72. Hercegová, A., Dömötörová, M., Kruzlicová, D., and Matisová, E. (2006) Comparison of sample preparation methods combined with fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for ultratrace analysis of pesticide residues in baby food. J. Sep. Sci. 29, 1102–1109.
73. Hercegová, A., Dömötörová, M., and Matisová, E. (2007) Sample preparation methods in the analysis of pesticide residues in baby food with subsequent chromatographic determination. J. Chromatogr. A 1153, 54–73.
74. Liu, M., Hashi, Y., Song, Y., and Lin, J.M. (2005) Simultaneous determination of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1097, 183–187.
75. Kawata, K., Asada, T., and Oikawa, K. (2005) Determination of pesticides in compost by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1090, 10–15.
76. Powley, C.R., George, S.W., Ryan, T.W., and Buck, R.C. (2005) Matrix effect-free analytical methods for determination of perfluori-nated carboxylic acids in environmental matrixes. Anal. Chem. 77, 6353–6358.
77. van Leeuwen, S.P., and de Boer, J. (2007) Extraction and clean-up strategies for the analysis of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances in environmental and human matrices. J. Chromatogr. A 1153, 172–185.
78. Posyniak, A., Zmudzki, J., and Mitrowska, K. (2005) Dispersive solid-phase extraction for the determination of sulfonamides in chicken muscle by liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1087, 259–264.
79. Krska, R., Stubbings, G., Macarthur, R., and Crews, C. (2008) Simultaneous determination of six major ergot alkaloids and their epimers in cereals and foodstuffs by LC-MS-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 391, 563–576
80. Stubbings, G., and Bigwood, T. (2009) The development and validation of a multiclass liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure for the determination of veterinary drug residues in animal tissue using a QuEChERS (QUick, Easy, CHeap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) approach. Anal. Chim. Acta 637, 68–78.
81. Costain, R.M., Fesser, A.C., McKenzie, D., Mizuno, M., and Macneil, J.D. (2008) Identification of hormone esters in injection site in muscle tissues by LC/MS/MS. Food Addit. Contam. 21, 1–10.
82. Kruve, A., Künnapas, A., Herodes, K., and Leito, I. (2008) Matrix effects in pesticide multi-residue analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1187, 58–66.
83. Wang, J., and Leung, D. (2009) Determination of 142 pesticides in fruit-and vegetable-based infant foods by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and estimation of measurement uncertainty. J. AOAC Int. 92, 279–301.
84. Wang, J., and Leung, D. (2009) Applications of ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry on analysis of 138 pesticides in fruit-and vegetable-based infant foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 2162–2173.
85. Lesueur, C., Gartner, M., Mentler, A., and Fuerhacker, M. (2008) Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of 24 pesticides in soil samples with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry. Talanta 75, 284–293.
86. Walz, I., and Schwack, W. (2007) Multienzyme inhibition assay for residue analysis of insecticidal organophosphates and carbamates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 10563–10571.
87. Plössl, F., Giera, M., and Bracher, F. (2006) Multiresidue analytical method using dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry to determine pharmaceuticals in whole blood. J. Chromatogr. A 1135, 19–26.
88. Giera, M., Plössl, F., and Bracher, F. (2007) Fast and easy in vitro screening assay for cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors in the post-squalene pathway. Steroids 72, 633–642.
89. Fillion, J., Sauvé, F., and Selwyn, J. (2000) Multiresidue method for the determination of residues of 251 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. AOAC Int. 83, 698–713.
90. Ettre, L.S. (2003) M.S. Tswett and the invention of chromatography. LCGC North America 21(5), 458–467.
91. Anastassiades, M., Maštovská, K., and Lehotay, S.J. (2003) Evaluation of analyte protectants to improve gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides. J. Chromatogr. A 1015, 163–184.
92. Maštovská, K., and Lehotay, S.J. (2005) Combination of analyte protectants to overcome matrix effects in routine GC analysis of pesticide residues in food matrixes. Anal. Chem. 77, 8129–8137.
93. Erney, D.R., and Poole, C.F. (1993) A study of single compound additives to minimize the matrix induced chromatographic response enhancement observed in the gas chromatography of pesticide residues. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 16, 501–503.
94. Erney, D.R., Gillespie, A.M., Gilvydis, D.M., and Poole, C.F. (1993) Explanation of the matrix-induced chromatographic enhancement of organophosphorus pesticides during open tubular column gas chromatography with splitless or hot on-column injection and flame photometric detection. J. Chromatogr. 638, 57–63.
95. Fussell, R.J. Jackson-Addie, K., Reynolds, S.L., and Wilson, M.F., (2002) Assessment of the stability of pesticides during cryogenic sample processing. 1. Apples. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 441–448.
96. Young, S.J., Parfitt, C.H., Jr., Newell, R.F., and Spittler, T.D. (1996) Homogeneity of fruits and vegetables comminuted in a vertical cutter mixer. J. AOAC Int. 79, 976–980.
97. Maestroni, B., Ghods, A., El-Bidaoui, M., Rathor, N., Ton, T., Jarju, O.P., Phakaeiw, Y., and Ambrus, Á. (2000) Testing the efficiency and uncertainty of sample processing. In Principles and Practices of Method Validation, Fajgelj, A., and Ambrus, Á. (edi-tors), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 49–88.
98. Maštovská, K., and Lehotay, S.J. (2004) Evaluation of common organic solvents for gas chromatographic analysis and stability of multiclass pesticide residues. J. Chromatogr. A 1040, 259–272.
99. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (2008) USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl
100. Mol, H.G., Plaza-Bolaños, P., Zomer, P., de Rijk, T.C., Stolker, A.A., and Mulder, P.P. (2008) Toward a generic extraction method for simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxins, plant toxins, and veterinary drugs in feed and food matrixes. Anal. Chem. 80, 9450–9459.